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[pt] Os principais objetivos desta pesquisa são investigar o efeito da cal hidratada (HL) no comportamento de um solo expansivo, Eagle Ford do Texas (USA), e medir a eficiência do tratamento com cal sobre a redução da expansão através de variações das condições de preparação das amostras. Este estudo envolveu ensaios edométricos e ensaios de centrífuga, que é uma nova técnica desenvolvida pela Universidade do Texas em Austin (EUA). Até o presente trabalho, nenhum estudo tem sido desenvolvido usando esta centrífuga para analisar a redução da expansão em solos expansivos estabilizados. Além disso, nenhum estudo tem medido o melhoramento da eficiência do tratamento com cal devido às variáveis controladas durante a preparação das misturas solo-cal (ou seja, umidade, densidade, período entre a mistura e a compactação e tempo de cura), como também da tensão aplicada. Este trabalho também incluiu investigações sobre modificações das propriedades geotécnicas, composição mineralógica e constituição microestrutural, devido à adição de cal. A partir da análise das curvas de expansão vs. tempo, três valores foram definidos para examinar o comportamento expansivo: o potencial expansivo (Sp) e as inclinações de expansão primária (PSS) e secundária (SSS). A avaliação da eficiência do tratamento com cal, quantificada através do parâmetro Razão da Redução do Potencial Expansivo (SPR), indica: (i) eliminação de 97 por cento de Sp com 4 por cento de HL; (ii) melhoramento do SPR pelo aumento do tempo de cura; (iii) efeito adverso na SPR de períodos longos entre mistura e a compactação; (iv) possibilidade de diminuir a dosagem de cal necessária para reduzir a expansão através do aumento da umidade de compactação e/ou redução da densidade seca de compactação; e (v) dependência da dosagem da cal para prevenir a expansão no nível-g. / [en] The main objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of hydrated lime (HL) treatment on the swelling behavior of a natural expansive soil, Eagle Ford clay from Texas (USA), and to measure the efficiency of lime treatment on swelling reduction due to variations in the condition of specimen preparation. This study involved conventional free swell tests and centrifuge tests, which are a new technique developed by the University of Texas at Austin (USA). So far, no studies have been performed using this centrifuge to analyze the swelling reduction in expansive soils by stabilization treatments. Also, no studies have measured the improving of lime treatment efficiency due to variables controlled during preparation of lime-soil mixtures (i.e. compaction moisture content, compaction dry density, mellowing and curing time), as well as the applied effective stress. This work also involved investigations about modifications of geotechnical properties, mineralogical composition and microstructural constitution due to the addition of lime. From the analysis of the swelling vs. time curves, three values were defined to examine the swelling behavior: the swelling potential (Sp), the primary swelling slope (PSS) and the secondary swelling slope (SSS). Assessment of the lime treatment efficiency, as quantified by the Swelling Potential Reduction Ratio (SPR) indicates: (i) the elimination of 97 per cent of Sp with 4 per cent HL; (ii) SPR enhancement with increasing curing time; (iii) adverse effect of mellowing periods on the SPR; (iv) the possibility to decrease the necessary lime dosage by increasing the compaction moisture and/or reducing the compaction dry density; and (v) dependency of the hydrated lime dosage to prevent swelling on the applied g-level (i.e. applied stress).

Swanton Pacific Ranch is an educational and research facility owned by the Cal Poly Corporation and managed by the Cal Poly State University (Cal Poly) College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences. Located about 180 miles north of campus and just 14 miles north of Santa Cruz, California on Highway 1, the property was first leased to and then donated to Cal Poly by the late Albert E. Smith in 1993. The rancho’s original inhabitants included Native Americans, Spaniards, Mexicans, as well as various European immigrants and their descendants; currently, the staff, faculty, and students of Cal Poly occupy the land. Each of these groups used the land’s rich environment for a variety of purposes from subsistence to financial and intellectual pursuits. Over time, researchers and local historians have discussed specific aspects of the Swanton Pacific Ranch and its environs, particularly concerning its occupants, land use (e.g. businesses, farming, research), and land features (e.g. geology, botany). The following work offers a more cohesive, descriptive narrative of the land and its people organized chronologically from prehistory to the present.

The recent growing popularity of mobile devices has led to the establishment of several popular mobile platforms such as the Android operating system. To foster growth in this evolving market, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) were created to enable developers to create mobile device applications that utilize mobile device features and functionality for personal or widespread commercial use. However, as a result of excessive device and API evolution, mobile development faces increasingly complex issues, including an alarmingly rapid decay of development resources. This thesis conducts a case study around one such resource: a series of Android app development lab exercises used in an Android app development course taught at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. First, these labs and their respective written guides were modernized and fitted for backwards-compatibility to better reflect newer Android devices and development tools at the time. The updated labs were subsequently used in the next course offering, with student lab feedback recorded for evaluation. Several years later, the apps from these new labs were further tested for abnormal behavior on a variety of Android devices. Results from analyzing all feedback and observations show that despite all measures taken to future-proof these labs, Android device and API evolution continues to vastly outpace third-party Android resources without frequent modernization and upgrades.

En la presente investigación se plantea el uso del polvo de ladrillo para ser usado como material de relleno o filler en una mezcla asfáltica reemplazando a la cal hidratada que es de uso convencional por las plantas de asfalto, siendo este polvo de ladrillo procedente de los residuos de construcción y demolición de la ciudad de Chiclayo y sus alrededores. De esta manera podemos lograr reducir la polución causada por estos residuos encontrándoles una utilidad. En la primera etapa de la investigación comparó los resultados obtenidos en un diseño de mezcla convencional, trabajando con el óptimo contenido de cemento asfaltico, y elaborando briquetas variando la relación de filler (cal – polvo de ladrillo) con porcentajes de 80% cal – 20% polvo de ladrillo, 60% cal – 40% polvo de ladrillo hasta llegar al 100% de ladrillo.

Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo la incorporación de la ceniza de carbón y la cal en porcentajes que están en función del peso del adobe, con el fin de evaluar su erosión y su resistencia. El desarrollo de la investigación se centró en el distrito de Túcume, en primer lugar se realizaron: ensayos in situ para seleccionar el material, ensayos en laboratorio para determinar el suelo más apto con el que se fabricaron los adobes. Por otro lado, se obtuvieron las cenizas de carbón de la ladrillera artesanal y la obtención de la cal en la zona norte de Lambayeque. También abarca ensayos físicos y mecánicos en los dos tipos de adobe, el adobe tradicional de la zona y el adobe con la incorporación de las cenizas de carbón y la cal en 3%, 5%, 8%,10% y 12% para comparar sus propiedades. Asimismo se construyeron Muros tipo Patrón y se realizó una inundación simulada para evaluar la resistencia al estar expuestos al agua. Una vez obtenidos los resultados, se concluyó que la mejora de la resistencia a la erosión y resistencia a compresión del adobe se da con el 10% de adición de cal y cenizas de carbón.

[EN] One binder with less "carbon footprint" is investigated, by replacing 50% of cement Portland (CP) siliceous fly ash (CV), adding hydrated lime (CL) being the CL/CV=0.20 ratio (in some CL/CV will be 0.10). In previous work, in which these authors, (Calabuig and Lorca, 2009, Lorca et al, 2014) are involved, the advantages of CP ternary systems studied were CV:CL with good results. This research aims to go a step further to improve these systems. For this purpose, the CV joint grinding and CL "(CV:CL)m" increasing fineness and improving homogeneity and reactivity of both components. This thesis comprises research into the physical behavior and/or hydrated lime pozzolan in simple systems and binary CP:CP:CV. It also studies the compressive strength of binder varying the ratio water/binder (w/b) the type of binder, contrasting the results with respect to the binder CP:(CV:CL)m. These binary systems CP/CV=1 ratio and CL/CV=0.20 ratio. A study of durability of microconcretes is relative w/b=0.5, contrasting the performance of CP and CP:CV systems CP:CV regarding (CV:CL)m. The tests consist mainly on the durability of concrete against sulfate, and reinforcement against corrosion. To monitor the degree of corrosion of steel reinforcements techniques electrochemical were applied, measuring the polarization resistance of specimens cured in water (reference) and exposed to corrosion by chlorides and chloride-sulfate, monitoring at the same time resistivity of concrete specimens, as these results are crucial to understand the spreading of the chlorides. An interesting application of the binder CP:CV:CL may be as a component of self compacting concrete based on the properties of cohesion and viscosity providing hydrated lime to fresh concrete. The results of this thesis show that in simple CP systems in the absence of other fine, hydrated lime acts as an inert fine, fine limestone similar manner, improving the mechanical strength of short-term system. In these systems, when saturated of fines (fine limestone or fly ash), CL adding apparently no effect on the mechanical strength. In binary systems CP:CV (CP/CV=1), the addition of CL has always improved mechanical strength at all ages. Being equal, the binder CP:(CV:CL)m (binder varying w/b) clearly improves the mechanical strength of CP systems: CP and CV:CV:CL to all ages studied. Also, in the long-term (one year) this binder exceeds the compressive strength binder made only with CP. The binder CP:(CV:CL) m, improves the durability of CP systems. Regarding the reinforcement against corrosion, when the lime content was CL/CV=0.2, CP has similar behavior, improving only when the attack of chlorides and offering greater resistance to Cl- ion penetration for the studied ages. Moreover, regarding the concrete carbonation CP:(CV:CL)m improves systems CP:CV, expert systems being a little worse than only with CP. One thermogravimetric analysis is performed to verify the presence of Ca(OH)2. The results of this test to 360 days show a very low content of Ca(OH)2, when the binder was CP:CV (CP/CV=1). This system can be considered practically self-neutralization, which did not happen in addition CL systems. Under laboratory conditions, more severe than natural conditions, we can say that this binder has excellent performance and can compete very well, if not with a CEM I 52 R itself, with other cements with the additions listed in RC-08. It is true that these binders containing CV require longer curing periods. / [ES] Se investiga un conglomerante con menor "huella de carbono", mediante la sustitución de 50% de cemento Portland (CP) por ceniza volante silícea (CV), añadiendo cal hidratada (CL) y siendo la relación CL/CV=0,20 (en algunos CL/CV será 0,10). En trabajos anteriores, en los que participa este autor (Calabuig y Lorca, 2009; Lorca et al., 2014), se estudiaron las ventajas de sistemas ternarios CP:CV:CL con buenos resultados. En esta investigación se pretende dar un paso más para mejorar estos sistemas. Para ello se muele conjuntamente la CV y CL "(CV:CL)m" aumentando la finura, mejorando la homogeneidad y reactividad de ambos componentes. Esta tesis comprende investigaciones sobre el comportamiento físico y puzolánico de la cal hidratada en sistemas simples CP y binarios CP:CV. También estudia la resistencia a compresión de microhormigones variando la relación agua/conglomerante (w/b) y el tipo de conglomerante, contrastando los resultados respecto del conglomerante CP:(CV:CL)m. En estos sistemas binarios la relación CP/CV=1 y la relación CL/CV=0,20. Se hace un estudio de durabilidad de microhormigones con relación w/b=0,5, contrastando las prestaciones de los sistemas CP y CP:CV respecto de CP:(CV:CL)m. Las pruebas consisten, fundamentalmente, en durabilidad del hormigón frente a sulfatos y corrosión de las armaduras. Para el seguimiento del grado de corrosión de las armaduras de acero se han aplicado técnicas electroquímicas, midiendo la resistencia a la polarización de probetas curadas en agua (referencia) y sometidas a corrosión por cloruro y cloruro-sulfato. A la vez, se hace un seguimiento de la resistividad del hormigón, en las mismas probetas, dado que dicho valor es determinante en la difusión de cloruros. Una aplicación de interés del conglomerante CP:CV:CL puede ser como componente de hormigones autocompactantes aprovechando las propiedades de cohesión y viscosidad que proporciona la cal hidratada al hormigón fresco. Los resultados de esta tesis muestran que, en sistemas simples de CP, en ausencia de otros finos, la cal hidratada funciona como un fino inerte, de manera similar a los finos calizos, mejorando la resistencia mecánica del sistema a corto plazo. En estos sistemas, cuando están saturados de finos (finos calizos o ceniza volante), la adición de CL, aparentemente, no produce ningún efecto sobre la resistencia mecánica. En sistemas binarios CP:CV (CP/CV=1), la adición de CL ha mejorado siempre la resistencia mecánica a todas las edades. En igualdad de condiciones, el conglomerante CP:(CV:CL)m (en microhormigones variando w/b) mejora con claridad la resistencia mecánica de sistemas CP:CV y CP:CV:CL a todas las edades estudiadas. También, a largo plazo, un año, este conglomerante supera la resistencia a compresión en microhormigones hechos solo con CP. El conglomerante CP:(CV:CL)m, mejora la durabilidad de sistemas CP:CV en todas las pruebas realizadas. Respecto de la corrosión de las armaduras, cuando el contenido de cal fue CL/CV=0,2, tiene un comportamiento similar al CP, mejorando cuando el ataque es sólo de cloruros, ofreciendo mayor resistencia a la penetración de ión Cl- para las edades estudiadas. Por otra parte, respecto a la carbonatación del hormigón con CP:(CV:CL)m mejora los sistemas CP:CV siendo algo peor que en sistemas sólo con CP. Se realizan análisis termogravimétricos para comprobar la presencia de Ca(OH)2 a largo plazo en estos conglomerantes. Los resultados de esta prueba a 360 días manifiestan un contenido muy bajo de Ca(OH)2. Se puede considerar prácticamente autoneutralizado, no ocurriendo lo mismo en sistemas con adición CL. En condiciones de laboratorio, más severa que las condiciones naturales, se puede afirmar que este conglomerante tiene unas prestaciones excelentes, pudiendo competir con ventaja si no con un CEM I 52,R sí con otros cementos con adiciones, contemplados en RC-08. Cierto es que estos conglomerantes que contienen C / [CA] S'investiga un conglomerant amb menor "huella de carbono", mitjançant la substitució de 50% de ciment Portland (CP) per cendra volant silícia (CV), afegint calç hidratada (CL) sent la relació CL/CV=0,20 (en alguns CL/CV serà 0,10). En treballs anteriors, en els quals participa aquest autor (Calabuig i Lorca, 2009; Lorca et al., 2014), es van estudiar els avantatges de sistemes ternaris CP:CV: CL amb bons resultats. En aquesta investigació es pretén fer un pas més per millorar aquests sistemes. Per a això es mol conjuntament la CV i CL "(CV:CL)m" augmentant la finor, millorant l'homogeneïtat i reactivitat de tots dos components. Aquesta tesi comprèn investigacions sobre el comportament físic i/o putzolànic de la calç hidratada en sistemes simples CP i binaris CP:CV. També estudia la resistència a compressió de formigons variant la relació aigua / conglomerant (w/b) i el tipus de conglomerant, contrastant els resultats respecte del conglomerant CP:(CV:CL)m. En aquests sistemes binaris la relació CP/CV=1 i la relació CL/CV= 0,20. Es fa un estudi de durabilitat de formigons amb relació w/b=0,5, contrastant les prestacions dels sistemes CP:CP:CV respecte de CP:(CV:CL)m. Les proves consisteixen, fonamentalment, en durabilitat del formigó enfront de sulfats i corrosió de les armadures. Per al seguiment del grau de corrosió de les armadures d'acer s'han aplicat tècniques electroquímiques, mesurant la resistència a la polarització a provetes curades en aigua (referència) i sotmeses a corrosió per clorurs i clorur-sulfats. Alhora, es fa un seguiment de la resistivitat del formigó a les mateixes provetes atès que aquest valor és determinant en la difusió de clorurs. Una aplicació d'interès del conglomerant CP:CV:CL pot ser com a component de formigons auto-compactants aprofitant les propietats de cohesió i viscositat que proporciona la calç hidratada al formigó fresc. Els resultats d'aquesta Tesi mostren que, en sistemes simples de CP, en absència d'altres fins, la calç hidratada funciona com un fi inert, de manera similar als fins calcaris, millorant la resistència mecànica del sistema a curt termini. En aquests sistemes, quan estan saturats de fins (fins calcaris o cendra volant), l'addició de CL, aparentment, no produeix cap efecte sobre la resistència mecànica. En sistemes binaris CP:CV(CP/CV=1), l'addició de CL ha millorat sempre la resistència mecànica a totes les edats. En igualtat de condicions, el conglomerant CP:(CV:CL)m (en formigons variant w/b) millora amb claredat la resistència mecànica de sistemes CP:CV i CP:CV:CL a totes les edats estudiades. També, a llarg termini, un any, aquest conglomerant supera la resistència a compressió en formigons fets només amb CP. El conglomerant CP:(CV:CL)m, millora la durabilitat de sistemes CP: CV en totes les proves realitzades. Respecte de la corrosió de les armadures, quan el contingut de calç va ser CL/CV=0,2, té un comportament similar al CP, millorant quan l'atac és només de clorurs i oferint major resistència a la penetració d'ió Cl- per a les edats estudiades. D'altra banda, respecte a la carbonatació del formigó amb CP:(CV:CL)m millora dels sistemes CP:CV sent una mica pitjor que sistemes només amb CP. Es realitzen anàlisis termogravimétrics per comprovar la presència de Ca(OH)2. Els resultats d'aquesta prova a 360 dies manifesten un contingut molt baix de Ca(OH)2, quan el conglomerant va ser CP:CV (CP/CV=1). Aquest sistema es pot considerar pràcticament autoneutralitzad, no ocorrent el mateix en sistemes amb addició CL. En condicions de laboratori, més severes que les condicions naturals, es pot afirmar que aquest conglomerant té unes prestacions excel¿lents, podent competir amb avantatge si no amb un CEM I 52, R sí amb altres ciments amb addicions, previstes en RC-08. És cert que aquests conglomerants que contenen CV, requereixen períodes de curat més llargs. / Calabuig Pastor, R. (2015). Efecto de la adición de cal en las propiedades mecánicas y durabilidad de hormigones con altos contenidos en cenizas volantes silíceas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59468 / TESIS

Wind resource assessment at California Polytechnic State University shows there is potential for wind power generation on Cal Poly land. A computational fluid dynamics model based on wind data collected from a campus maintained meteorological tower on Escuela Ranch approximately 5 miles northwest of campus suggests there are areas of Cal Poly land with an IEC Class III wind resource at a height of 80 meters above ground. In addition during the daytime when the campus uses the most energy there are large portions of land with annual average daytime wind speeds above 6.9m/s. These areas have been identified by analyzing the wind speed and directional data collected at the meteorological tower and using it to create the boundary conditions and turbulence parameters for the computer model. The model boundary conditions and turbulence parameters have been verified through comparison between data collected at Askervein hill in Scotland during the 1980’s and the results of a simulation of Askervein hill using the same model. Before constructing a wind farm for power generation, additional meteorological towers should be constructed in Poly Canyon to further confirm the wind resource prediction.

Currently, the CubeSat spacecraft is predominantly used for missions at Low- Earth Orbit (LEO). There are various limitations to expanding past that range, one of the major ones being the lack of sufficient radiation shielding on the Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD). The P-POD attaches to a launch vehicle transporting a primary spacecraft and takes the CubeSats out into their orbit. As the demand for interplanetary exploration grows, there is an equal increase in interest in sending CubeSats further out past their current regime. In a collaboration with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), students from the Cal Poly CubeSat program worked on a preliminary design of an interplanetary CubeSat deployer, the Poly-Picosatellite Deep Space Deployer (PDSD). Radiation concerns were mitigated in a very basic manner, by simply increasing the thickness of the deployer wall panels. While this provided a preliminary idea for improved radiation shielding, full analysis was not conducted to determine what changes to the current P-POD are necessary to make it sufficiently radiation hardened for interplanetary travel. This thesis develops a tool that can be used to further analyze the radiation environment concerns that come up with interplanetary travel. This tool is the connection between any geometry modeled in CAD software and the radiation tool OLTARIS (On- Page iv Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation In Space). It reads in the CAD file and converts it into MATLAB, at which point it can then perform ray-tracing analysis to get a thickness distribution at any user-defined target points. This thickness distribution file is uploaded to OLTARIS for radiation analysis of the user geometry. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool, the radiation environment that a CubeSat sees inside of the current P-POD is characterized to create a radiation map that CubeSat developers can use to better design their satellites. Cases were run to determine the radiation in a low altitude orbit compared to a high altitude orbit, as well as a Europa mission. For the LEO trajectory, doses were seen at levels of 102 mGy, while the GEO trajectory showed results at one order of magnitude lower. Electronics inside the P-POD can survive these doses with the current design, confirming that Earth orbits are safe for CubeSats. The Europa- Jovian Tour mission showed results on a higher scale of 107 mGy, which is too high for electronics in the P-POD. Additional cases at double the original thickness and 100 times the original thickness resulted in dose levels at orders of about 107 and 104 mGy respectively. This gives a scale to work off for a “worst case” scenario and provides a path forward to modifying the shielding on deployers for interplanetary missions. Further analysis is required since increasing the existing P-POD thickness by 100 times is unfeasible from both size and mass perspectives. Ultimately, the end result is that the current P-POD standard does not work too far outside of Earth orbits. Radiation-based changes in the design, materials, and overall shielding of the P- POD need to be made before CubeSats can feasibly perform interplanetary missions.

Over the last decade, miniature ion thruster development has remained an active area of research do to its low power, low thrust, and high efficiency, however, due to several technical issues; a flight level miniature ion thruster has proved elusive. This thesis covers the design, fabrication, assembly, and test of an altered version of the Miniature Xenon Ion thruster (MiXI), originally developed by lead engineer Dr. Richard Wirz, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In collaboration with Dr. Wirz, MiXI-CP-V3 was developed at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo with the goal of implementing of a ¼ inch hollow cathode and 3mmx3mm plasma confinement magnets in order to improve the plasma confinement characteristics, reliability, and performance of the MiXI design. Operational testing revealed a mass utilization efficiency of 35-75% and a discharge loss of 550-1200 eV/ion over plasma discharge currents of 0.5-1.5A and propellant flow rates of 0.8-1.3 SCCM. Testing revealed that the MiXI thruster can be operated with a hollow cathode and observations and data gained from this study have led to a greater understanding of the operational parameters of the MiXI thruster, and will contribute to the development and advancement of the MiXI baseline design, with the goal of creating an efficient and reliable flight level miniature ion thruster.