Esta dissertação apresenta uma leitura da obra Palomar, 1983, pautada nas relações de similitude e assimetria com Lezioni americane: sei proposte per il prossimo millennio, 1988. A análise pretende demonstrar as relações entre narrativa e estética literária no último Calvino, assim como os procedimentos narrativos escolhidos para transformar concepções literárias em narrativas e vice-versa. Para tal, foi realizada a leitura das duas obras buscando os valores elencados por ele durante as conferências americanas na estrutura narrativa de Palomar. Num primeiro momento, será feita uma leitura panorâmica das duas obras. Em seguida, a partir dos conceitos calvinianos de exatidão, multiplicidade e visibilidade, serão analisadas as três áreas temáticas sobre as quais se estrutura Palomar. / This study presents a reading of the literary work entitled \"Palomar\", 1983, ruled by similitude and asymmetry relations with Lezioni americane: sei proposte per il prossimo millenio, 1988. The analysis intends to demonstrate the liaisons between narrative and literary aesthetic in the last Calvino, as well as the narrative proceedings which were chosen to turn literary conceptions into narratives and vice-versa. For this purpose, a reading of these two works will be done, aiming the search for values which were listed by him in American speeches in Palomar\'s narrative structure. At first glance, a panoramic reading of both works will be done. Thereafter, it will be analyzed three thematic areas in which Palomar is structured based on calvinian concepts of exactitude, multiplicity and visibility.

Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65).

Segundo o pensamento de Mario Praz, Umberto Eco, Anatol Rosenfeld e muitos outros, as estruturas da obra de arte refletem as estruturas epistemológicas de uma época, acompanhando a evolução das formas de organização sócio-históricas e revelando uma superestrutura de pensamento subjacente a tais formas de organização. No caso de Calvino e de Lins, embora haja inúmeras e enormes diferenças conceituais e estilísticas, é muito clara a passagem de uma visão de mundo (e consequentemente uma resultante forma estética) em que o presente (anos 40-50), embora complexo, é representável como continuidade histórica, a uma nova forma mentis em que a História do presente (anos 60-70), relativizada e desrealizada pelas mudanças técnicas, científicas, culturais, sócio-epistemológicas, é percebida como mosaico de eventos e discursos e, como tal, é representável esteticamente. Percebe-se que as estruturas convencionais (contos e romances), unitárias, íntegras até meados dos anos 60, dão lugar, a partir de 1965 (Calvino) e 1966 (Lins), a uma preferência pelas formas fragmentadas, modulares, recombináveis, hipertextuais, em que os módulos podem ser manipulados pelo leitor para multiplicar as narrativas. Nessa fase da literatura combinatória surgirão obras-primas como Le città invisibili ou Pentágono de Hahn. Essa forma modular combinatória dos anos sessenta evoluirá, nos anos setenta, para uma forma mais complexa: o hiper-romance, cuja estrutura será ainda fortemente amparada na matemática e na geometria. Mas o hiper-romance, além dos elementos combinatórios articuladores da arquitetura romanesca, traz em seu cerne outros elementos fundamentais: a metanarrativa, a busca de um sentido para a representação (do amor e da morte, dos conflitos) e como representação dessa busca; a configuração narrativa do conhecimento como multiplicidade de temas e discursos; a forma da representação como multiplicidade de narrativas realizadas, realizáveis e potenciais; a busca da unidade dos fragmentos na compreensão de uma única Unidade possível: a do mosaico como resposta possível ao labirinto. / According to many authors, especially Mario Praz, Umberto Eco and Anatol Rosenfeld, the structures of a work of art reflect the epistemological structures of a certain period in time, following the evolution of socio-historical organization and revealing a superstructure of thought that comes together with such ways of organization. As far as Calvino and Lins are concerned, notwithstanding the so many conceptual and stylistic differences, their texts of fiction show very clearly the passage from a point of view (and respective esthetic form) in which the present (1940s and 1950s), though complex, can be represented as a historical continuity, to a new point of view in which the History of the present (1960s and 1970s) is understood as relative and fragmented. It is clear that conventional, uniform, whole structures such as short stories and novels, had a unified structure until the mid-sixties, but after 1965 (Calvino) and 1966 (Lins), these structures give place to a fragmented hypertext structures divided into mobile parts that the reader can manipulate and recombine in order to multiply the stories. From this period are masterpieces such as Le città invisivili and Pentágono de Hahn. This combinatory fragmented form from the sixties will evolve, in the seventies, to a more complex form: the hypernovel. The structure of the hypernovel will be strongly based on mathematics and geometry, and it also emphasizes metanarrative, the search for a sense of representation (love and death, for example) and the representation of the search itself. It also seeks to represent knowledge as multiplicity of themes and discourses, combined in fictional stories written and potentially writable. Both authors consider the structure of the novel as important as the story itself, for the structure is their search for the only possible unity: a mosaic, as a possible answer to the labyrinth.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma leitura da obra Palomar, 1983, pautada nas relações de similitude e assimetria com Lezioni americane: sei proposte per il prossimo millennio, 1988. A análise pretende demonstrar as relações entre narrativa e estética literária no último Calvino, assim como os procedimentos narrativos escolhidos para transformar concepções literárias em narrativas e vice-versa. Para tal, foi realizada a leitura das duas obras buscando os valores elencados por ele durante as conferências americanas na estrutura narrativa de Palomar. Num primeiro momento, será feita uma leitura panorâmica das duas obras. Em seguida, a partir dos conceitos calvinianos de exatidão, multiplicidade e visibilidade, serão analisadas as três áreas temáticas sobre as quais se estrutura Palomar. / This study presents a reading of the literary work entitled \"Palomar\", 1983, ruled by similitude and asymmetry relations with Lezioni americane: sei proposte per il prossimo millenio, 1988. The analysis intends to demonstrate the liaisons between narrative and literary aesthetic in the last Calvino, as well as the narrative proceedings which were chosen to turn literary conceptions into narratives and vice-versa. For this purpose, a reading of these two works will be done, aiming the search for values which were listed by him in American speeches in Palomar\'s narrative structure. At first glance, a panoramic reading of both works will be done. Thereafter, it will be analyzed three thematic areas in which Palomar is structured based on calvinian concepts of exactitude, multiplicity and visibility.

L’écriture et la lecture sont les deux espaces, visuel le premier et auditif le deuxième, qui représentent les coordonnées sur lesquelles Calvino construit son univers de signes : l’œil et l’oreille. Ce sont les deux fonctions, sensorielles et mentales, qui permettent la transmission d’un savoir, d’un message, même en l’absence de celui qui « parle ». C’est là la raison, pouvons-nous supposer, de l’importance que l’écrivain a accordée à la fonction de l’écoute, outre, évidemment, celle qu’il conférait à la vue. Dans notre analyse de la poétique de l’écoute dans l’œuvre d’Italo Calvino, nous avons essayé de montrer en quoi consiste la particularité de son oreille. Comme pour la vue, Calvino applique pour l’ouïe une méthode personnelle de connaissance : car c’est toujours le sujet, le « moi » avec tous ses organes de perception qui nous permet de nous rapprocher du monde extérieur et de sonder notre esprit. Calvino a dès lors construit un univers de sons très particulier étant donné que cet univers sonore vient de son monde à lui, de sa propre expérience et surtout de sa façon d’entrer en relation avec le monde : or cela n’est jamais définitif, et même toujours problématique. C’est là la manière propre à celui qui refuse les dogmes et les écoles, qui sait bien qu’une seule réponse ou une seule vérité est impossible, mais qui ne peut s’empêcher de continuer à sonder l’univers réel ou fictionnel [celui de la vie comme celui de la page], même si au terme de sa recherche, le résultat est toujours le cercle vide, l’espace blanc de la page. Cela explique aussi les différentes modalités que la fonction de l’écoute a eues dans le parcours personnel et littéraire de Calvino. / Reading and writing are the two spaces, the former visual and the latter auditory, representing the co-ordinates on which Italo Calvino constructed his universe of signs: the eye and the ear. They are the two sensory and mental functions permitting the transmission of knowledge, of a message, even in absence of the one “speaking”. We may assume that this is the reason why the writer has given such importance to the pretence of listening, obviously in addition to that attributed to sight. In our analysis of the poetics of listening in the work of Italo Calvino, we have attempted to show what made up the specificity of his ear. Just as for sight, Calvino applied a personal method of understanding to hearing: it is always the subject, the “I”, with all his organs of perception, who allows us to approach the external world and probe our own mind. Thus Calvino constructed a universe of very special sounds, as that sound-universe derived f! rom his personal world, from his personal experience, and above all from his way of relating to the external world: all this is never definitive and is also problematic as well. This is the specific method of one who rejects dogmas and schools, but cannot refrain from probing the real and fictional universe [both the one relating to life and that on the written page], even if at the end of the search, the result is always an empty circle, black space on a page. This also explains the various patterns that the listening function has taken on in the personal and literary journey of Italo Calvino.

La thèse de doctorat a été rédigée en cotutelle entre la Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz et l’Université de Bourgogne- Franche Comté. Elle porte sur « Venise comme labyrinthe : la ville et sa représentation littéraire au XXe siècle ». La thèse se dédie d’une part à l’analyse systématique des éléments que la ville de Venise et le labyrinthe ont en commun au niveau de la structure et des valeurs symboliques qui y sont liées. D’autre part, elle étudie comment ces caractéristiques sont reflétées dans la littérature du XXe siècle sur Venise, par quels autres éléments labyrinthiques au niveau de la forme et de la réceptionelles sont complétées et quelles fonctions le labyrinthique peut assumer. L’étude présente des résultats multiples et contribue aussi bien à un approfondissement des études sur le labyrinthe qu’aux études vénitiennes, en permettant à travers le focus sur le labyrinthique une meilleure compréhension de la ville et de ses particularités et des conclusionsnouvelles dans l’interprétation des textes. Les textes choisis pour l’analyse (Der Tod in Venedig de Thomas Mann, 1912 ; Le città invisibili de Italo Calvino, 1972 ; Wer war Edgar Allan ? de Peter Rosei, 1977 et Parsifal a Venezia de Giuseppe Sinopoli, 1993) donnent un aperçu de la variété de combinaisons possibles entre les aspects thématiques du labyrinthe au niveau du contenu et les éléments labyrinthiques au niveau de la forme et de la réception. / The doctoral thesis was written in the context of a Cotutelle Doctoral Program between the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and the Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté. Itssubject is “Venice as Labyrinth: the City and its Literary Representation in the 20th Century”.The thesis aims to systematically identify and analyse which characteristics the city of Veniceand the labyrinth have in common, both at a structural and a symbolic level. It further examines how these characteristics are reflected in the 20th century narrative on Venice. The study provides a new approach by considering multiple levels: on the one hand, it explores the thematization of the labyrinthine characteristics of the city in the content of the texts. On the other hand, it analyses how these contents are complemented by labyrinthine elements in the form and reception of the texts and focuses on their function. The study provides multiple interesting results. It contributes to the Labyrinth Studies as well as to the Venetian Studies, allowing through the focus on the labyrinthine a better comprehensionof the city and its particularities as well as coming to new conclusions in the interpretationof texts. The works chosen for the analysis (Thomas Mann’s Der Tod in Venedig, 1912; ItaloCalvino’s Le città invisibili, 1972; Peter Rosei’s Wer war Edgar Allan, 1977 and Giuseppe Sinopoli’s Parsifal a Venezia, 1993) provide an overview of the variety of possible combinations of the aspects of the labyrinth in terms of content and the labyrinthine elements in the form and reception of the texts.

This thesis stages a meeting between the work of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the short fiction of Italian writer Italo Calvino. This meeting has as its subject the question of the human and the non-human. What forces make up the human? What assemblages of elements make up language, literature, subjectivity? And what does it mean that these forces come from outside the human at the same time as they create the human? Calvino is often accused of being an unemotional writer, lacking in human warmth. With this I agree completely. Calvino does lack human warmth because he allows non-human forces to penetrate his writing, taking it beyond conventionalized and banal prefabricated emotion into a dimension of new intensities. Deleuze will provide us with a vocabulary of concepts with which to discuss these non-human forces and their potential for moving the human out of itself and into a new assemblage of thoughts, passions and actions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [202]-207).

Texte remanié de: Dissertation--Saarbrücken--Universität des Saarlandes, 1994. / Bibliogr. p. 247-262.

En 1960, à Paris ; de la volonté conjointe de François Le Lionnais et Raymond Queneau, naÎt l’Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle : un laboratoire d’écrivains qui se proposent, par le biais d’une approche scientifique à la littérature, de renouveler le débat culturel qu’en France pendant les années Soixante remet en cause le mythe surréaliste de l’inspiration et s’éloigne de l’idée de littérature engagée. Pendant la même période, Italo Calvino déménage à Paris, une ville où, loin de la gravité de la critique italienne, toujours orientée vers une idée de littérature politique et morale, il peut se confronter avec une série de modèles qui influenceront son œuvre successive. Notre thèse propose une analyse de la période parisienne d’Italo Calvino, notamment des rapports qu’il a entretenus avec les membres de l’Oulipo dont il a été élu membre étranger en 1972. A partir d’un approfondissement de la rhétorique oulipienne et à l’aide de l’analyse de la production littéraire de Calvino pendant sa période parisienne, nous essayons de souligner la profonde parenté entre l’écrivain italien et le groupe français et d’indiquer les retombées que cette fréquentation a eues sur l’écriture de Calvino. / In 1960 born in Paris the Oulipo. This laboratory of writers strongly desired by Raymond Queneau and François Le Lionnais proposes, through a scientific approach to literature, to renew the cultural debate in France during the 1960s, questioning the myth of inspiration promoted by surrealists and departing from the idea of Jean Paul Sartre’s engaged literature. In the same period, Italo Calvino moved to Paris where, away from the influence of Italian literary criticism always oriented toward the idea of political literature and moral ethics, he can deal with a series of models that will influence his later work. This work proposes an analysis of Italo Calvino’s “Parisian period”, with a special focus on his relationship with the members of the Oulipo of which, in 1972, he was elected “membre étranger”. From an analysis of Oulipo’s rhetoric and of the concept of littérature potentielle (studied in deep in the Archives of the Oulipo) and of Calvino’s literary production during his period in Paris, our thesis emphasizes the deep harmony between the Italian writer and the French group pointing out the impact that this liaison has had on the production of Calvino.