Orientador: Denis Dalmazi / Banca: Álvaro de Souza Dutra / Banca: Júlio Marny Hoff da Silva / Banca: Victor Oliveira Rivelles / Banca: José Abdalla Helayel Neto / Resumo: Nessa tese investigaremos as formulações duais que descrevem partículas massivas de spin-3 em D = 2 + 1. Faremos isso através da Imersão de Calibre de Noether (ICN) e da técnica da ação mestra. Mostraremos que três termos de mistura podem ser utilizados para construir uma ação mestra que então fara a interpolação entre quatro modelos auto-duais de primeira, segunda, terceira e quarta ordem nas derivadas. Um desafio quando tratamos com teorias de spin alto se refere a adição de campos auxiliares que são necessários para evitar a propagação de modos de spin inferior ao desejado. Mostraremos que através das técnicas de dualização _e possível determinar as campos auxiliares de forma sistemática e que mesmo com a presença de tais campos os procedimentos de imersão e a técnica da ação mestra funcionam em consonância. Por _m lançamos algumas expectativas sobre a relação entre singletos e dubletos de paridade via procedimento de solda generalizada / Abstract: In this PhD thesis we investigate dual formulations for massive spin-3 particles in D = 2 + 1. This is carried out by means of the Noether gauge embedding and the master action technique. We show that three mixing terms can be used in order to interpolate between four self-dual models of first, second, third and fourth order in derivatives. The addition of the necessary auxiliary fields is nontrivial for higher spin theories, the auxiliary fields are needed to avoid the propagation of lower spin modes. We are going to verify that through the dualization techniques it is possible to determine the auxiliary lagrangians in a systematic way. Even in the presence of auxiliary fields the Noether embedment and the master action technique work well. Finally we give some clue on the relationship between parity singlets and parity doublets via generilezed soldering procedure / Doutor

Les vaisseaux rétiniens sont accessibles par la visualisation du fond d'œil grâce notamment aux rétinophotographies. Cette visualisation donne donc un accès direct à l'étude de la microcirculation humaine. Depuis 1999, le logiciel IVAN® permet une analyse «semi-automatique» du calibre vasculaire rétinien. L'analyse de la littérature retrouve que les variations du calibre vasculaire rétinien sont le reflet cumulatif du poids de naissance, de facteurs génétiques, de l'âge, des facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires, de la fonction rénale et de l'inflammation. Les méta-analyses d'études épidémiologiques suggèrent un rôle prédictif des calibres vasculaires rétiniens sur les évènements cardiovasculaires : un calibre artériel rétinien étroit serait prédictif de maladie coronaire chez les femmes et augmenterait la mortalité cardiovasculaire globale ; un large calibre veineux serait prédictif d'accident vasculaire cérébral. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'approfondir les connaissances sur les déterminants des calibres vasculaires rétiniens chez les sujets indemnes d'athérosclérose clinique (antécédent de maladie coronaire, d'accident vasculaire cérébral, d'artériopathie des membres inférieurs). Depuis 2007, en partenariat avec l'université de Melbourne, nous avons acquis le logiciel IVAN® et l'agrément permettant son utilisation en recherche clinique et épidémiologique a été obtenu en 2008. Dans un premier article, nous avons mis en évidence une relation linéaire entre calibre artériel et veineux et fonction rénale mesurée par des méthodes gold standard (filtration glomérulaire mesurée par la clairance de 99mTc-DTPA et ratio albuminurie/créatinurie) sur 80 sujets de la cohorte de médecine interne-hypertension artérielle de l'hôpital Lapeyronie, suggérant des déterminants communs de ces lésions précoces d'organes cibles. Dans un deuxième article, nous avons tout d'abord confirmé le lien entre dilatation veineuse rétinienne et inflammation systémique, puis observé une relation entre calibre artériel étroit et stress oxydatif sur les participants de la cohorte POLA (pathologies oculaires liées à l'âge). Cela est d'une importance particulière car cela suggère que la microcirculation rétinienne, dont des associations avec la macrocirculation carotidienne et cardiaque ont été retrouvées, serait particulièrement sensible au stress oxydatif et à l'inflammation, de façon indépendante des facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires. Dans un troisième article, nous avons retrouvé une relation entre malnutrition biologique et dilatation veineuse rétinienne sur les participants de la cohorte POLA. Cela suggère que des remaniements microcirculatoires précoces pourraient être un mécanisme associé à l'augmentation du risque cardiovasculaire observé chez les sujets âgés souffrants de malnutrition. Les caractéristiques techniques du logiciel IVAN® limitent sa généralisation en médecine, mais son utilisation permet d'approfondir les connaissances sur les déterminants des variations de calibre des vaisseaux de la rétine. Le futur challenge des études sur la vascularisation rétinienne utilisera probablement l'étude de la géométrie vasculaire rétinienne afin d'améliorer la compréhension de microcirculation humaine. / Retinal photography, by allowing a direct observation of retinal vessels, may thus constitute a practical and noninvasive method for the examination of early changes in human microcirculation. Since 1999-2000, IVAN ® software allows for a "semi-automatic" retinal vascular caliber analysis. In the literature, changes in the caliber of retinal vessels have been shown to reflect the cumulative effects of birth weight, genetic factors, aging process, cardiovascular risk factors, renal function, and inflammation. In meta analyses from epidemiological studies, wider retinal venules and narrower arterioles were associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in women and an increased risk of global cardiovascular mortality, while wider retinal venular caliber predicted stroke. The aim of the current research is thus to improve the knowledge of retinal vascular calibers determinants in subjects free of clinical evidence of atherosclerosis (either stroke or coronary and peripheral artery disease). In 2007, Melbourne University provided us IVAN ® software and the agreement for its use in clinical and epidemiological research was obtained in 2008. In a first article, an inverse linear relationship between retinal arterial and venous caliber and renal function measured with gold standard methods (glomerular filtration rate from urinary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA and urinary albumin ⁄ creatinine ratio.) was observed in 80 subjects from the cohort of internal medicine-arterial hypertension-Lapeyronie hospital, suggesting common determinants of these preclinical target organ damages. In a second article, we first confirmed the relationship between a wider retinal venular caliber and inflammation, as well as provided evidence for a novel association between wider retinal arteriolar caliber and oxidative stress quantified by GPx-3 activity in the participants of the POLA (Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age) cohort. This finding is of particular importance as it suggests that retinal microvasculature, which has been related to carotid arterial stiffness and cardiac remodeling, may be particularly sensitive to systemic oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, independently of known cardiovascular risk factors. In a third article based on POLA cohort participants, a retinal venular dilatation appears to be strongly associated with malnutrition biomarkers (albumin and transthyretin). This suggests that early microvascular changes may be one of the mechanisms associated with the observed increased risk of cardiovascular disease among elderly subjects with malnutrition. Technical characteristics of IVAN® software limit its generalization in medicine, but its improved our knowledge about the caliber of retinal vessels changes. The future challenge for retinal microcirculation research will probably use parameters of retinal vascular geometry for a better understanding of human microcirculation.

In order to correctly perform circuit simulation, it is crucial that parasitic capacitances near devices are accurately extracted and are consistent with the SPICE models. Although 3D device simulation can be used to extract such parasitics, it is expensive and does not consider the effects of nearby interconnect and devices in a layout. Conventional rule-based layout parasitic extraction (LPE) tools which are used for interconnect extraction are inaccurate in modeling 3D effects near devices. In this thesis, we propose a methodology which combines 3D field solver based extraction with the ability to exclude specific parasitics from among the parameters in the SPICE model. We use this methodology to extract parasitics due to fringing fields and sidewall capacitances in MOSFETs, bipolar transistors and FinFETs in advanced process nodes. We analyze the importance of considering layout and process variables in device extraction by comparing with standard SPICE models. The results are validated by circuit simulation using predictive technology models and test chips. We also demonstrate the versatility of this flow by modeling the capacitance contributions of the raised gate profile in nanoscale FinFETs.

Le tolérancement géométrique défini par la normalisation est étudié de façon détaillée suivant une présentation structurée. Cette étude fait apparaître l'importance de la notion de surface théorique composée dans les spécifications géométriques fonctionnelles telles que les systèmes de références ou certains types de tolérancement tel que l'exigence du maximum de matière. Ces spécifications peuvent être vérifiées par les méthodes traditionnelles de contrôle au marbre et de contrôle par calibre. Les logiciels des machines à mesurer tridimensionnelles (MMT), ne permettent pas de construire, de façon conforme à la norme, les systèmes de références sur les surfaces palpées de la pièce, ni de reproduire les contrôles par calibre. Une nouvelle approche de la métrologie est proposée pour les logiciels de ces machines dont le premier objectif est de palier à ces limites. Suivant cette approche les spécifications sont contrôlées par le résultat de l'assemblage d'un "calibre virtuel" avec les surfaces palpées de la pièce. Ceci permet de contrôler directement les conditions fonctionnelles que doit remplir la pièce. Le calibre virtuel, défini par le métrologue grâce aux menus du logiciel, est une construction parfaite de plusieurs surfaces théoriques élémentaires, telles que des plans ou des cylindres, qui sont appelées "calibres élémentaires". Différentes propriétés peuvent être données aux calibres élémentaires leur permettant, par exemple, de "s'ajuster" aux surfaces palpées. Ces propriétés permettent d'effectuer une multitude de contrôles et de mesures fonctionnels. Une maquette informatique implémentant ce modèle a été développée. L'utilisation de cette maquette est illustrée sur un exemple industriel et permet de montrer la simplicité et l'efficacité de l'approche proposée

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:54:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000856868.pdf: 438440 bytes, checksum: 78be6d2b0bfba08533285daf02d77016 (MD5) / Neste trabalho fazemos uma introdução sistemática ao conceito de soluções do tipo vórtex em teorias de gauge planares. Tais soluções são analisadas através do mecanismo de Bogomol'nyi e do grupo fundamental de homotopia e são obtidas para os modelos de Higgs abeliano com e sem o termo de Chern-Simons (CS), além de uma análise completa incluindo o modelo de Higgs com os termos de CS e de Maxwell / In this work we make a systematic introduction to the concept of vortex solutions in flat gauge theories. Such solutions are analyzed through the Bogomol'nyi's mechanism and the basic group of homotopy and are gotten for the models of abelian Higgs with and without Chern-Simons (CS) term, beyond a complete analyses including the Higgs model with CS and Maxwell's term

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma conexão entre a condição de Gribov-Zwanziger para o gap de massa e o mecanismo de quebra espontânea de simetria, através do estudo de um operador composto introduzido numa maneira localizada. Para tornar esta relação mais clara, um modelo é apresentado e alguns aspectos quânticos são discutidos. / The aim of this work is to present a connection between the Gribov-Zwanziger condition for the mass gap and the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, by studying a composite operator introduced in a localized form. In order to clarify these relationship a toy model is presented and some quantum aspects are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:28:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_vjl_me_ift.pdf: 643672 bytes, checksum: 236284ee69f81ba26598dac60eaad504 (MD5) / Campos de gauge, tanto abelianos como não-abelianos, aparecem proeminentemente nas teorias modernas das interações fundamentais. Surgem também com um papel central na geometria moderna. Seria de grande utilidade encontrar estas estruturas de gauge inseridas em um contexto menos abstrato, como por exemplo em mecânica clássica. Isto é o que alguns autores chamam de teoria de gauge da mecânica. Neste trabalho discutiremos com certo detalhe dois modelos mecânicos, e mostraremos de uma maneira simples que campos de gauge aparecem neste contexto de uma forma natural. Mostraremos também como consequências observáveis das estruturas de gauge podem ser extraídas de tais sistemas. Um deles é o sistema composto por dois corpos rígidos planos acoplados por um pino nos seus centros de massa e o outro é um modelo para o automóvel. Através de uma geometrização do problema identificamos nele os elementos que constituem um feixe fibrado principal. O passo subsequente é o cálculo da conexão que surge quando impomos um vínculo sobre o sistema. O potencial de gauge é a conexão que assume um papel chave neste paralelo entre teorias de gauge e geometria diferencial em um contexto clássico. / Abstracts: Gauge fields, both abelian and non-abelian, appear prominently in modern theories of fundamental interactions. They also arise with a central role in modern geometry. It would be usefull to find such gauge structures in a less abstracts context, for instance in classical mechanics. This is what some authors have called gauge theory of mechanics. In this work, we discuss two simple mechanical models in detail, and show in a simple way that gauge fields appear in a very natural way in ordinary mechanical problems. We also show how observable consequences of the gauge structures might be obtained for such mechanical systems. We first study a system of two rigid bodies coupled by their mass centers and then examine a model for the automobile. Throuh a geometrization of the problem, we identify the elements that constitute a principal fiber bundle. The subsequent step is to compute the conexion that arises when we impose a constraint on the system. The gauge potencial is the conexion that assumes a important role in this paralel between gauge theories and diferential geometry in a classical context.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bonin_ca_dr_ift.pdf: 929334 bytes, checksum: 60c2fbe31fa5aed0296db910275586ca (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nesta tese estudaremos a eletrodinâmica quântica de Podolsky em equilíbrio termodinâmico no formalismo de Matsubara-Fradkin. Uma vez que a eletrodinâmica de Podolsky é uma teoria de gauge, quantizar-la-emos com o método do campo auxiliar de Nakanishi, que é uma técnica invariante de Lorentz. Mostraremos que no caso do campo de Podolsky livre uma correção à lei de Stefan-Boltzmann é esperada e utilizaremos dados da radiação cósmica de fundo em microondas para limitar os possíveis valores do parâmetro de Podolsky. Investigaremos, também, as equações de DysonSchwinger-Fradkin e as identidades de Ward-Fradkin-Takahashi da teoria em equilíbrio termodinâmico / In this thesis we study Podolsky quantum electrodynamics in thermodynamic equilibrium via Matsubara-Fradkin formalism. Since Podolsky electrodynamics is a gauge theory, we quantize it using Nakanishi’s auxiliary field method, which is a Lorentz invariant procedure. For the case of free Podolsky field we show that a correction to the Stefan-Boltzmann law is expected and we set a thermodynamical limit for the Podolsky parameter using data from the cosmic microwave background radiation. We also study the DysonSchwinger-Fradkin equations and the Ward-Fradkin-Takahashi identities of the theory in thermodynamic equilibrium

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendonca_el_dr_guara.pdf: 428534 bytes, checksum: 2eb3e5307e9d19c46b0a6d4984413551 (MD5) / Nessa tese investigaremos as formulações duais que descrevem partículas massivas de spin-3 em D = 2 + 1. Faremos isso através da Imersão de Calibre de Noether (ICN) e da técnica da ação mestra. Mostraremos que três termos de mistura podem ser utilizados para construir uma ação mestra que então fara a interpolação entre quatro modelos auto-duais de primeira, segunda, terceira e quarta ordem nas derivadas. Um desafio quando tratamos com teorias de spin alto se refere a adição de campos auxiliares que são necessários para evitar a propagação de modos de spin inferior ao desejado. Mostraremos que através das técnicas de dualização _e possível determinar as campos auxiliares de forma sistemática e que mesmo com a presença de tais campos os procedimentos de imersão e a técnica da ação mestra funcionam em consonância. Por _m lançamos algumas expectativas sobre a relação entre singletos e dubletos de paridade via procedimento de solda generalizada / In this PhD thesis we investigate dual formulations for massive spin-3 particles in D = 2 + 1. This is carried out by means of the Noether gauge embedding and the master action technique. We show that three mixing terms can be used in order to interpolate between four self-dual models of first, second, third and fourth order in derivatives. The addition of the necessary auxiliary fields is nontrivial for higher spin theories, the auxiliary fields are needed to avoid the propagation of lower spin modes. We are going to verify that through the dualization techniques it is possible to determine the auxiliary lagrangians in a systematic way. Even in the presence of auxiliary fields the Noether embedment and the master action technique work well. Finally we give some clue on the relationship between parity singlets and parity doublets via generilezed soldering procedure

Orientador: Marco André Ferreira Dias / Coorientador: Fernando Luiz de Campos Carvalho. / Banca: Julio Marny Hoff Silva / Banca: Alexandre Alves / Resumo: Os espinores ELKO propostos por Ahluwalia e Grumiller, são autoespinores do operador de conjugação de carga, ����, com autovalor positivo (autoconjugado) e negativo (anti-autoconjugado). São objetos de dimensão canônica de massa um e portanto, seus acoplamentos com as partículas do Modelo Padrão são extremamente restritos. Nesse trabalho estudou-se o acoplamento do ELKO com o tensor eletromagnético, ℒ������������ = �������� ¬ ���� (����)[���� ����,�������� ]����(����)������������(����), uma das possíveis interações do ELKO com as partículas do Modelo Padrão. Foi realizada uma análise fenomenológica na busca por uma região de massa e constante de acoplamento, ��������, associada com um fóton no estado final. Para trabalhar com essa classe de espinores dentro do programa Madgraph foi necessário introduzir as funções de onda para os campos fermiônicos ELKO nesse programa. Além disso, as regras de Feynman para esses espinores foram obtidas, e um algoritmo foi desenvolvido para obter a seção de choque de um processo de espalhamento de dois ELKOs, de onde foi possível retirar informações sobre a unitariedade da teoria envolvendo a interação estudada / Abstract: The ELKO spinors proposed by Ahluwalia and Grumiller, are eingenspinors of the charge conjugation operator, ����, that can take positive (self-conjugated) and negative (anti-self-conjugated) eigenvalues. They are objects of canonical dimension of mass one and, therefore, their couplings with the Standard Model particles are extremely restricted. In this work the coupling of the ELKO with the electromagnetic tensor, ℒ������������ = �������� ¬ ���� (����)[���� ����,�������� ]����(����)������������(����), was studied. This is one of the possible ELKO interactions with particles of the Standard Model. A phenomenological analysis was performed in the search for a region of mass and coupling constant,��������, associated with a photon in the final state. To work with this class of spinors within the program Madgraph it was necessary introduce the wave functions for the ELKO fermionic fields in this program. In addition, the Feynman rules for these spinors were obtained, and an algorithm was developed to obtain the cross section of a scattering process of two ELKOs, from which it was possible to gather information about the unitarity of the theory involving the interaction studied / Mestre