Besonders in Call Centern spielt die unter dem Begriff CTI (Computer Telephony Integration) zusammengefasste Integration von IT-Systemen und Telefonanlagen eine wichtige Rolle. Wenn auch diese Integration auf technischer Ebene in der Regel zufriedenstellend gelöst wird, zeigt ein Blick auf die Softwareentwicklung in diesem Bereich noch Nachholbedarf. Die vorliegende Arbeit greift dieses Problem auf und versucht, den Ansatz CTI auf die Ebene der Entwicklung verteilter Anwendungen abzubilden. Ziel dabei ist es, Erkenntnisse darüber zu erzielen, inwieweit ein allgemeines Basismodell als Framework für die Entwicklung von CTI-Anwendungen definiert werden kann und welchen Mehrwert es mit sich bringt. Parallel dazu wird die Frage untersucht, inwieweit bewährte Methoden und Technologien verteilter Systeme auf diesem Spezialgebiet ihre Anwendung finden können. Dazu wird ein allgemeines Anwendungsmodell für CTI-Lösungen und darauf aufbauend ein objektorientiertes, verteiltes Framework entworfen. Das Framework selbst wird als Prototyp implementiert und diversen Leistungsmessungen unterzogen. / Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) plays an important role wherever computer and telecommunication systems have to interact. Applications in a call center are typical examples. This integration has been studied widely from a technical viewpoint only, but not at the level of application development. Since telecommunication systems are naturally distributed systems, CTI eventually leads to distributed applications. This thesis presents an example of a general, object-oriented framework for CTI applications and examines the use of proven technologies and methodologies for distributed applications. Based on a prototype implementation the practicability of the concept is being examined and verified.

Den akuta prehospitala vården börjar ofta med ett nödsamtal. Detta, mycket komplexa samtal, är vård som ska vara av god kvalitet, ges på lika villkor och den som har störst behov ska ges företräde. Syftet med förbättringsarbetet var att genom regelbunden återkommande, strukturerad återkoppling och reflektion öka säkerställandet av vitala parametrar och korrekt prioritering i nödsamtalen. Syftet med studien var identifiera framgångs- och riskfaktorer ur SOS-operatörens perspektiv på nödsamtalet med fokus på säkerställande av vitala parametrar, korrekt prioritering samt sammanhanget runt ett nödsamtal.   Genom att, under fyra månader, tillsammans med initialt 12 operatörer, individuellt reflektera över innehållet samtalet samt skriva ned reflektionerna medvetandegjordes operatören på innehållet i samtalet. Detta ledde till en ökning gällande säkerställande av vitala parametrar och korrekt prioritering. En innehållsanalys av reflektionerna visade att det var en framgångsfaktor att vara professionell och att brister i samtalsmetodiken var en stor riskfaktor. När fastställd process för samtalet följdes var det en framgångsfaktor likväl som det var en riskfaktor när den inte följdes.   Slutsatsen blev att regelbunden avlyssning och reflektion ökar säkerställandet av vitala parametrar och korrekt prioritering i nödsamtalen samt att det är en framgångsfaktor att följa fastställd process för samtalet men att tekniskt stöd för ändamålet saknas. / The purpose of the underlying improvement work was to increase the proportion of calls in which vital parameters are secured, and the case is given correct prioritization through regular interception and reflection. The purpose of the study was to identify success and risk factors from the perspective of the emergency call-taker on the emergency call with a focus on securing vital parameters, correct prioritization and the context of the emergency call.   In the improvement work, 12 emergency call-takers were asked, within a period of four months, to individually reflected on the contents in calls and write down reflections. This was contributing to an increase in secured vital parameters and correct prioritization. A content analysis of the reflections demonstrated that it was a success factor to be professional and limitations in the call methodology was a risk factor. When the set process for the call was followed it was a success factor and a risk factor when it was not followed.   The conclusion is that regular interception and reflection increase securing vital parameters and correct prioritization in emergency calls and that it is a success factor to follow the set process for the call, but that technical support for the purpose is missing.

Besonders in Call Centern spielt die unter dem Begriff CTI (Computer Telephony Integration) zusammengefasste Integration von IT-Systemen und Telefonanlagen eine wichtige Rolle. Wenn auch diese Integration auf technischer Ebene in der Regel zufriedenstellend gelöst wird, zeigt ein Blick auf die Softwareentwicklung in diesem Bereich noch Nachholbedarf. Die vorliegende Arbeit greift dieses Problem auf und versucht, den Ansatz CTI auf die Ebene der Entwicklung verteilter Anwendungen abzubilden. Ziel dabei ist es, Erkenntnisse darüber zu erzielen, inwieweit ein allgemeines Basismodell als Framework für die Entwicklung von CTI-Anwendungen definiert werden kann und welchen Mehrwert es mit sich bringt. Parallel dazu wird die Frage untersucht, inwieweit bewährte Methoden und Technologien verteilter Systeme auf diesem Spezialgebiet ihre Anwendung finden können. Dazu wird ein allgemeines Anwendungsmodell für CTI-Lösungen und darauf aufbauend ein objektorientiertes, verteiltes Framework entworfen. Das Framework selbst wird als Prototyp implementiert und diversen Leistungsmessungen unterzogen. / Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) plays an important role wherever computer and telecommunication systems have to interact. Applications in a call center are typical examples. This integration has been studied widely from a technical viewpoint only, but not at the level of application development. Since telecommunication systems are naturally distributed systems, CTI eventually leads to distributed applications. This thesis presents an example of a general, object-oriented framework for CTI applications and examines the use of proven technologies and methodologies for distributed applications. Based on a prototype implementation the practicability of the concept is being examined and verified.

Static analysis tools can aid programmers by reporting potential programming mistakes prior to the execution of a program. Funqual is a static analysis tool that reads C++17 code ``in the wild'' and checks that the function call graph follows a set of rules which can be defined by the user. This sort of analysis can help the programmer to avoid errors such as accidentally calling blocking functions in time-sensitive contexts or accidentally allocating memory in heap-sensitive environments. To accomplish this, we create a type system whereby functions can be given user-defined type qualifiers and where users can define their own restrictions on the call graph based on these type qualifiers. We demonstrate that this tool, when used with hand-crafted rules, can catch certain types of errors which commonly occur in the wild. We claim that this tool can be used in a production setting to catch certain kinds of errors in code before that code is even run.

Call centres have been described as an enabling resource for enhanced customer service, as a cost saving strategy, and a combination of both. Call centres are people intensive, resource demanding environments with complex management challenges. The call centre industry is growing rapidly and South Africa is fast becoming a desired destination for outsourced call centres. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of outsourced call centre management specifically regarding their roles and challenges experienced when executing their daily activities. This study contributes to the understanding of the challenges outsourced call centre managers encounter and provide suggestions to help address major challenges faced in relation to effective call centre management. The methodology used was of a qualitative nature as data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. Inductive reasoning was applied in this study. The call centre managers were purposively selected for the study based on their experience within the industry. The data gathered was transcribed, coded and organised into themes, categories and sub-categories. The study had five objectives and once analysed the following results were obtained: profiles of call centre management was determined, people management surfaced as a major challenge for call centre managers, numerous strategies are in place to deal with challenges, however they are limited due to company policies, cost efficiency was not the main reason organisations outsource their call centres and finally call centre managers perceive their roles to be the overall responsibility of the call centre, its employees and performance. The results revealed that scientific management principles and continuous improvement are major focus areas within the call centre environment. This is mainly driven by the fact that outsourced call centres have contractual obligations that need to be met otherwise they face financial penalties. The findings also revealed that being a manager in an outsourced call centre today is a dynamic and challenging task with many pressures both internally and externally. The study recommends that outsourced call centre managers be empowered and supported by the relevant support divisions as they assume a great responsibility while operating in a dynamic environment and they play a pivotal role in ensuring the success of outsourced call centres. The main limitation of this study is that it relies on outsourced contact centres situated in the Gauteng area that only services one telecommunication organisations customer queries limiting the ability to generalise to other populations. / Business Management / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

This dissertation investigated the acquisition and processing of anaphora by learners of English, using both "offline" methods such as paper-and-pencil written tests and "online" methods such as self-paced reading-for-comprehension. Three experiments were conducted. The first two experiments tested advanced Chinese ESL learners' knowledge and processing of anaphora. The focus of the first experiment was on whether participants automatically use gender and number cues, and verb information to interpret pronouns and reflexives during online processing. The second experiment manipulated gender and pragmatic cues to test whether participants have acquired knowledge of structural constraints on reflexive interpretation (i.e., the binding principles). The third experiment, using a pretest-treatment-posttest design, investigated the efficacy of computer-delivered Processing Instruction (PI) on the acquisition of structural constraints and the use of those constraints during reading. During the pretest, subjects completed a self-paced reading task and a written test. For the treatment, participants learned the grammatical constraints on reflexives through interaction with a computer program. Posttest assessment included one interpretation test, one sentence completion task, and one self-paced reading task. The role of feedback in Computer Assisted Language Learning was also examined. Results showed the following: (1) Advanced L2 learners were more sensitive to certain types of agreement information (gender) than others (number). (2) PI improved L2 learners' knowledge about constraints on reflexives as measured by offline tests. (3) PI led to improvement in learners' processing strategies as measured by online tasks. (4) No significant difference was found between the implicit feedback group and the explicit feedback group in the third experiment. Overall, this research highlights the importance of multiple types of assessment that tap the acquisition of grammatical knowledge as well as the proficiency with which learners use that knowledge during reading comprehension tasks.

Medical residency is characterized by sleep deprivation, stress, and heavy workload. The impact of these pressures on physician-patient communication has not been fully explored. The aim of the current study was to investigate how contextual demands, stress, and burnout impact empathy and provision of patient-centered communication among internal medicine residents in two hospitals. The long-call shift was studied, as it is known to be particularly taxing and is a primary feature of medical residency. Assessments were obtained both prior to and at the conclusion of residents' shifts. Cognitive complexity was examined as a potential mediator of the relationship between stress and burnout, and burnout and empathy. Results revealed that there was a significant decline in physician empathy from the beginning to the end of the long-call shift and that this decline in empathy predicted less patient-centered communication from physicians. Stress, burnout, and decline in empathy were all positively associated, indicating that resident physicians who were more stressed and burned out were at increased risk for declines in empathy over the course of their shift. Cognitive complexity was not found to be a significant mediator of any associations between study variables, though it was associated with several key variables in unexpected ways. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and addressing barriers to patient-centered communication, as a number of these barriers may be routinely present in the demanding environment of medical residency.

In recent years, video games have exploded in popularity and the sales of many popular video games now rival Hollywood blockbusters for revenue. While traditionally used as a medium for entertainment, researchers have also recently begun to explore their potential as learning resources. Many educational games have been created in an attempt to combine entertainment with education, but very little research has been done exploring the potential benefits that commercial online video games can have on language learning. This descriptive study is designed to examine whether or not an off-the-shelf (OTS) Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) - World of Warcraft, can act as a medium for language acquisition. Specifically, it examines whether intermediate-level English language learners’ written accuracy, fluency, and lexical complexity can increase through its play, and what the participants’ perceptions of using an MMOG as a language learning resource are. Participants consisted of four intermediate-level adult English language learners and four English as first language (EL1) speakers. Each English language learner was randomly paired with an EL1 speaker and played the MMOG World of Warcraft over a span of four weeks. The participants’ chat transcripts, along with semi-structured questionnaires, and interviews, were used to gather in-depth data from the participants. The participants’ chat logs were analyzed for improvement in the areas of accuracy, fluency, and lexical complexity by comparing the first and last 25% of their exchanges with the EL1 speakers. Two of the four participants showed some improvement in all three areas that were analyzed, while the remaining two participants showed some improvement in one or two of the three language areas. Results from the questionnaires and interviews indicated that all of the participants felt that playing the game with the EL1 speaker contributed positively to their English language skills and provided a positive learning environment. These results contribute to the growing body of research on MMOGs and give credence to the argument that video games do not have to be solely considered as a source of entertainment, but that they can also be useful as pedagogical tools. / Graduate

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An overwhelming number of models in the literature use average inter-cell interference for the calculation of capacity of a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network. The advantage gained in terms of simplicity by using such models comes at the cost of rendering the exact location of a user within a cell irrelevant. We calculate the actual per-user interference and analyze the effect of user-distribution within a cell on the capacity of a CDMA network. We show that even though the capacity obtained using average interference is a good approximation to the capacity calculated using actual interference for a uniform user distribution, the deviation can be tremendously large for non-uniform user distributions. Call admission control (CAC) algorithms are responsible for efficient management of a network's resources while guaranteeing the quality of service and grade of service, i.e., accepting the maximum number of calls without affecting the quality of service of calls already present in the network. We design and implement global and local CAC algorithms, and through simulations compare their network throughput and blocking probabilities for varying mobility scenarios. We show that even though our global CAC is better at resource management, the lack of substantial gain in network throughput and exponential increase in complexity makes our optimized local CAC algorithm a much better choice for a given traffic distribution profile.