I denna rapport undersöks säkerheten i de inbyggda systemen i ett fordon. Är CAN-bussen och enheterna som kommunicerar med den verkligen säkra? Vilka svagheter finns det inom säkerheten när ny teknik implementeras i fordon och ansluts till CAN-bussen?Om ett fordon blir angripet så är riskerna att angriparen lyckas med attacken ganska stora. Speciellt så finns det flera risker och säkerhetshål med ny teknik t.ex. inbyggda mediasystem i fordon.Vi har forskat i hur lätt det är att hämta information ur fordonet, samt vad som kan göras med denna information, detta med hjälp av både andra vetenskapliga rapporter samt en fysisk undersökning med hjälp av en applikation som utvecklades.Genom avläsning med hjälp av Bluetooth från OBD2 kontakten så kan information såsom signaler för att låsa upp fordonet eller trycka på gasen läsas av från fordonet. Viss information är dold för den normala användaren, såsom ett tryck på gaspedalen. Denna information måste erhållas genom exempelvis avläsning av dolda paket. Detta kan göras genom att spåra paket med hjälp av diverse program, t.ex. Wireshark. Hade denna information varit enkel att tillgå så kan den användas på ett skadligt sätt. Skulle exempelvis kommandot för att trycka på gasen kunna styras trådlöst så skulle detta kunna skapa stora och farliga problem. Detta är något som undersöks i rapporten, hur man kan gå tillväga och vilka sätt ett fordon kan angripas på.En applikation utvecklades för att undersöka vilken information som kan relativt enkelt extraheras. Parametrar som t.ex. hastighet eller varvtal på motorn är exempel på denna information. Med hjälp av en OBD2 enhet så kommunicerar applikationen med fordonet. Applikationen hämtar ut informationen om en bilresa från start till stopp för att sedan kunna redovisa denna information. Information visas till användaren i applikationen både under tiden fordonet färdas och sedan en sammanfattning av hela resan. Applikationen kan användas för att spara sina resor om man till exempel vill redovisa tjänsteresor för sin arbetsgivare. Resorna sparas både i databas och lokalt på din telefon med möjlighet för uppladdning till en webbserver eller liknande.iiApplikationen sparar all information du valt om din resa och kan även skräddarsys med mer eller mindre parametrar beroende på behov.Den har även ett användningsområde för att övervaka sitt körande, om man till exempel någon gång under resans gång uppnår onormala värden, som t.ex. alldeles för höga varvtal eller liknande. / In this report, the security in integrated systems within vehicles is evaluated. Is the CAN bus and the devices that communicate with it secure? What are the weaknesses in security when modern technologies are implemented in vehicles and connected to the CAN bus?If a vehicle is attacked, the risk of the attacker's success with the attack is quite large. There are several risks and security holes with modern technology, for example. built-in media system in vehicles.We have researched how easy it is to retrieve information from the vehicle and what can be done with this information, using both other scientific reports and a physical examination using an application that were developed.By reading using Bluetooth from the OBD2 connector, information such as signals to unlock the vehicle or press the gas pedal can be read from the vehicle. Certain information is hidden for the normal user, such as a press of the gas pedal. This information must be obtained by for example, reading hidden packages. This can be done by tracing packages through various applications, such as Wireshark. Had this information been easy to access, it could be used in a malicious way. Should the command to press the gas be controlled wirelessly, this could create major and dangerous problems. This is something that is being investigated in the report, how to proceed and what ways a vehicle can be attacked.An application was developed to investigate what information that can be relatively easily extracted. Parameters such as speed or rounds per minute on the engine are examples of this information. Using an OBD2 device, the application communicates with the vehicle. The application retrieves information about a trip from start to stop and then it’s able to report this information. Information is displayed to the user in the application both while the vehicle is traveling and then a summary of the entire trip. The application can be used to save one’s journey, if for example, you want to report your trips to your employer. The trips are stored both in a database and locally on your phone with the possibility of uploading to a web server.ivThe application saves all information you selected about your trip and can also be customized with parameters depending on your needs. It also has a field of use for monitoring your driving, for example if you at some time during the trip reach abnormal values, such as far too high rounds per minute or something similar.

I noticed that the workers had the same itinerary when emptying trashcans, meanwhile trashcans needed urgently to be emptied. Traditionally, ETSU maintenance operate on daily routes to pick trash on designated time, regardless the level of the containers. This leads to overflown trashcan in busy areas or during rush hours in certain areas. This overflown trashcan result in an unclean environment for the community and an unpleasant look of our beautiful campus. The time, resources and labor invested in collecting the trash could be saved. Therefore, I decided to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to create a device that will optimize trash collection, to reduce costs and pollution. The Eco-Smart Can will contain a renewable source of energy such as the solar panel. Furthermore, it will have a compactor as well to decrease the trash volume. The system in the Eco-Smart can will give prior information of the trash level to maintenance facility so that they can empty the trash in a timely manner and preserve the environment.

This thesis deals with positional control of DC motor Icla D065 of company SIG Positec Automation GmbH with aid of CAN-Bus and CANopen protocol. Individual parts describe general principle and standards of CAN-Bus and international normalized higher-level protocol CANopen for systems control. For control this motor was used microcontroller PIC18F4685 from company Microchip and developmental environment MPLAB® IDE. With used C language was made program for MCU control communication with a motor by support of CANopen protocol and its motion control. The result of this thesis will be used in solution of research project Intelligent Systems in Automation.

Examensarbetet syftar till att undersöka möjligheten att expandera befintlig testprocess av elektroniska styrenheter. Hos Volvo Construction Equipment sker verifiering av styrenheter till stor del i riggar som består av större CAN-nätverk och innehåller många komponenter. Antalet riggar begränsas av att de är kostsamma, vilket i sin tur leder till att antalet tester som kan genomföras är begränsat. Målet med arbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt att skapa en testmiljö som verifierar funktionalitet i en styrenhet, separerad från övriga delar av nätverket. Planen är att testmiljön ska kunna användas som komplement till de befintliga riggarna. Arbetet visar att det är möjligt genom att implementera en testmiljö som kan verifiera funktionalitet hos en separerad styrenhet. Testmiljön ger Volvo möjlighet att utföra fler tester och därmed expandera deras testprocess av elektroniska styrenheter. / The thesis aims to examine the possibility of expanding the existing test process of Electronic Control Units. At Volvo Construction Equipment, verification of control units is mostly done in rigs that include large CAN-networks and contains multiple components. The number of rigs available is limited by their cost, which leads to a limited number of tests that can be made. The thesis is investigating whether it is possible to create a test environment that verifies functionality of an Electronic Control Unit, separated from the network. The purpose of the test environment is to be used as a complement to the existing rigs. The thesis shows that it is possible by implementing a test environment that can verify functionality of a separated control unit. This test environment allows Volvo to perform more tests and thereby expand their test process of Electronic Control Units.

I noticed that the workers had the same itinerary when emptying trashcans, meanwhile trashcans needed urgently to be emptied. Traditionally, ETSU maintenance operate on daily routes to pick trash on designated time, regardless the level of the containers. This leads to overflown trashcan in busy areas or during rush hours in certain areas. This overflown trashcan result in an unclean environment for the community and an unpleasant look of our beautiful campus. The time, resources and labor invested in collecting the trash could be saved. Therefore, I decided to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to create a device that will optimize trash collection, to reduce costs and pollution. The Eco-Smart Can will contain a renewable source of energy such as the solar panel. Furthermore, it will have a compactor as well to decrease the trash volume. The system in the Eco-Smart can will give prior information of the trash level to maintenance facility so that they can empty the trash in a timely manner and preserve the environment.

This thesis deals with description of CRC codes, which is a type of polynomial error correction codes, and description of CAN and CAN FD protocols used in automobiles for data transmission between sensors. One of the security elements is usage of the CRC codes with the Hamming distance 6. Unfortunately, both protocols contain a design vulnerability which causes that some received messages with one wrong bit do not have to be detected by the protocol. The aim of the thesis was to describe this vulnerability and found out, if it was possible to eliminate it by using different CRC code. It managed to characterize all messages, which are not during this vulnerability detected by CRC code and based on that it was possible to prove, that the probability of error does not depend on a CRC code choice of a fixed length. 1

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / This paper discusses the telemetry system used to monitor the performance of a solar-powered vehicle during testing and competitions. Car-side systems collect and transmit data onboard over an ISO 11898 / CAN bus. A bridge then converts this data into TCP/IP packets, which are transmitted via Ethernet to a Wi-Fi access point. The data is distributed through an IEEE 802.11N 5GHz mesh network to provide real time data to remote computers running telemetry software. This software displays and logs data from the car, allowing team members to monitor the vehicle.

Background: A university is characterized as organized anarchy. According to Cohen, et al. (1972) decision-making occurs in form of A Garbage Can Model (GCM) in such organizations. This model is influenced by some factors such as organizational structure. The influences of some types of organizational structure have been studied based on a computer simulation by Cohen and his colleagues in 1972. However, the study was based on numerical statistics and excluded the influence of genuine characteristics of an organizational structure. Aim: This thesis aims to understand the influence of the dynamic and real characteristics of an organizational structure on a university’s decision-making process. Therefore, this research is conducted to explore how matrix structure influences on decision-making process in Linköping University by reducing uncertainty characteristics of decision-making process. Definitions: A Garbage Can Model: provides a theory framework in order to understand how decisions are made in organizations under condition of organized anarchy. This Model has four heterogeneous streams include decision, solution, decision maker, and choice opportunity. All these streams are moving around within the organization and need to match up in the choice opportunities to make decisions. Matrix Structure: is a structure with focus on multiple dimensions through multiple lines of authority and lateral communication. Results: The Matrix structure reduces the uncertainty of decision-making in Linköping University by managing the information process through the lateral communication. More specifically, the lateral communication occurs based on different approaches such as informal meetings, network of people, management group, and external information. However, the authority aspect in Linköping University has certain tendency towards the single unity of command (centralization), which is in contrast with matrix structure characteristics.

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. 2005. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto

Development of a hydrocarbon reservoir requires information about the type of fluid that saturates the pore space, and the permeability distribution that determines how the fluid can be extracted. The presence of fractures in a reservoir can be useful for obtaining this information. The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate how fracturing can be detected remotely using exploration seismology. Fracturing will effect seismic data in a number of ways. Firstly, if the fractures are aligned preferentially in some direction, the medium will exhibit long wavelength anisotropy. In turn, if wave propagation is not aligned with one of the symmetry axes of the effective medium then shear wave splitting will depend upon the properties of the fracture filling fluid. Secondly, elastic waves will experience attenuation and dispersion due to scattering and wave-induced fluid flow between the fractures and matrix porosity. This occurs because the fractures are more compliant than the background medium and therefore there will be a pressure gradient formed during passage of the wave, causing fluid to flow between fractures and background. If the direction of shear-wave propagation is not perpendicular or parallel to the plane of fracturing, the wave polarized in the plane perpendicular to the fractures is a quasi-shear mode, and therefore the shear-wave splitting will be sensitive to the fluid bulk modulus. / The magnitude of this sensitivity depends upon the extent to which fluid pressure can equilibrate between pores and fractures during the period of the deformation. In this thesis I use the anisotropic Gassmann equations and existing formulations for the excess compliance due to fracturing to estimate the splitting of vertically propagating shear-waves as a function of the fluid modulus for a porous medium with a single set of dipping fractures and with two conjugate fracture sets dipping with opposite dips to the vertical. This is achieved using two alternative approaches. In the first approach it is assumed that the deformation taking place is quasi-static. That is, the frequency of the elastic disturbance is low enough to allow enough time for fluid to flow between both the fractures and the pore space throughout the medium. In the second approach I assume that the frequency is low enough to allow fluid flow between a fracture set and the surrounding pore space, but high enough so that there is not enough time during the period of the elastic disturbance for fluid flow between different fracture sets to occur. It is found that the second approach yields a much stronger dependency of shear-wave splitting on the fluid modulus than the first one. This is a consequence of the fact that at higher wave frequencies there is not enough time for fluid pressure to equilibrate and therefore the elastic properties of the fluid have a greater effect on the magnitude of the shear-wave splitting. I conclude that the dependency of the shear-wave splitting on the fluid bulk modulus will be at its minimum for quasi-static deformations, and will increase with increasing wave frequency. / In order to treat the problem of dispersion and attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow I consider interaction of a normally incident time-harmonic longitudinal plane wave with a circular crack imbedded in a porous medium governed by Biot’s equations of dynamic poroelasticity. The problem is formulated in cylindrical coordinates as a system of dual integral equations for the Hankel transform of the wave field, which is then reduced to a single Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. It is found that the scattering that takes place is predominantly due to wave induced fluid flow between the pores and the crack. The scattering magnitude depends on the size of the crack relative to the slow wave wavelength and has its maximum value when they are of the same order. I conclude that this poroelastic effect should not be neglected, at least at seismic frequencies. Using the solution of the scattering problem for a single crack and multiple-scattering theory I estimate the attenuation and dispersion of elastic waves taking place in a porous medium containing a sparse distribution of such cracks. I obtain from this analysis an effective velocity which at low frequencies reduces to the known static Gassmann result and a characteristic attenuation peak at the frequency such that the crack size and the slow wave wavelength are of the same order. / When comparing with a similar model in which multiple scattering effects are neglected I and that there is agreement at high frequencies and discrepancies at low frequencies. I conclude that the interaction between cracks should not be neglected at low frequencies, even in the limit of weak crack density. Since the models only agree with each other at high frequencies, when the time available for fluid diffusion is small, I conclude that the interaction between cracks that takes place as a result of fluid diffusion is negligible at high frequencies. I also compare my results with a model for spherical inclusions and find that the attenuation for spherical inclusions has exactly the same dependence upon frequency, but a difference in magnitude that depends upon frequency. Since the attenuation curves are very close at low frequencies I conclude that the effective medium properties are not sensitive to the shape of an inclusion at wavelengths that are large compared to the inclusion size. However at frequencies such that the wavelength is comparable to or smaller than the inclusion size the effective properties are sensitive to the greater compliance of the flat cracks, and more attenuation occurs at a given frequency as a result.