<p>  </p> <p>The ever-growing interest in novel food ingredients and their dietary influence on human health and wellbeing has driven the study of bioactive peptides (BAP). BAP are protein-derived fragments composed of (2-20 amino acids) that could positively affect bodily function and chronic diseases. This dissertation explores the health-promoting properties of a novel source of BAPs, namely canary seed, by encompassing three specific aims: 1) evaluate the <em>in vitro </em>potential of hairless canary seed peptides (CSP) as a nutraceutical ingredient, 2) develop an understanding of CSP's bioavailability and molecular interactions with its biological targets, and 3) evaluate CSP's antioxidant and antiobesity activity at the organism level using a nematode (<em>C. elegans</em>) and murine (C57BL/6J mice) model, respectively. First, CSP were generated by implementing mechanical oil extraction followed by commercial enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase™. In addition, CSP were also subject to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) to assess their gastric stability and <em>in vitro</em> bioavailability. The results showed that canary seed proteins were mainly composed of prolamins fractions followed by glutelins, globulins, and albumins. CSP extracts with low molecular weight (< 3 kDa and 3–10 kDa) showed the highest bioactivity. Furthermore, after SGD, CSP inhibitory activity remained stable toward angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), and pancreatic lipase but unstable for α-glucosidase. The digested peptides were transported efficiently (>10%) through the Caco-2 monolayer, indicating a potential high absorption capacity through the intestinal epithelium. During kinetic analysis by Lineweaver-Burk plots, it was observed that CSP-SGD interacted by mixed-type inhibition for DPP-IV and α-glucosidase, non-competitive inhibition for ACE, and uncompetitive inhibitor for pancreatic lipase. Furthermore, CSP-SGD were especially potent as antihypertensive (ACE inhibitors) and antiobesity (pancreatic lipase) agents. Consequently, molecular docking and <em>in silico</em> analyses were targeted to understand CSP-SGD interactions with ACE and pancreatic lipase. CSP-SGD with ACE inhibitory activity were found to be rich in proline, glutamine, and cationic residues and could have inhibited ACE by destabilizing the tetrahedral transition state and zinc ions interaction leading to conformational changes in the enzyme structure. For peptides with antiobesity properties, it was also found that arginine, glycine, and hydrophobic amino acids from CSP-SGD hold critical interactions with the lid domain (CYS238-CYS262) of pancreatic lipase, disrupting its proper function and preventing fat hydrolysis.</p> <p>In the second part of this dissertation, the relevant health-promoting properties of CSP were further investigated by testing the effects of peptide supplementation on obesity and oxidative stress animal models. The studies showed that exposure to CSP significantly mitigated the acute and chronic oxidative damage in <em>C. elegans</em>, extending the lifespan of the nematodes by 88 and 61%, respectively. Furthermore, it was established that the CSP prevented oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and antioxidant gene upregulation. Concerning this, CSP caused a drop in reactive oxygen species (ROS) to safe levels and induce the upregulation of the GST-4 gene encoding antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S-transferase. Concerning antiobesity properties, the daily supplementation with CSP successfully prevented metabolic implications of western diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice, including preventing weight gain by up to 20%, increasing glucose tolerance, and reducing insulin, leptin, and LDL/VLDL levels in plasma. Likewise, CSP promoted a drop in fatty acid uptake gene, LPL, and fatty acid biosynthesis genes FAS and ACC while unaffecting lipid oxidation genes PPAR-α and ACO in the liver. While both moderate and high CSP supplementation levels exhibit hypolipidemic effects, only moderate levels induce satiety and significantly prevent weight gain. Together, these results suggest that CSP's weight gain prevention depended on a dual mechanism involving lipid metabolism retardation to modulate satiety. Overall, the results presented in this dissertation establish the effectiveness of canary seed peptides as nutraceutical ingredients for antioxidant and antiobesity functional food applications.</p>

Pendant de nombreuses années, les femelles ont été décrites comme passives dans les interactions mâles-femelles et ont parfois été négligées dans les études sur les comportements reproducteurs et la communication animale. Pourtant, il est de plus en plus évident que les comportements des femelles influencent ceux des mâles et que les mâles peuvent ajuster leurs comportements de parades aux comportements des femelles. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les signaux que les femelles émettent lors d’interactions avec un mâle dans un contexte de reproduction chez le canari domestique. L’ensemble de mes résultats montre tout d’abord que les femelles utilisent des signaux de parades visuels et acoustiques, c’est-à-dire des postures de sollicitation à l’accouplement et des trilles-spécifiques de femelles, comme une invitation à s’accoupler, mais qu’elles peuvent aussi les utiliser pour inciter le mâle à parader et l’aider à échantillonner la qualité de partenaires potentiels. D’autre part, ces deux signaux n’auraient pas la même efficacité selon le contexte d’émission. Ensuite, il semblerait que les signaux véhiculés par la modalité visuelle pourraient jouer un rôle plus important qu’on ne le pensait jusque-là dans les interactions intersexuelles chez cette espèce. Enfin, cette thèse a aussi pu apporter de nouveaux éléments concernant les préférences des femelles pour les chants de mâles et a montré que les méthodes utilisées en laboratoire pour tester les préférences des femelles étaient fiables et congruentes. Cette thèse permet de contribuer aux recherches grandissantes mettant en évidence le rôle important de la femelle dans les interactions intersexuelles. / Much studies on reproduction and animal communication have considered the female as the passive sex; the role of the female during male-female interactions have often been overlooked. However, there is growing evidence that female behaviours can affect those of the males and that males can adjust their courtships to female behaviours. The aim of this thesis is to understand the signals produced by females during interactions with a male in a reproductive context in the domestic canary. Overall, my results show that females not only use their visual and acoustic signals, the copulation solicitation display and the female-specific trills, as an invitation to copulate but also to incite male to sing as an aid to sample potential mates. Then, these two signals could not have the same efficacy in different contexts of transmission. Moreover, the visual components of the communication seem to be more important than previously thought during intersexual interactions in this species. Finally, this thesis provides new elements about the female preferences for male songs and shows that methods used to test female preferences in laboratory are reliable and congruent. This thesis contributes to the growing number of researches showing that females play an active role in intersexual interactions.

Management strategies to prevent overfishing while achieving optimum yield vary according to the available data and life history of the fished stock. I evaluated two sets of management strategies for Pacific coast rockfish: strategies to set harvest limits for data-poor stocks, and strategies intended to protect the age structure of fished stocks. Setting Harvest Limits for Data-poor Stocks - The collapse of canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger, in the northeast Pacific began more than two decades before the stock was officially declared overfished. The 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act requires a scientifically-based harvest limit for all fished stocks, including those with data limited to catch. Two such "data-poor" methods are currently in use for the management of west coast stocks, depletion-corrected average catch (DCAC) and depletion-based stock reduction analysis (DB-SRA). To evaluate the performance of each method when challenged with catch and biological uncertainty, I retrospectively applied the methods to the catch and biological data available at the time of the first and second canary rockfish stock assessments in 1984 and 1990. In 1980 canary rockfish would be classified as "data-poor", and in 1990 as "data-rich". To evaluate the sensitivity of DCAC and DB-SRA to error in the catch data, harvest limits were estimated using both the historic catch data from each assessment, and the reconstructed catch data from the most recent stock assessment. In addition, harvest limits were estimated using simulated catch data sets for the years 1916 to 1983 with increasing variability around the true catch. DCAC and DB-SRA estimated harvest limits were significantly lower than the catch recommended in both the data-poor and data-rich stock assessments, but higher than the "true" overfishing limit. Use of current catch data improved the estimated harvest limit when the stock was data-poor, but not when the stock was data-rich. The simple methods responded to increasing error in the catch time series with decreasing mean estimates of the harvest limit, indicating that these methods are highly precautionary for this species, when the catch time series is the only source of error. Age Structure Management Strategies - In a variable oceanographic environment, a population with many reproductive age classes benefits not only from the increased fecundity of older fish; but also, in some species, an increase in larval fitness. Older females may also spawn at different times or over longer periods than younger females, increasing the probability of larvae encountering favorable environmental conditions. Despite the accumulating evidence for the importance of age structure to long-term population viability in harvested fish populations, long-lived west coast rockfish (Genus Sebastes) are managed with a biomass-based harvest control rule. I compared three strategies for age structure management, and evaluated the strategies relative to the status quo, biomass-based harvest control rules, across three rockfish life histories. I examined the tradeoff between yield and traditional management reference points, as well as performance measures that could serve as management reference points for age structure. Yield was reduced by strategies that maintain "old growth" age structure, but annual variation in the catch and the probability of becoming overfished were also reduced. The longest-lived rockfish benefited the most from strategies that maintained older fish in the population through dome-shaped selectivity. The shorter-lived rockfish benefited from adjustments in the catch limit based on the age composition of the catch one year previous. Achieving "pretty good yield" with management strategies that also decrease the potential for overexploitation is an important goal for stocks that are well-studied and those that are poorly understood; these investigations contribute to a growing literature on alternative approaches to sustainable fisheries management. / Graduation date: 2012

“Conflicted” succinctly describes Ernest Hemingway. He had a strong desire to make his parents proud of him but this was in constant conflict with his need to tell a story, warts and all. Of particular importance is his relationship with his mother and the crippling effect it has on his relationships with women. Hemingway’s life becomes a series of dysfunctional relationships that fail to meet his needs, leaving him perpetually searching for the right woman. Kert posits that Hemingway’s contempt for women is related to his inability to make the transition from lover to husband, fueled by Hemingway’s belief that his father surrendered his manhood to Grace Hemingway. Ernest, haunted by his parents’ relationship continues to associate negative connotations with the term “husband,” leaving Hemingway in constant fear of becoming his father, poisoning his marriages, and coloring the relationships Hemingway depicts in his short stories. Evident across the arc of Hemingway’s short stories is an evolution in his skill as a writer, but also in the development of his female characters. Over his career, Hemingway develops a female voice that rings true, and he skillfully uses it to portray female characters who are evolving into strong self-reliant women. In these stories, there is a gradual shift in the dynamics of the relationships as Hemingway’s fictional women struggle to climb from under their man’s domination. Yet, these strong self-reliant women are not fully accepted by Hemingway’s male characters, leaving a palpable tension between Hemingway’s fictional men and women. This tension can be attributed to Hemingway’s ongoing love/hate relationship between himself and the self-reliant women in his life. Hemingway never recovers from the emotional damage inflicted by his mother, evident in his personal life and in the dysfunctional relationships in his short stories. He remains vigilant and is concerned that he will end up like his father and be controlled by a domineering bitch. However, Hemingway exerts so much control in his relationships and becomes a version of his mother as he dominates his significant others. In his life, he transitions from an angry resentful child-man to a young husband, a reluctant parent, a ladies’ man, and an adventurer. Likewise, his perception and portrayal of women in his short stories keeps pace with his personal experiences. These female characters sometimes reflect the women in his life and sometimes reflect Hemingway’s insecurities as a man, and often a seamless melding of both.

This work focuses on crustal interaction in magmatic systems, drawing on experimental petrology and elemental and isotope geochemistry. Various magma-chamber processes such as magma-mixing, fractional crystallisation and magma-crust interaction are explored throughout the papers comprising the thesis. Emphasis is placed on gaining insights into the extent of crustal contamination in ocean island magmas from the Canary Islands and the processes of magma-crust interaction observed both in nature and in experiments. This research underscores that the compositions of ocean island magmas, even primitive types which are classically used as probes of the mantle, are susceptible to modification by crustal contamination. The principal mechanisms of contamination identified from work on both Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) are assimilation and partial melting of the pre-existing island edifice and intercalated sediments by newly arriving magma (i.e. “island recycling”). The information that we can gain from studying solidified magma and entrained crustal xenoliths concerning the rates and mechanisms of crustal assimilation is, however, limited. To address this shortcoming, a series of time-variable crustal carbonate assimilation experiments were carried out at magmatic pressure and temperature using natural materials from Merapi volcano, Indonesia. A temporally constrained reaction series of carbonate assimilation in magma has hence been constructed. The experiments were analysed using in-situ techniques to observe the progressive textural, elemental, and isotopic evolution of magma-carbonate interaction. Crucially, carbonate assimilation was found to liberate voluminous crustally-derived CO2 on a timescale of only seconds to minutes in the experiments. This points to the role of rapid crustal degassing in volcanic volatile budgets, and, pertinently, in magnifying hazardous volcanic behaviour. This thesis, therefore, delivers detailed insights into the processes of magma-crust interaction from experiments and geochemistry. The outcomes confirm that crustal processes are significant factors in both, i) ocean island magma genesis, and ii) magma differentiation towards compositions with greater explosive potential which can, in turn, manifest as hazardous volcanism. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 707

Två miljöproblem idag är ökade koncentrationer av växthusgaser i atmosfären och övergödning. Därför är två utmaningar att reducera utsläppen av växthusgaser och flöden av näringsämnen. Ytterligare en utmaning är att trygga energiförsörjningen i en värld där efterfrågan på energi ökar. Nya förnybara energikällor behöver utvecklas både för att trygga energiförsörjningen men även för att minska användandet av fossil energi. En förnybar energikälla är biogas som kan användas till el, värme och fordonsgas. Det förutspås att substrat för biogasproduktion kommer vara en bristvara i framtiden, därför behöver nya substrat utvärderas. Våtmarksväxter är ett alternativt substrat för biogasproduktion och utvärderades i den här studien. Våtmarker och dess växter är intressanta att studera eftersom de kan reducera koncentrationen näringsämnen som når sjöar och hav och kan därför bidra till att minska problemen med övergödning.    Studien genomfördes inom ett projekt vid Biogas Research Center och var en litteraturstudie med studie av ett fall. Metoden som användes har arbetats fram i projektet och är en multikriteriaanalys, (MCA), vilket innebär att det är flera olika områden som studeras. Områdena tar hänsyn till biologiska, ekonomiska, kemiska, miljömässiga och tekniska aspekter. För att strukturera upp informationen användes en matris som bestod av de olika huvudområdena som studerades. För att tydliggöra möjligheter och hinder gjordes en semi-kvalitativ bedömning av varje huvudområde.   Fallet som studerades var en våtmark i odlingslandskapet. Våtmarken är 5 ha och återskapades för några år sedan för att fungera som kväve- och fosforkälla. Det finns ingen växtlighet i våtmarken eftersom den är relativt ny. De växter som studerades under studien var därför växter som är tänkbara att växa i våtmarken i framtiden. Växterna som studerades var vass, rörflen och bredkaveldun. I våtmarken finns möjlighet att reglera vattennivån och därmed tömma den på vatten för att underlätta skörd.   Resultatet visade att den teknik som finns idag för skörd och sönderdelning behöver utvecklas eftersom den inte motsvarar de krav som ställs. Det finns olika tekniker för rötning och eftersom växterna har hög torrsubstanshalt är torrötning att föredra eller ett tvåstegssystem där första steget är torrötning. En våtmark ger en relativt liten mängd biomassa och därför passar det bättre att röta växterna tillsammans med andra substrat till exempel på en gårdsbiogasanläggning.   Våtmarksväxter är inte godkända substrat för certifiering av biogödsel, vilket kan vara ett hinder. Biogödseln har även ett lågt värde eftersom växterna innehåller låg halt näringsämnen. Våtmarker reducerar mängden näringsämnen och skörd kan bidra till att retentionen av fosfor ökar. Samtidigt avger våtmarker metan och lustgas som påverkar växthuseffekten.  Idag finns det ingen ekonomisk lönsamhet att skörda våtmarker. Ett system där ersättning fås för miljönyttan som skörd ger är ett alternativ för att öka lönsamheten. / Two environmental problems today are the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and eutrophication.  Therefore, two challenges are reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fluxes of nutrients. Another challenge is to secure the energy supply in a world where energy demand is increasing. New renewable energy sources need to be developed both to secure the energy supply, but also to reduce the use of fossil energy. A renewable energy source is biogas that can be used for electricity, heating and as vehicle fuel. It is predicted that substrate for biogas production will be a limitation in the future, therefore, new substrate need to be evaluated. Wetland plants are an alternative substrate for biogas production and evaluated in this study.  Wetlands and it is plants are interesting to study because they can reduce the concentration of nutrients and therefore help to reduce the problem of eutrophication.  The study was performed within a project at Biogas Research Center and was a literature study with the study of a case. The method used has been developed in the project and is a Multi Criteria Assessment (MCA), which means that there are several different areas being studied. Areas taking into account the biological, economic, chemical, environmental and technological aspects. In order to structure the data, a matrix consisting of the different key areas was used. To clarify the opportunities and obstacles a semi-qualitative assessment was done for each key area. The case studied was a wetland in an agricultural landscape. The wetland is 5 ha and was constructed a few years ago to work as nitrogen and phosphorous trap. There is no vegetation in the wetland because it is relatively new. The plants that were studied during the study was therefore plants that are potential to grow in the wetland in the future. The studied plants were reed, reed canary grass and cattail. In the wetland it is possible to regulate the water and thereby drain the water to facilitate harvesting.   The results showed that the technology available today for the harvesting and chopping needs to be developed because it does not meet the required standards. There are various techniques for digestion, but since the dry matter is high for the plants dry fermentation is preferable, or a two-stage system in which the first step is dry digestion. A wetland provides a relatively small amount of biomass and therefore it is better to co-digest the plants on a farm biogas plant.  Wetland plants are not approved substrates for certification of bio fertilizer, which can be an obstacle. The bio fertilizer also has a low value because the plants contain low levels of nutrients.Wetlands reduce the amount of nutrients and harvest of wetland plants contributes to the retention of phosphorus increases. Wetlands emit methane and nitrous oxide that affect global warming.Today, there is no economic viability of harvesting wetlands. A system in which compensation is obtained for the environmental benefit that harvest provides is an option to increase profitability.

This thesis deals with the partial evaluation of the life cycle of three kinds of power plants, particularly flint corn ( Zea mays L.) , reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) , Szarvazi I ( Agropyron elongatum L.) and their environmental impact during their cultivation. As an evaluation framework was used seedbed preparation time from the first year to the last harvest after ten years growing cycle. To calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases has been used software tool SimaPro . The aim was to find out how much greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq per 1 kg of dry matter ) is created in the cultivation of selected power plants and compare that plant is from an environmental point of view the most environmentally friendly. The total emission load produced during the life cycle of corn is sown CO2eqv 0.199210 kg per 1 kg of dry matter , with reed rákosovité CO2eqv 0.182075 kg per 1 kg of dry matter. I Szarvasi is from an environmental point of view the most friendly CO2eqv produces 0.110232 kg per 1 kg of dry matter.

No description available.

Since the onset of the global financial crisis, urban dwellers face an increasing number of obstacles in establishing themselves on the housing market. Against this backdrop, this paper addresses the variegated dynamics of real estate dispossession in the tourist conurbation Los Cristianos/Las Américas on an intra-urban scale. First, I will present the spatio-temporal patterns of dispossession for the period 2001–2015 using the ATLANTE database (CGPJ). Specifically, I analyze mortgage foreclosures and tenant evictions, both for residential and commercial spaces. Second, I delve deeper into local experiences of dispossession of the resident population and their housing and income conditions by means of questionnaires that I conducted in 2018. The data shows that mortgage foreclosures and dispossessions of residential spaces predominate the initial years after the crisis, albeit with varied spatial incidence. However, the increase in tenant evictions from 2014 onwards points to a reconfiguration of displacement dynamics. Indeed, as stated by the interviewees, staggeringly high rent burdens have become the main driver for displacement from both living and working spaces in recent years. Given the ongoing global pandemic, further and more nuanced research is necessary to grasp how these prevailing housing insecurities are shaped during and beyond the coronavirus crisis.

secret emigration in 1940' and reasons that later let to the mass emigration in The fifth chapter describes the emigrant's situation before they left la Gomera d emigrant's life in Venezuela. It's devided into particular sub