Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2950_1.pdf: 1304284 bytes, checksum: e378bb9e29624b94c930b4edfbdd07d5 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / O câncer de tecido mamário é o segundo tipo de câncer mais freqüente no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. Dentre os tumores malignos de mama, o carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) representam o maior grupo, constituindo cerca de 65 a 80% dos carcinomas mamários. O perfil morfológico e molecular desse carcinoma é bastante heterogêneo, apresentando características bastante variáveis. Uma célula cancerosa não expressa erroneamente apenas proteínas e DNA, mas carboidratos também, o que impulsiona a glicobiologia voltada para dignóstico, prognóstico e terapêuica, sendo as lectinas, uma ferramenta auxiliar. Outra molécula de valor diagnóstico e prognóstico é c-erbB-2 que tem papel chave na proliferação, adesão, diferenciação e motilidade celular. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o perfil de N-aceti-galactosamina em glicoconjugados celulares empregando a histoquímica com lectinas e o perfil imunohistoquímico para c-erbB-2 no CDI. Foram utilizadas 61 biópsias do Setor de Anatomia Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Na histoquímica com lectinas os tecidos foram tratados com tripsina e incubados com as lectinas Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) e Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA), específicas para N-acetilgalactosamina (GalNAc), conjugadas a biotina (de 80μg/mL). Para a investigação da proteína c-erbB-2 foi utilizado o método da estreptavidina-biotina-peroxidase. Para a revelação, foi utilizada uma solução de diaminobenzidina (DAB) e H2O2. O perfil de c-erbB-2 apresentou correlação entre a sua superexpressão e o grau histológico e a observação de invasão linfonodal. O CDI apresentou um perfil de reconhecimento para GalNAc diferente para as lectinas estudadas. Não se verificou nenhuma relação entre os achados histoquímicos para VVA e DBA e imunohistoquímicos para c-erbB-2. Resultados demonstram a histoquímica com Lectina como uma técnica auxiliar para avaliação do perfil de glicoconjugados no câncer de mama

INTRODUÇÃO: A endometriose, uma doença benigna, tem características invasivas com potencial proliferativo. O desenvolvimento das lesões pode ocorrer em decorrência de crescimento celular glandular e/ou estromal ou de alterações na cinética celular. Cinética celular refere-se ao equilíbrio entre a morte celular, ou apoptose, e a proliferação celular, que pode ser avaliada pela expressão de fatores de crescimento como, por exemplo, a topoisomerase 2-alfa (TOP2A). Também influenciam a cinética celular oncoproteínas como p53 e c-erB2, conhecidas por interferir na apoptose, podendo resultar em oncogênese. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar a cinética celular da endometriose infiltrativa de retosigmoide com a do endométrio eutópico de pacientes sem endometriose. Para tanto, foi avaliada a expressão de apoptose e de TOP2A bem como das oncoproteínas p53 e c-erB2. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidas amostras de lesões de endometriose envolvendo o reto-sigmoide de 60 mulheres com a doença e amostras de endométrio eutópico de 20 mulheres sem endometriose. A expressão de TOP2A e das proteínas p53 e c-erB2 foram quantificadas por técnica imuno-histoquímica. Método TUNEL foi utilizado para analisar os padrões de apoptose, que resultaram em índice de apoptose (IA). Índice de proliferação celular (IP) foi determinado a partir do nível de expressão de TOP2A. Índice de renovação celular (IRC) foi calculado pela razão entre IP e IA. As análises imuno-histoquímicas foram realizadas tanto no tecido endometrial como um todo, quanto nos componentes estromal e glandular separadamente. Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman foi aplicado para identificar eventuais correlações entre variáveis clínicas, morfológicas (tamanho, quantidade e nível de invasão das lesões) e experimentais. RESULTADOS: Na análise da amostra do tecido como um todo, não foram evidenciadas diferenças entre os grupos experimental e controle em relação ao IA (p = 0,389). Por outro lado, o IP foi significativamente maior nas amostras-controle (p < 0,001). Na avaliação em que se sepaxii raram as células estromais dos componentes glandulares, tanto o IP quanto o IRC foram significativamente maiores no grupo-controle em comparação com o grupo experimental (IP estromal: p = 0,006; IP glandular: p = 0,001; IRC estromal: p =0,032; IRC glandular: p = 0,007). Nas pacientes com endometriose, foi encontrada correlação entre IP e IRC glandular e o número de lesões (p = 0,003). Também foi observada correlação entre o IRC glandular e o tamanho das lesões (p = 0,006). Não houve diferença entre os grupos no que se refere à expressão de p53 e cerB2. CONCLUSÕES: A cinética celular se mostrou alterada em pacientes com endometriose do reto-sigmoide, conforme demonstrado pela redução nos níveis e na frequência de TOP2A, e pelos IP e IRC mais baixos; entretanto, apoptose e as expressões de p53 e c-erB2 se mostraram inalteradas / BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, a benign disease, has invasive features with its proliferative potential. Development of lesions may occur due to stromal and/or glandular cell growth and to alterations in cellular kinetics. Cellular kinetics involves a balance between the regulation of cell death, or apoptosis, and cell growth, that can be evaluated by the expression of growth factors, such as topoisomerase 2- alpha (TOP2A). Oncoproteins, such as p53 and c-erB2, known to affect apoptosis resulting in oncogenesis, also influence cellular kinetics. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to compare the cellular kinetics in deep endometriosis involving the recto-sigmoid to eutopic endometrium from patients without endometriosis. Apoptosis and TOP2A expression were primarily evaluated, as well as p53 and c-erB2 expression. METHODS: Study samples were obtained from endometriosis lesions involving the recto-sigmoid in 60 women, and control samples were obtained from eutopic endometrium from 20 women without endometriosis. The expression of TOP-2A, p53 and c-erB2 proteins were quantified using immuno-histochemistry. TUNEL method was used in the analysis of apoptosis patterns, and the apoptosis index (AI) was derived. The proliferation index (PI) was derived from the level of expression of TOP-2A. Cellular renew index (CRI) was calculated from the ratio of the PI and AI. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed in two ways: on the tissue collectively, and on the stromal and glandular components separately. Spearmans correlation coefficient was used to identify the correlation between clinical, morphological (size, number and level of invasion of lesions) and the study variables. RESULTS: When looked at collectively, there was no difference in the AI between study and control groups (p = 0.389). PI, however, was noted to be significantly higher in the control samples (p < 0.001). When evaluating the stromal cells separately from the glandular components, the PI and CRI were both significantly xiv higher in the control group compared to the study group (Study stromal PI vs control stromal PI; p = 0.006; Study glandular PI vs study glandular PI; p = 0.001; Study stromal CRI vs control stromal CRI; p = 0.032; study glandular CRI vs control glandular CRI; p = 0.007). In patients with endometriosis, a correlation was found between glandular PI, CRI and number of lesions (p = 0.003). The same result was observed in the analysis of stromal CRI and lesion size (p = 0.006). There was no difference in expression of p53 and c-erB2 between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cellular kinetics is altered in endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid, as shown by the decrease in the levels and frequency of TOP2A expression, and lower PI and CRI; however, apoptosis and p53 and c-erB2 expression were unaffected

INTRODUÇÃO: A endometriose, uma doença benigna, tem características invasivas com potencial proliferativo. O desenvolvimento das lesões pode ocorrer em decorrência de crescimento celular glandular e/ou estromal ou de alterações na cinética celular. Cinética celular refere-se ao equilíbrio entre a morte celular, ou apoptose, e a proliferação celular, que pode ser avaliada pela expressão de fatores de crescimento como, por exemplo, a topoisomerase 2-alfa (TOP2A). Também influenciam a cinética celular oncoproteínas como p53 e c-erB2, conhecidas por interferir na apoptose, podendo resultar em oncogênese. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar a cinética celular da endometriose infiltrativa de retosigmoide com a do endométrio eutópico de pacientes sem endometriose. Para tanto, foi avaliada a expressão de apoptose e de TOP2A bem como das oncoproteínas p53 e c-erB2. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidas amostras de lesões de endometriose envolvendo o reto-sigmoide de 60 mulheres com a doença e amostras de endométrio eutópico de 20 mulheres sem endometriose. A expressão de TOP2A e das proteínas p53 e c-erB2 foram quantificadas por técnica imuno-histoquímica. Método TUNEL foi utilizado para analisar os padrões de apoptose, que resultaram em índice de apoptose (IA). Índice de proliferação celular (IP) foi determinado a partir do nível de expressão de TOP2A. Índice de renovação celular (IRC) foi calculado pela razão entre IP e IA. As análises imuno-histoquímicas foram realizadas tanto no tecido endometrial como um todo, quanto nos componentes estromal e glandular separadamente. Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman foi aplicado para identificar eventuais correlações entre variáveis clínicas, morfológicas (tamanho, quantidade e nível de invasão das lesões) e experimentais. RESULTADOS: Na análise da amostra do tecido como um todo, não foram evidenciadas diferenças entre os grupos experimental e controle em relação ao IA (p = 0,389). Por outro lado, o IP foi significativamente maior nas amostras-controle (p < 0,001). Na avaliação em que se sepaxii raram as células estromais dos componentes glandulares, tanto o IP quanto o IRC foram significativamente maiores no grupo-controle em comparação com o grupo experimental (IP estromal: p = 0,006; IP glandular: p = 0,001; IRC estromal: p =0,032; IRC glandular: p = 0,007). Nas pacientes com endometriose, foi encontrada correlação entre IP e IRC glandular e o número de lesões (p = 0,003). Também foi observada correlação entre o IRC glandular e o tamanho das lesões (p = 0,006). Não houve diferença entre os grupos no que se refere à expressão de p53 e cerB2. CONCLUSÕES: A cinética celular se mostrou alterada em pacientes com endometriose do reto-sigmoide, conforme demonstrado pela redução nos níveis e na frequência de TOP2A, e pelos IP e IRC mais baixos; entretanto, apoptose e as expressões de p53 e c-erB2 se mostraram inalteradas / BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, a benign disease, has invasive features with its proliferative potential. Development of lesions may occur due to stromal and/or glandular cell growth and to alterations in cellular kinetics. Cellular kinetics involves a balance between the regulation of cell death, or apoptosis, and cell growth, that can be evaluated by the expression of growth factors, such as topoisomerase 2- alpha (TOP2A). Oncoproteins, such as p53 and c-erB2, known to affect apoptosis resulting in oncogenesis, also influence cellular kinetics. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to compare the cellular kinetics in deep endometriosis involving the recto-sigmoid to eutopic endometrium from patients without endometriosis. Apoptosis and TOP2A expression were primarily evaluated, as well as p53 and c-erB2 expression. METHODS: Study samples were obtained from endometriosis lesions involving the recto-sigmoid in 60 women, and control samples were obtained from eutopic endometrium from 20 women without endometriosis. The expression of TOP-2A, p53 and c-erB2 proteins were quantified using immuno-histochemistry. TUNEL method was used in the analysis of apoptosis patterns, and the apoptosis index (AI) was derived. The proliferation index (PI) was derived from the level of expression of TOP-2A. Cellular renew index (CRI) was calculated from the ratio of the PI and AI. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed in two ways: on the tissue collectively, and on the stromal and glandular components separately. Spearmans correlation coefficient was used to identify the correlation between clinical, morphological (size, number and level of invasion of lesions) and the study variables. RESULTS: When looked at collectively, there was no difference in the AI between study and control groups (p = 0.389). PI, however, was noted to be significantly higher in the control samples (p < 0.001). When evaluating the stromal cells separately from the glandular components, the PI and CRI were both significantly xiv higher in the control group compared to the study group (Study stromal PI vs control stromal PI; p = 0.006; Study glandular PI vs study glandular PI; p = 0.001; Study stromal CRI vs control stromal CRI; p = 0.032; study glandular CRI vs control glandular CRI; p = 0.007). In patients with endometriosis, a correlation was found between glandular PI, CRI and number of lesions (p = 0.003). The same result was observed in the analysis of stromal CRI and lesion size (p = 0.006). There was no difference in expression of p53 and c-erB2 between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cellular kinetics is altered in endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid, as shown by the decrease in the levels and frequency of TOP2A expression, and lower PI and CRI; however, apoptosis and p53 and c-erB2 expression were unaffected

Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé des revues systématiques de la littérature avec méta-analyses des données de survie. Ceci nous a conduits à sélectionner 4 marqueurs de mauvais pronostic pour la survie des CBNPC: le récepteur au facteur de croissance épidermique (EGF-R), un autre récepteur de cette famille (c-erbB-2) ainsi que deux autres facteurs potentiellement témoins de leur activité, Ki-67 (impliqué dans la prolifération) et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux (témoins de la néoangiogenèse). Dans une deuxième phase, nous avons étudié au laboratoire diverses questions sur des tumeurs bronchiques invasives. Premièrement, nous avons investigué le mécanisme de surexpression d’EGF-R et de c-erbB-2 et évalué si des anomalies génétiques pouvaient prédire cette surexpression, en recourant à des techniques d’immunohistochimie et de FISH. Ceci nous a permis d’observer que, si la majorité des CBNPC réséqués présentent des anomalies génétiques d’EGF-R et/ou de c-erbB-2, une amplification de ces gènes n’est présente que dans une minorité d’entre eux et n’est pas strictement corrélée à l’expression protéique. D’autre part, la survie de ces patients exprimant ou ayant une anomalie génique d’EGF-R et/ou c-erbB-2 est plus courte sans atteindre le seuil de signification statistique. Deuxièmement, nous avons recherché sur des tumeurs opérées d’éventuels liens entre les expressions d’EGF-R, de c-erbB-2 et de Ki-67. Aucune corrélation n’a été mise en évidence entre l’expression de ces 3 facteurs. Par contre, chez ces patients, l’expression de Ki-67 dans la tumeur s’est avérée être un facteur de mauvais pronostic pour la survie. Troisièmement, nous avons voulu savoir si un de ces marqueurs (EGF-R) présentait une valeur pronostique dans un groupe plus restreint de tumeurs plus avancées, les CBNPC de stade III. Pour mener cette recherche sur des biopsies, nous avons d’abord démontré que l’évaluation des marqueurs biologiques (EGF-R, c-erbB-2 et Ki-67) sur biopsie ne différait pas de celle réalisée sur des tumeurs réséquées. Comme les résultats étaient équivalents, nous avons pu étudier EGF-R sur les biopsies de CBNPC au stade III et montrer qu’EGF-R n’était pas un facteur pronostique pour la survie dans ce groupe assez homogène de tumeurs avancées. Dans la dernière phase, nous avons étudié des lésions représentatives des différents stades prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces radiooccultes. Ces lésions ont été prélevées lors d’examens endoscopiques de photodétection. EGF-R, c-erbB-2, Ki-67 et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux ont été étudiés par immunohistochimie dans ces différents stades de lésions prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces. Nous avons observé qu’EGF-R et Ki-67 sont statistiquement plus exprimés dans les dysplasies sévères et les carcinomes in que dans les dysplasies légères suggérant que, au moins pour ces 2 marqueurs, les dysplasies sévères se rapprochent plus des carcinomes in situ que des dysplasies légères. Alors que l’expression d’EGF-R est présente dès le stade de dysplasie sévère, une augmentation du nombre des micro-vaisseaux n’est présente qu’au stade de tumeurs micro-invasives. C-erbB-2 n’est quant à lui pas exprimé dans ces lésions bronchiques prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces. En conclusion, les facteurs biologiques, EGF-R, c-erbB-2 et Ki-67 et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux s’avèrent des facteurs de mauvais pronostic dans le CBNPC. La surexpression d’EGF-R et de c-erbB-2 dans les cancers réséqués résulte très rarement d’une amplification génique et nous n’avons pas trouvé dans ces tumeurs de corrélation entre l’expression des marqueurs moléculaires étudiés. Dans les tumeurs plus avancées de stade III, EGF-R n’est pas un facteur discriminant pour le pronostic. Les anomalies de certains de ces marqueurs (EGF-R et Ki-67) apparaissent précocement, dès les stades prénéoplasiques, avec un seuil se situant entre les lésions bronchiques de bas et de haut grades. La néoangiogénèse, évaluée par le nombre des micro-vaisseaux, s’observe à partir des cancers micro-invasifs tandis que c-erbB-2 n’apparaît qu’au stade invasif. Dans la séquence d’apparition des anomalies génétiques conduisant au cancer invasif, l’atteinte d’EGF-R précède la néoangiogénèse.

Abstract Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy in females in western countries. Classical prognostic factors such as the size of a primary tumor and the presence or absence of axillary lymph node metastases, malignancy grade and hormone receptor status reflect the subsequent risk of disease recurrence after primary therapy and the need for adjuvant therapies. However, most breast carcinomas are detected in the early stage of the disease and the value of these classical prognostic factors is limited. There is also a great need to find new factors predicting the clinical efficacy of the anticancer drugs available. In this thesis tumor suppressor gene p53, oncogene c-erbB-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were evaluated for their prognostic relevance in breast carcinoma patients treated in Oulu University Hospital, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was also analyzed in women with premalignant lesions in the breast tissue in order to examine its role in breast carcinogenesis. Histological analyses were carried out from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumor specimens and p53, c-erbB-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) statuses were systematically analyzed by immunohistochemistry. P53 expression correlated with disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with early-stage breast carcinoma, regardless of adjuvant antiestrogen therapy. The co-expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 characterizes a tumor type with a clinically aggressive course of breast carcinoma. The clinical efficacy of anthracyline-based chemotherapy in metastatic carcinoma might be limited in patients with p53 expression in a primary tumor. When postmenopausal patients with lymph node metastases and receiving adjuvant antiestrogen therapy were examined, MMP-9 expression indicated a slightly greater risk of breast carcinoma recurrence in patients with estrogen receptor negative tumors. Hyperplastic breast tissue and invasive breast carcinoma lesions expressed some MMP-9 immunopositivity. However, the strongest positivity was seen in ductal carcinoma in situ samples, suggesting that MMP-9 participates in breast carcinogenesis in the preinvasive phase.

Orientador: Albina Messias de Almeida Milani Altemani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:08:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_LeandroLuizLopesde_D.pdf: 4064664 bytes, checksum: d04222e584211904229193f280c217a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O adenoma pleomórfico (AP) é a neoplasia mais freqüente das glândulas salivares e o carcinoma ex-adenoma pleomórfico (CXAP) é a sua forma de transformação maligna mais comum. Os trabalhos da literatura com séries exclusivas de CXAP são poucos e englobam, em sua maioria, carcinomas já em estádios avançados. Raros são os estudos realizados exclusivamente com tumores que apresentam os dois componentes (benigno e maligno) e em fases iniciais de malignização. Alterações nos genes p53 e c-erbB-2 parecem ser as principais vias envolvidas nesta transformação. Estas proteínas, além do marcador de proliferação celular Ki-67, podem ser importantes critérios no diagnóstico do CXAP, especialmente em sua fase precoce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar retrospectivamente a expressão imunoistoquímica de marcadores celulares (p53, c-erbB-2, Ki-67 e bcl-2, uma proteína antiapoptótica) em CXAP em diferentes fases de malignização (4 intracapsulares, 4 minimamente invasivos e 7 francamente invasivos), nas áreas benignas e malignas e em AP que não sofreram malignização (17 casos - grupo controle). A parótida foi a glândula mais acometida em ambos os grupos (CXAP 53%, grupo controle 88%), envolvendo mais mulheres que homens. A idade média dos pacientes com CXAP em qualquer fase evolutiva (63,3 anos) foi maior que no grupo controle (35,6 anos). A proteína p53 foi mais expressa nas áreas malignas (em média 35,71% nos CXAP precoces e 8,11% nos CXAP francamente invasivos, versus 12,76% e 4,58% nas áreas benignas, respectivamente) e principalmente em células luminais, enquanto os menores valores foram encontrados no grupo controle (1,71%). Fato semelhante ocorreu com o índice mitótico e a expressão de Ki-67. A expressão de c-erbB-2 foi observada quase que exclusivamente em células malignas com diferenciação luminal. A proteína bcl-2 teve positividade fraca e focal. Concluímos que as proteínas p53 e c-erbB-2 parecem estar envolvidas na transformação maligna do AP, já em fases precoces, sendo critérios mais objetivos do que a simples avaliação morfológica para o diagnóstico dos CXAP intracapsulares / Abstract: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the commonest salivary gland tumor, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is its most frequent malignant counterpart. There are few studies centering on CXPA only and most have been performed in frankly invasive carcinomas. Series of CXPA containing both morphological components (adenoma and carcinoma) at an early stage of carcinomatous transformation are extremely rare. p53 and c-erbB-2 appear to be the most important genes involved in this malignant change. These proteins, and the proliferative index marker Ki-67, could be valuable criteria for diagnosis of CXPA, specially at an early stage. The aim of this study was to assess retrospectively the expression of cell markers (p53, c-erbB-2, Ki-67 and bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein) in CXPA in different phases of malignant progression (4 intracapsular, 4 minimally invasive and 7 frankly invasive), in benign and malignant areas and in PA without malignant transformation (17 cases - control group). The parotid was the most frequently involved gland in both groups (CXPA: 53%, control group: 88%), and women were more affected than men. The average age in the CXPA group (63.3 years) at any stage was higher than in the control group (35.6 years). p53 expression was highest in malignant areas (mean 35.71% in early CXPA and 8.11% in frankly invasive CXPA, versus 12.76% and 4.58% in benign areas, respectively) and mainly in luminal cells, while the lowest values (1.71%) occurred in the control group. Similar findings were obtained with the mitotic index and Ki-67 expression. c-erbB-2 positivity was observed almost exclusively in malignant cells of the luminal type. bcl-2 expression was weak and focal. In conclusion, both p53 and c-erbB-2 proteins appear to be involved in malignization of PA since an early stage, thus providing criteria more objetive than simple morphological evaluation for diagnosis of intracapsular CXPA / Doutorado / Anatomia Patologica / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

<p>The incidence of breast cancer is rising steadily in Sweden and the proportion of carcinoma in situ (CIS) has increased appreciably, most likely due to mammography screening. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma and breast cancer death after primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and (2) to study the biology in the progress between in situ and invasive carcinoma.</p><p> In a cohort-study based on 3,398 women with a primary CIS reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) 1980-1992, women diagnosed in 1989-1992 ran a relative risk of 0.1 (CI 95%, 0.0-0.9) from dying of breast cancer as compared with women diagnosed in 1980-1982. Women in counties with mammography screening ran a relative risk of 0.2 (CI 95%, 0.0-2.1) for breast cancer death in comparison with women in non-screening counties.</p><p> In a case-control study derived from all 4,661 women with primary CIS reported to the SCR 1960-1992, we investigated risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma (n=118) and breast cancer death (n=39). Large size and multifocality were found to increase the risk for breast cancer death. Postoperative radiotherapy and mastectomy lowered the risk for ipsilateral invasive cancer.</p><p> The standardised incidence rates (SIR) for invasive breast cancer were estimated in the cohort from 1980-1992. The SIR after primary DCIS and primary lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was 4.5 (CI 95%, 3.7-5.5) and 4.0 (CI 95%, 2.1-7.5), respectively.</p><p> New histopathological classification systems for DCIS were evaluated in 195 women consecutively diagnosed with primary DCIS between 1986-1994. One group with highly differentiated lesions was defined with the EORTC classification system and had an excellent prognosis.</p><p> Histopathological grade and expression of p53, c-erbB-2, Ki 67, hormone receptors, Bcl-2 and angiogenesis were compared in 626 women with either a pure DCIS, a small invasive carcinoma or a lesion with both an invasive and in situ component. When grade was taken into account, no change in tumour markers could be detected that signalled the progression from an in situ stage to invasiveness. All tumour markers correlated to grade and their distribution was very similar in the two components of mixed lesions.</p>

The incidence of breast cancer is rising steadily in Sweden and the proportion of carcinoma in situ (CIS) has increased appreciably, most likely due to mammography screening. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma and breast cancer death after primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and (2) to study the biology in the progress between in situ and invasive carcinoma. In a cohort-study based on 3,398 women with a primary CIS reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) 1980-1992, women diagnosed in 1989-1992 ran a relative risk of 0.1 (CI 95%, 0.0-0.9) from dying of breast cancer as compared with women diagnosed in 1980-1982. Women in counties with mammography screening ran a relative risk of 0.2 (CI 95%, 0.0-2.1) for breast cancer death in comparison with women in non-screening counties. In a case-control study derived from all 4,661 women with primary CIS reported to the SCR 1960-1992, we investigated risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma (n=118) and breast cancer death (n=39). Large size and multifocality were found to increase the risk for breast cancer death. Postoperative radiotherapy and mastectomy lowered the risk for ipsilateral invasive cancer. The standardised incidence rates (SIR) for invasive breast cancer were estimated in the cohort from 1980-1992. The SIR after primary DCIS and primary lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was 4.5 (CI 95%, 3.7-5.5) and 4.0 (CI 95%, 2.1-7.5), respectively. New histopathological classification systems for DCIS were evaluated in 195 women consecutively diagnosed with primary DCIS between 1986-1994. One group with highly differentiated lesions was defined with the EORTC classification system and had an excellent prognosis. Histopathological grade and expression of p53, c-erbB-2, Ki 67, hormone receptors, Bcl-2 and angiogenesis were compared in 626 women with either a pure DCIS, a small invasive carcinoma or a lesion with both an invasive and in situ component. When grade was taken into account, no change in tumour markers could be detected that signalled the progression from an in situ stage to invasiveness. All tumour markers correlated to grade and their distribution was very similar in the two components of mixed lesions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lesemky.pdf: 1202883 bytes, checksum: f8220049d5a1bd344120a49c3ed2500a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-12 / Cytokeratin 19 (CK 19) is a molecular marker that express cell replication and differentiation, and HER-2 oncogene (Human Epidermal Growth factor receptor-Type 2) is the second member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Its overexpression can mean aggressiveness and poor prognostic in various kinds of tumors, as breast, lung and prostate. In last few decades the diagnostic of morphological changes of the thyroid gland was increased. When being diagnosed with ultrasound, the thyroid nodule prevalence reaches 20% to 30% in the general population. The aim of this prospective study is verify the presence of these markers in thyroid glands in operated non-coastal Amazon inhabitants, and its relationship with pathologic findings. We selected 34 samples of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tumor tissues, from patients treated at Hospital Adriano Jorge, Manaus, Amazonas. The patients consisted of six men and 28 women, aged between 25 and 76 years, average 47 years. The tissues corresponded to nine multinodular goiter (MNG), seven colloid goiters (CG), five nodular hyperplasia (NH) four adenomatous goiters (AG), three papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and five papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with CK 19 and HER-2 were performed using the labeled streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex system (LSAB2, DAKO, USA) on all tissues using monoclonal antibodies BA17 mab mouse (Dako M0772, USA) and SP3 rabbit mab (Spring M3034, USA) and inferential statistical analysis applying (Fisher exact test with 5% significance level). HER-2 IHC was not found in all samples. We found a strong positive reactivity for IHC CK19 in all 3 patients with PTMC, in four with PTC, one with MNG, and one with CG. We found focal positivity for CK 19 in one PTC, two MNG, 4 CG and one AG. Statistical significance was found only between CK 19 and histopathology. The results suggest thats HER-2 oncogene has no predictive or prognostic value in thyroid tissues and CK 19 marker showed affinity for PTC, although it is also found in benign tissues with less intensity. / A citoqueratina 19 (CK 19) é um marcador molecular que expressa diferenciação e replicação celular e o oncogene HER-2 (Human Epidermal Growth factor receptor-Type 2), membro da família Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico Humano (EGFR), uma proteína que quando sobre-expressa pode significar maior ploriferação celular e agressividade em vários tipos de tumores, dentre eles mama, pulmão e próstata. Nas últimas décadas vêm aumentando o diagnóstico de alterações morfológicas da glândula tireoide, sendo que quando diagnosticado à ultrassonografia a prevalência do nódulo tireoideano chega a 20% a 30% na população geral. Objetivamos neste estudo prospectivo verificar a presença destes marcadores em glândulas tireoideas operadas em pacientes habitantes em região amazônica não litorânea, e sua relação com as alterações morfológicas encontradas. Foram selecionadas 34 amostras de tecido tireoidiano preservados em formol e armazenados em parafina, de pacientes operados na Fundação Hospital Adriano Jorge, de Manaus, Amazonas. Os pacientes corresponderam a seis homens e 28 mulheres, com idade entre 25 e 76 anos e média de 47 anos. Os tecidos corresponderam a nove bócios multinodulares (BMN), sete bócios coloides (BC), cinco hiperplasias nodulares (HN) quatro bócios adenomatosos (BA), três microcarcinomas papilíferos (MCP) e cinco carcinomas papilíferos da tireóide (CPT). Exames de imuno-histoquímica em busca dos marcadores CK19 e HER-2 foram realizados em todos os tecidos usando anticorpos monoclonais BA17 (mab rato, Dako M0772, EUA) e SP3 (policlonal em coelho, Spring M3034, EUA) e o método esteptavidina-biotina-peroxidade (Kit LSAB, Dako, EUA) e análise estatística inferencial aplicando o teste Exato de Fisher com nível de significância de 5%. Não foi encontrada positividade para o marcador HER-2 em tecidos tireoidianos malignos ou benignos. Foram encontrados positividade média a forte intensidade para CK19 em todos os três pacientes com MCP, quatro CPT, um BMN e um BC. Foram encontrados positividade focal em um CPT, dois BMN, quatro BC e um BA. A análise estatística demonstrou significância estatística somente entre as variáveis CK 19 e tipo histopatológico. Os resultados da amostra analisada demonstraram que a pesquisa no oncogene HER-2 não apresentou presença deste marcador em nenhum dos tecidos tireoidianos, e o marcador CK 19 foi presente em maior intensidade nos casos de Carcinoma que nos tecidos benignos onde foi encontrado.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé des revues systématiques de la littérature avec méta-analyses des données de survie. Ceci nous a conduits à sélectionner 4 marqueurs de mauvais pronostic pour la survie des CBNPC: le récepteur au facteur de croissance épidermique (EGF-R), un autre récepteur de cette famille (c-erbB-2) ainsi que deux autres facteurs potentiellement témoins de leur activité, Ki-67 (impliqué dans la prolifération) et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux (témoins de la néoangiogenèse).<p>Dans une deuxième phase, nous avons étudié au laboratoire diverses questions sur des tumeurs bronchiques invasives.<p>Premièrement, nous avons investigué le mécanisme de surexpression d’EGF-R et de c-erbB-2 et évalué si des anomalies génétiques pouvaient prédire cette surexpression, en recourant à des techniques d’immunohistochimie et de FISH. Ceci nous a permis d’observer que, si la majorité des CBNPC réséqués présentent des anomalies génétiques d’EGF-R et/ou de c-erbB-2, une amplification de ces gènes n’est présente que dans une minorité d’entre eux et n’est pas strictement corrélée à l’expression protéique. D’autre part, la survie de ces patients exprimant ou ayant une anomalie génique d’EGF-R et/ou c-erbB-2 est plus courte sans atteindre le seuil de signification statistique.<p>Deuxièmement, nous avons recherché sur des tumeurs opérées d’éventuels liens entre les expressions d’EGF-R, de c-erbB-2 et de Ki-67. Aucune corrélation n’a été mise en évidence entre l’expression de ces 3 facteurs. Par contre, chez ces patients, l’expression de Ki-67 dans la tumeur s’est avérée être un facteur de mauvais pronostic pour la survie.<p>Troisièmement, nous avons voulu savoir si un de ces marqueurs (EGF-R) présentait une valeur pronostique dans un groupe plus restreint de tumeurs plus avancées, les CBNPC de stade III. Pour mener cette recherche sur des biopsies, nous avons d’abord démontré que l’évaluation des marqueurs biologiques (EGF-R, c-erbB-2 et Ki-67) sur biopsie ne différait pas de celle réalisée sur des tumeurs réséquées. Comme les résultats étaient équivalents, nous avons pu étudier EGF-R sur les biopsies de CBNPC au stade III et montrer qu’EGF-R n’était pas un facteur pronostique pour la survie dans ce groupe assez homogène de tumeurs avancées.<p>Dans la dernière phase, nous avons étudié des lésions représentatives des différents stades prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces radiooccultes. Ces lésions ont été prélevées lors d’examens endoscopiques de photodétection. EGF-R, c-erbB-2, Ki-67 et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux ont été étudiés par immunohistochimie dans ces différents stades de lésions prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces. Nous avons observé qu’EGF-R et Ki-67 sont statistiquement plus exprimés dans les dysplasies sévères et les carcinomes in que dans les dysplasies légères suggérant que, au moins pour ces 2 marqueurs, les dysplasies sévères se rapprochent plus des carcinomes in situ que des dysplasies légères. Alors que l’expression d’EGF-R est présente dès le stade de dysplasie sévère, une augmentation du nombre des micro-vaisseaux n’est présente qu’au stade de tumeurs micro-invasives. C-erbB-2 n’est quant à lui pas exprimé dans ces lésions bronchiques prénéoplasiques et néoplasiques précoces. <p>En conclusion, les facteurs biologiques, EGF-R, c-erbB-2 et Ki-67 et le nombre des micro-vaisseaux s’avèrent des facteurs de mauvais pronostic dans le CBNPC. La surexpression d’EGF-R et de c-erbB-2 dans les cancers réséqués résulte très rarement d’une amplification génique et nous n’avons pas trouvé dans ces tumeurs de corrélation entre l’expression des marqueurs moléculaires étudiés. Dans les tumeurs plus avancées de stade III, EGF-R n’est pas un facteur discriminant pour le pronostic. Les anomalies de certains de ces marqueurs (EGF-R et Ki-67) apparaissent précocement, dès les stades prénéoplasiques, avec un seuil se situant entre les lésions bronchiques de bas et de haut grades. La néoangiogénèse, évaluée par le nombre des micro-vaisseaux, s’observe à partir des cancers micro-invasifs tandis que c-erbB-2 n’apparaît qu’au stade invasif. Dans la séquence d’apparition des anomalies génétiques conduisant au cancer invasif, l’atteinte d’EGF-R précède la néoangiogénèse.<p> / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished