Innovationer har betydelse för att både driva samhället framåt, men även för organisationers överlevnad. Det är en nyckelfaktor för att organisationer kan förändra och förbättra vad de erbjuder marknaden och möta kundernas behov. Förändringen påverkar även hur organisationen arbetar och därmed berörs även affärsmodellen. Vid benämning av organisationer framkommer det även att de består av både privata företag och statliga myndigheter. Respektive arbetar med olika syften, men innovation är fortfarande en nyckelfaktor för att de ska kunna leverera bästa möjliga värde till marknaden. Tidigare forskning visar däremot att statliga myndigheter står inför barriärer för att driva innovation som privata företag inte har. Vidare framkommer det även att traditionella teorier för affärsmodeller och innovation fokuserar på privata företag. Det finns därför ett behov av att undersöka hur traditionella affärsmodeller kan appliceras på statliga myndigheter och hur de anpassas genom innovation som drivs. Studien syftar således till att öka förståelsen för statliga myndigheters affärsmodeller, med målet att undersöka hur affärsmodellens delar anpassas genom innovationer och innovationsprocesser. Studien har en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ metod där fyra utvalda statliga myndigheter som driver en innovation i en innovationsprocess undersöktes: Lantmäteriet, Arbetsförmedlingen, Tillväxtverket och Försäkringskassan. Intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från respektive myndighet för att öka förståelsen för den innovation som de driver. Slutsatserna som studien visar är att samtliga undersökta myndigheter driver inkrementella och teknologiska innovationer för att förbättra antingen processer eller produkter. Vidare befinner sig även myndigheterna i en innovationsprocess och har inte genomfört en implementation ännu. För affärsmodellen ser vi att samtliga byggstenar anpassas, men inte signifikant. Effektivitetsdelen av affärsmodellen är den enda som det går att dra slutsatser om att den anpassas då interna resurser och aktiviteter måste läggas till för att kunna driva innovationen framåt. Det går inte att dra slutsatser om anpassningen av värdedelen av affärsmodellen, då detta först kan mätas när en implementation är genomförd. / Innovations are important for driving society forward, but also for the survival of organizations. It is a key factor for organizations to change and improve what they offer to the market and meet customer needs. The change also affects how the organization works and therefore the business model is also affected. When it comes to organizations, it also appears that they consist of both private companies and government authorities.Both work for different purposes, but innovation is still a key factor for them to deliver the best value to the market. Previous research shows, however, that government authorities face barriers to drive innovation that private companies do not have. Furthermore, it appears that traditional theories for business models and innovation focus on private companies. There is therefore a need to investigate how traditional business models can be applied to government authorities and how they are adapted to the innovation. The study thus aims at increasing the understanding of government authorities’ business models, with the aim of exploring how the parts of the business model are adapted to innovations and innovation processes. The study has an abductive approach and a qualitative method in which four governmental authorities that engage in innovation in an innovation process were investigated: Lantmäteriet, Arbetsförmedlingen, Tillväxtverket and Försäkringskassan. Interviews have been conducted with representatives from the respective authorities in order to increase understanding of the innovation they operate. The conclusions shown by the study are that all investigated authorities are pursuing incremental and technological innovations to improve either processes or products. Furthermore, the authorities are also in an innovation process and have not yet implemented the innovation. For the business model, we see that all building blocks are adapted, but not significantly. The efficiency part of the business model is the only one to conclude that it is adapted as internal resources and activities need to be added to drive innovation forward. We cannot draw conclusions about adjusting the value of the business model, as this can first be measured when an implementation is completed.

A receita publicitária, historicamente a principal fonte de monetização na indústria de mídia, está se reduzindo em âmbito global. Por outro lado, a receita de circulação, cuja origem é diretamente o consumidor final, cresce anualmente nessa indústria. Paralelamente, observa-se uma mudança no comportamento do consumidor, que demonstra maior preferência por soluções digitais. Esse contexto exige que empresas de mídia repensem seus modelos de negócios e sua estratégia de monetização. Esse estudo propõe um modelo de receita digital adequado ao contexto de uma indústria de mídia do Sul do Brasil. Para alcançar esse objetivo, o método utilizado foi baseado em quatro etapas: (i) revisão da literatura acadêmica e fontes não acadêmicas; (ii) classificação dos modelos encontrados com base em critérios previamente definidos; (iii) desenvolvimento de uma estrutura e (iv) aplicação da estrutura criada, a partir de entrevistas com especialistas, bem como a recomendação de implementação de um modelo. Considerando o caso de uma rádio que concentra sua atuação em esporte e notícias, obteve-se como resultado a recomendação de implementação de um modelo combinado de Assinaturas e Publicidade Online. / Historically, advertising revenue have been the main source of monetization in the publisher industry, but it´s globally decreasing. On the other hand, circulation revenue, whose origin is directly from final consumer, grows annually in this industry. At the same time, consumer behavior is changing, showing preference for digital solutions. This context requires publishers to rethink their business models and monetizing strategy. This study proposes a digital business revenue appropriate to the context of a publisher in South Brazil. To achieve this goal, a four steps method was empployed: (i) review of the academic literature and non-academic sources; (ii) classification of the models found based on previously defined criteria; (iii) development of a structure and (iv) application of the structure created, based on interviews with experts, as well as the model implement recommendation. Considering the context of a radio that concentrates its activity in sport and news, the result was the recommendation of implementation of a combined model of Subscription and Online Advertising.

A organização cooperativa é uma, dentre várias, forma de se coordenar a atividade econômica. No setor agropecuário, particularmente, desempenha um papel relevante na economia de vários países, atuando como importantes players em diversos segmentos do agronegócio. A cooperativa difere de outros tipos organizacionais em grande parte devido à sua peculiar estrutura de propriedade e natureza econômica complexa, delineados por princípios históricos que fazem dela uma forma organizacional ímpar, uma simbiose entre propósitos social e o econômico. A motivação do presente trabalho é trazer ao conhecimento do leitor, ao menos em parte, as diferentes abordagens nas quais as teorias sobre o modelo de empreendimento cooperativista têm se baseado para responder questões fundamentais acerca das organizações cooperativas agropecuárias no decorrer da história, tais como: o que são cooperativas? Por que elas se formam? O que as fazem organizações únicas? Quais são as vantagens e desvantagens deste modelo organizacional frente aos demais? Enfim, no presente trabalho busca-se mostrar como a organização cooperativa, deixando questões ideológicas de lado, vem sendo estudada e debatida à luz da teoria convencional da firma e sua análise marginal e, mais recentemente, da moderna teoria das organizações formulada no âmbito da Nova Economia Institucional. / The cooperative organization is one of several means of coordinating economic activity. In the agricultural sector, notably, it plays an important role in the economy of several countries, acting as important players in a number of segments of agribusiness. The cooperative differs from other organizational types largely because of its peculiar structure of ownership and complex economic nature, outlined by historical principles that make it a unique organizational form, a symbiosis between social and economic purposes. The aim of the present work it is to bring to the reader's knowledge, at least in part, the different approaches on which theories of the cooperative model of enterprise have been based to answer fundamental questions about cooperative organizations throughout history, such as: what are cooperatives? Why do they form? What makes them unique organizations? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this organizational model with regard to others? Finally, the present paper seeks to show how the cooperative organization, ideological issues aside, has been studied and debated in the light of the conventional theory of the firm and its marginal analysis, and more recently, those covered by the modern theory of organizations formulated within the scope of the New Institutional Economics.

A digitalização e a evolução tecnológica experimentadas em anos recentes têm promovido mudanças na forma como as organizações se estabelecem e desenvolvem seus modelos de negócios. São exigidos intervalos de respostas cada vez mais curtos, bem como flexibilidade e dinamismo. Algumas práticas têm emergido para auxiliar empreendedores atuantes neste novo cenário, em especial aos líderes de startups e projetos de base inovadora. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo de investigar de que forma o lean startup pode auxiliar novos empreendimentos baseados em inovação a validar seus modelos de negócio, quais os fatores críticos de sucesso para a sua implementação e qual o grau de adoção de suas práticas por startups tecnológicas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS). Para isto, o estudo foi dividido em três principais etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu em uma revisão sistemática da literatura a respeito da temática, com a identificação de estudos acerca do lean startup, customer development e gestão ágil. Foram identificados principais efeitos da implementação sobre as organizações e fatores críticos de sucesso para a execução A segunda e terceira etapas compreenderam estudos de caso múltiplos, com a identificação de práticas utilizadas por startups tecnológicas para a validação de elementos de modelos de negócio, e a coleta de percepções de líderes de startups de engenharia quanto ao lean startup e os principais obstáculos e facilitadores para a sua implementação. Entre os principais resultados, destacam-se os benefícios das práticas ágeis sobre a flexibilidade das organizações, bem como a redução de custos, se comparados à gestão baseada em planos de negócios. Deve-se ressaltar que os estudos de caso possuem limitações quanto à generalização, visto que podem não representar outras realidade. De toda a forma, o presente trabalho contribui para o preenchimento de parte de uma lacuna existente na literatura quanto à temática. / Digitization and technological evolution experienced in recent years has led to changes in the way organizations establish and develop their business models. Market demands quick responses as well as flexibility and dynamism. Some practices have emerged to assist entrepreneurs in this new scenario, especially leaders behind startups and innovation-based projects. This work presents results of a research that aimed at investigating how lean startup can support the validation of business models in innovation-based ventures, what are the critical success factors for its implementation, and whether the startups in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre (RS) are actually adopting the methodology. To achieve this objective, the study was divided into three main stages. The first stage consisted of a systematic literature review on the subject, with the identification of studies about lean startup, customer development and agile management. As main findings, we identified lean startup effects on organizations and critical success factors for its implementation. The second and third steps included multiple case studies, identifying the practices used by technological startups to validate business models elements, and the perceptions of leaders behind engineering startups regarding to lean startup, as well as main obstacles and facilitators for its implementation. Some results regard the benefits of agile practices on the flexibility of organizations, as well as the reduction of costs, when compared to plan-based management approaches. Case studies have limitations on generalization, since they may not represent other realities. In any case, the present work contributes to fill part of a literature gap on the subject.

O modelo de negócio vendor finance é tomado aqui como ponto de partida para o estudo do movimento de expansão do Banco De Lage Landen para o mercado de tecnologia da informação (TI). Foram analisadas as principais características do modelo de negócio, suas capacidades essenciais e posicionamento competitivo. Com base nesta análise inicial, foram efetuadas entrevistas com compradores corporativos de equipamentos de TI. Através das entrevistas foram identificadas características muito específicas deste mercado, que se diferencia substancialmente dos mercados até o momento atendidos pelo Banco De Lage Landen. O mercado de TI se mostrou um mercado muito dinâmico. Alguns fatores estão em constante mudança, como: os produtos, os fornecedores, as formas de atender a mesma necessidade e a própria estrutura do mercado. Algumas das características identificadas serão cruciais para a estratégia de entrada do Banco De Lage Landen neste mercado. / The vendor finance business model is taken here as a starting point for studying the movement of expansion of the De Lage Landen Bank to the information technology (IT) market. The main characteristics of the business model were analyzed, its key capabilities and competitive position. Based on this initial analysis interviews with corporate buyers of IT equipment were conducted. Through the interviews specific characteristics of the market were identified, which differs substantially from the market served by De Lage Landen until now. The IT market has proved to be a very dynamic market. Some factors are constantly changing, like the products, suppliers, ways to meet the same need and the very structure of the market. Some of the features identified will be crucial to the entry strategy of De Lage Landen in the market.

O modelo de negócio vendor finance é tomado aqui como ponto de partida para o estudo do movimento de expansão do Banco De Lage Landen para o mercado de tecnologia da informação (TI). Foram analisadas as principais características do modelo de negócio, suas capacidades essenciais e posicionamento competitivo. Com base nesta análise inicial, foram efetuadas entrevistas com compradores corporativos de equipamentos de TI. Através das entrevistas foram identificadas características muito específicas deste mercado, que se diferencia substancialmente dos mercados até o momento atendidos pelo Banco De Lage Landen. O mercado de TI se mostrou um mercado muito dinâmico. Alguns fatores estão em constante mudança, como: os produtos, os fornecedores, as formas de atender a mesma necessidade e a própria estrutura do mercado. Algumas das características identificadas serão cruciais para a estratégia de entrada do Banco De Lage Landen neste mercado. / The vendor finance business model is taken here as a starting point for studying the movement of expansion of the De Lage Landen Bank to the information technology (IT) market. The main characteristics of the business model were analyzed, its key capabilities and competitive position. Based on this initial analysis interviews with corporate buyers of IT equipment were conducted. Through the interviews specific characteristics of the market were identified, which differs substantially from the market served by De Lage Landen until now. The IT market has proved to be a very dynamic market. Some factors are constantly changing, like the products, suppliers, ways to meet the same need and the very structure of the market. Some of the features identified will be crucial to the entry strategy of De Lage Landen in the market.

The aim of this article is to give an overview of the business model concept and theories focussing on the sharing economy. Selected concepts and studies are presented, and its application, usefulness and limitations are discussed. The concepts and models that are presented in more detail build the foundation for the realisation of a digital business plan. The plan was part of the overall examination for the course ‘Digital Business Development’ at Linnæus University. The theories and studies concerning business models are being traced back to 1975. With the advent of the Internet mid-1990s the academic community picked up on the business model concept and an increasing number of articles, publications and studies were published. Although the huge interest in the concept, there is still no common theoretical foundation and established researchers such as Michael E. Porter even argue that the business model doesn’t help a company to develop or to assess competitive advantage instead it only helps to understand basic questions. Airbnb and Uber have been the companies mostly cited when articles were written about the ‘sharing economy’. The research field of the sharing economy is rather new and most of the theoretical foundation is rooted in the concept of ownership. Recently, researchers have begun to investigate frameworks around the sharing economy i.e. understanding the determinants of a successful sharing model from a marketing and technological perspective. The literature related to the sharing economy is still in its formation phase. The theory must reach a higher level of generalizability and move away from pure descriptions of ‘successful companies in the sharing economy’. Most studies have focused on identifying motivational factors for consumers and companies to participate in the sharing economy. In conclusion, both concepts have its strengths and weaknesses, but they provide useful insights for analyzing current situations and developing potential strategic directions.

Atualmente as organizações enfrentam grandes desafios como por exemplo a necessidade de reduzir o ciclo de vida de produtos e serviços, enfrentar exigências de qualidade superiores, menores tempo de desenvolvimento e menores custos de produção, devendo buscar a excelência produtiva mas, contraditoriamente também sendo cobradas pelo desenvolvimento de inovações e pela busca de maior agilidade. Neste cenário verifica-se o aumento na importância das startups, organizações que exploram novas oportunidades no mercado e que apresentam grande potencial para geração de inovações radicais. Apesar do aumento da sua relevância, ainda existem poucos modelos elaborados e validados, capazes de auxiliar estas organizações em seu processo inicial de estruturação de operação. Como consequência, atualmente as startups podem adotar técnicas inadequadas à sua realidade, reconhecidamente burocráticas, inflexíveis e pouco inovadoras. Buscando reduzir esta lacuna de conhecimento este estudo propõe um Framework Cíclico que visa contribuir com as startups em seu processo de geração e refinamento de conceitos e na estruturação inicial da sua operação, tendo como objetivo facilitar o atingimento do sucesso. Para o seu desenvolvimento inicialmente foi realizada ampla revisão bibliográfica, resultando numa primeira versão do Framework. Esta versão foi utilizada para a realização de dois estudos de caso que, em conjunto com a qualificação, resultou em alterações no seu layout porém manteve suas características essenciais. Uma segunda versão do Framework Cíclico foi avaliada em um painel que contou com a participação de 8 especialistas em startups, profissionais conceituados cujas observações foram analisadas utilizando de Análise Qualitativa, resultando numa mudança de etapa no Framework, incorporando o Canvas do Value Proposition Design e algumas contribuições no detalhamento das etapas. Com a terceira versão do Framework estruturada foi realizada uma survey que contou com a participação de 88 empreendedores de startups consideradas de sucesso. Para isto, de forma a estabelecer a amostra da pesquisa foram selecionadas startups com existência de mais de um ano, já aceleradas ou em processo de aceleração em aceleradoras brasileiras. Os resultados obtidos foram trabalhados com aplicação de Análise Qualitativa e Análise Fatorial e, como resultados, ocorreu a mudança de posicionamento de uma etapa, além da contribuições que destacam alguns pontos de atenção no desenvolvimento das diferentes etapas. Assim, foi obtida a versão final do Framework Cíclico, correspondendo ao objetivo proposto para este estudo, auxiliar na geração e refinamento de conceitos e estruturação da operação inicial de negócios inovadores. / Currently organizations face major challenges such as the need to reduce product and service life cycles, to obtain higher quality standards and lower production costs, aiming to obtain excellence in production but, contradictorily, aiming to develop significant innovations and to foster more agility. In this scenario it is possible to observe the growing importance of startups, emerging companies that explore new market opportunities and have big potential for the generation of radical innovations. Despite the increase of their relevance, until now there are few structured and validated models, capable of contributing with these organizations in their initial phases. As a consequence, currently startups can only adopt techniques that are inadequate to their reality since they are bureaucratic, inflexible and little innovative. Aiming to reduce this gap of knowledge, this research proposes a Cyclic Framework that aims to contribute with the startups in their process of generation and refinement of concepts and in the initial structuration of its operation, in order to facilitate the achievement of success. For the development of the first version an extensive literature review was performed. This version of the Framework was applied in two case studies that, in conjunction with the qualification, resulted in changes in the layout of the Framework but maintained its essencial characteristics. This second version of the Cyclic Framework was evaluated in a panel that counted with the participation of 8 specialists in startups, recognized professionals whose observations have been analyzed with the application of qualitative analysis. As a result a stage changed in Framework, including Canvas of Value Proposition Design and some other contributions were incorporated into the detailed steps of the Framework. Considering this third version of the Framework structured and validated, a final survey was performed and 88 entrepreneurs of startups participated. The sample for this research was selected at startups with existence of more than one year, that are already accelerated or in acceleration process at Brazilian accelerators. The obtained results were analyzed with the application of Qualitative Analysis and quantitative Factor Analysis and, as results, there was a change in the position of a step and the improvement of points of attention in the development of different steps. As a result the final version of the Cyclic Framework was developed and the main objective of this study was obtained, the development of a tool to contribute in the generation and improvement of concepts and structuring in the initial operation of innovative businesses.

Electric Vehicles are a growing trend globally and are currently disrupting the conventional automotive industry, therefore firms in the sector need new business models around their new value propositions. The concept of business model innovation presents an interesting point of view towards the challenges those firms face and provide possible solutions for them. The literature on this relatively new topic is scarce and needs more cumulative empirical research. We engage in a multiple-case study and explore how entrepreneurial and incumbent electric vehicle companies in the Nordics use BMI to overcome their biggest challenges and advance the development of the sector. With our findings, we provide an insight of some of the newest advancements in the EV technology, investigate what are the key antecedents, moderators, and outcomes of the BMI process for the researched companies and build on the existing literature on the topic. Finally, practitioners can gain a better understanding of the concepts of BM and BMI process and their importance for surviving in the dynamic electric vehicle market.

Manufacturing companies are currently going through exciting times. Technological developments follow each other up in high pace and many opportunities occur for companies to be smarter than their competitors. The disruptive notion of these developments is so big that people talk about a new, fourth, industrial revolution. This industrial revolution, that is being characterized and driven by seven drivers is called industry 4.0. The popularity of this industrial revolution is seemingly apparent everywhere and is being described, by some, as “manufacturing its next act”. Even though this sounds promising and applicable to every company, the practical consequences and feasibility are, most of the times, being overlooked. Especially a theoretical foundation on differences in feasibility between small and medium - sized enterprises (SMEs) and large firms is missing. In this thesis, we are going to take the reader through a journey that will help readers understand the positioning and perspective of firms regarding industry 4.0 and eventually the practical effects of industry 4.0 on business models of manufacturing firms will be presented. This research provides enough clarity on the topic to answer the follow research questions. This thesis aims to fill the gap in available research in which business model change is being linked to industry 4.0. Due to the novelty of industry 4.0 few researches on the practical effects are not yet fully explored in the literature. Business models, a more traditional area of research, has not yet touched upon the effects industry 4.0 has on the business models of company. Our purpose is to combine these two topics and provide both SMEs and large firms an overview on what the effects of industry 4.0 are in practice. Furthermore, the perspectives and positioning of our sample firms can provide clarity for potential implementers, since wide range of participants provide different insights on the topic and therefore give clarity on the practical use of industry 4.0. During this, the researchers, by converting observations and findings into theory, follow an inductive approach. The study uses a qualitative design and semi-structured interviews has been conducted to collect the data. Our sample firms consist of both SMEs and large firms and are all located within Europe. The researchers found that there are some key differences in the positivity on industry 4.0 between the academic and business world. Companies might be highly automated and have implemented some of the drivers of industry 4.0, but the definition itself is not popular. Where some of our sample firms are convinced industry 4.0 is the new way of working, most of them are using the technologies simply because it is the best in the market and helps them to follow their strategy. Industry 4.0 can be seen as an interesting tool for firms to become smarter and achieve better results, but not at all costs. Especially for SMEs implementing industry 4.0 should not be the sole goal of the company, since it is decided by many factors whether or not industry 4.0 will succeed in the company. In terms of business models, industry 4.0 causes many changes. The role of industry 4.0 can be seen as an enabler for change, rather than the reason to build a business model around. / Social science; Business Administratiom