Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T12:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 254661.pdf: 1507738 bytes, checksum: 05476ad757a0b2a15892731d5a8158f6 (MD5) / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sensibility of human myeloid leukemia cells (K562) to the derivative of gallic acid # laurylgallate as well as the cytotoxicity of involved mechanisms. Methods: The leukemic cell line used was K562 (derived from myelogenous leukemia) and the alkyl ester of gallic acid used for this study was laurylgallate. The cell viability was determined by MTT colorimeter method. The induction of apoptosis was assessed by the exposition of phosphatidylserine (PS) (ANNEXIN V-FITC®), DNA fragmentation assay and characteristic cell morphological features. The analysis of cell cycle phase was carried out by flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of the proteins regulators of apoptosis as: caspase-3; protein inhibitor-of-apoptosis survivin; antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Results: Laurylgallate cytotoxic effect on K562 cells was shown to be concentration-dependent with an EC50 of 200 ìM (47,7% ± 2%) after 48 hours. Laurylgallate induced exposition of PS, fragmentation of DNA and cell morphological changes (12-24 h of incubation) on K562 cells. Apoptosis induction was accompanied by both the arrest at the S and G2M phase of cell cycle; as well as an increase of the caspase-3 expression; a decrease of the survivin expression and Bcl-2; and an increase of the AIF expression. Conclusion: Laurylgallate induces apoptosis on K562 cells and decreases the percentage of cells in S-G2M phases of cell cycle. These findings suggested that the mechanism in which laurylgallate inhibits the growth of tumor cells takes place not only by apoptosis, but also by cell cycle alterations. Therefore, apoptosis is associated with the inhibition of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and survivin, consequently increasing AIF release and increase of the expression of the caspase-3. These results suggest that there is a potential use of laurylgallate as a new therapeutic strategy in the downstream of apoptosis in tumor cells.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-06T19:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCPP.pdf: 3587784 bytes, checksum: 38e18e70b6c78d140d46b17a57600689 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T13:32:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCPP.pdf: 3587784 bytes, checksum: 38e18e70b6c78d140d46b17a57600689 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-21T13:33:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCPP.pdf: 3587784 bytes, checksum: 38e18e70b6c78d140d46b17a57600689 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T13:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCPP.pdf: 3587784 bytes, checksum: 38e18e70b6c78d140d46b17a57600689 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products naturally generated by the cell metabolism and at low levels play an important physiological role in intracellular regulation, whereas in excess can cause damage to cells. To combat this damage, cells present a complex defense mechanism including different enzymes which act as antioxidants. Among these enzymes, and especially in cells such as erythrocytes, which are exposed to high levels of molecular oxygen, the Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), stand out for the abundance and great reactivity with its substrates. In this cell type, when occurs hemolytic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia, increased production of ROS and consequently oxidative damage are observed, greatly aggravating the clinical picture of patients affected by these diseases. In these diseases, the PRDX2 appears to be a major line of antioxidant defense, as it is the third most present protein in the cytosol of the erythrocyte. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the role of PRDX2 in differentiated K562 cells for the expression of erythroid characteristics, through gene silencing using shRNA_PRDX2. It was possible to obtain a 70% of the PRDX2 expression inhibition, which caused a decrease in the proliferation, cell viability and interaction, showing the importance of PRDX2 in oxidative protection on this cell type. In order to evaluate the modulation of antioxidant system in these cells, we also analyzed the pattern of gene and protein expression of all other PRDXs beyond the gene expression of other antioxidant enzymes during the process of differentiation. We found that inhibition of PRDX2 expression adversely affects the expression of PRDX5 and causes increased expression of their biological reducing agents, which increase the recycling PRDX2, compensating for their lack the cell. These data are not get described in the literature and additional analysis is needed to better understand this interaction beyond the molecular mechanisms involved in the expression of related enzymes in protection against ROS. Understanding these mechanisms seems important to work with a better insight of the pathophysiology of hemolytic diseases by identifying possible targets to assist in the management and can mitigate the effects of the disease in these patients. / Espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) são produtos gerados naturalmente pelo metabolismo celular e em baixos níveis fisiológicos desempenham importante papel na regulação intracelular, enquanto que em excesso podem causar diversos danos às células. Para combater esses danos, as células apresentam um complexo mecanismo de defesa incluindo diferentes enzimas que atuam como antioxidantes. Dentre estas enzimas e, principalmente em células como os eritrócitos, que são expostas a altos teores de oxigênio molecular, as Peroxirredoxinas (Prxs), se destacam pela abundância e grande reatividade com os seus substratos. Neste tipo celular, quando ocorrem doenças hemolíticas como a anemia falciforme e a beta talassemia, uma maior produção de EROs e consequentemente de danos oxidativos são observados, agravando sobremaneira o quadro clínico dos pacientes acometidos por estas doenças. Nessas doenças, a PRDX2 aparenta ser uma importante linha de defesa antioxidante, já que é a terceira proteína mais presente no citosol do eritrócito. Diante disso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação do papel de PRDX2 em células K562 diferenciadas para a expressão de características eritróides, através do silenciamento gênico de PRDX2 utilizando shRNA. Foi possível a obtenção de uma inibição de 70% da expressão de PRDX2, a qual causou diminuição na proliferação, viabilidade e interação celular, mostrando a importância da PRDX2 na proteção oxidativa nesse tipo celular. Com o objetivo de avaliar a modulação do sistema antioxidante nestas células, analisamos também, o padrão de expressão gênica e proteica de todas as outras PRDXs além da expressão gênica de outras enzimas antioxidantes durante o processo de diferenciação. Verificamos que a inibição da expressão de PRDX2 afeta negativamente a expressão de PRDX5 e causa o aumento da expressão de seus redutores biológicos, o que aumentaria a reciclagem de PRDX2 compensando sua falta na célula. Esse dado é inédito na literatura e análises adicionais são necessárias para melhor compreender essa interação além dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na expressão de enzimas relacionadas na proteção contra EROS. A compreensão destes mecanismos parece importante para colaborar com o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia de doenças hemolíticas, identificando possíveis alvos que auxiliem no manejo e que possam amenizar os efeitos da doença desses pacientes.