Submitted by David Vicentin (davidvicentin@gmail.com) on 2015-02-10T03:26:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_VicentinD_CrescimentoLP_150209v2.pdf: 2861471 bytes, checksum: 7e24a753b428421ca829197d0e83e64c (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Prezado David, boa tarde Seu trabalho foi rejeitado, por não estar dentro dos padrões das normas da ABNT. Segue abaixo, o que deve ser corrigido: 1 - Onde consta o nome da FGV, retirar o acento agudo da palavra Getulio. 2 - Na capa, seu nome deve estar em letra maiúscula, conforme consta na contra capa. 3 - A numeração das páginas, devem estar no canto direito do trabalho e não ao meio, como consta. Aguardo a correção. Att Renata on 2015-02-10T15:24:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by David Vicentin (davidvicentin@gmail.com) on 2015-02-10T16:36:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_VicentinD_CrescimentoLP_150209v3.pdf: 2859463 bytes, checksum: f33e1685c6283af90b0fe1b59b4f54b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-10T16:57:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_VicentinD_CrescimentoLP_150209v3.pdf: 2859463 bytes, checksum: f33e1685c6283af90b0fe1b59b4f54b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-10T17:05:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_VicentinD_CrescimentoLP_150209v3.pdf: 2859463 bytes, checksum: f33e1685c6283af90b0fe1b59b4f54b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02 / This paper objective is to do a survey about long term economic. It considers different model types and evaluate the relation of government with long term economic growth. Chapter 1 presents an introduction about modern growth theory and factors which were identified and impact in GDP per capita growth. Chapters 2 and 3 presents The Solow-Swan Model (with exogenous savings rate) and the Ramsey Model (optimization of consumption) are evaluated. Chapter 4 focus in different types of production function that are capable to generate or limit wealth creation. Chapter 5 presents production functions considering government as an explaining variable. Chapter 6, models are developed considering taxes and transfers with the objective to evaluate the impact in dynamic system equations. Chapter 7 GDP per capita, government per capita spending, capital per capita from Germany, Brazil, China, Denmark, United States of America and France to identify the factors participation in economic growth. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um ensaio sobre crescimento econômico de longo prazo considerando diferentes tipos de modelos e avaliar a relação do governo com o crescimento de longo prazo. No Capítulo 1 é feita uma introdução sobre a teoria do crescimento moderno e quais os fatores foram identificados como capazes de contribuir para o crescimento do PIB per capita. Nos Capítulos 2 e 3 são apresentados os modelos de crescimento econômico de longo prazo de Solow-Swan (com taxa de poupança exógena) e o modelo de Ramsey (com otimização do consumo). O Capítulo 4 foca os diferentes tipos de função produção capazes de gerar ou restringir a criação de riquezas. O Capítulo 5 traz as funções produção contemplando o governo como variável explicativa. No capítulo 6 são desenvolvidas análises de modelos contemplando arrecadação de impostos e transferências a fim de se avaliar o impacto nas equações dinâmicas do sistema. No capítulo 7, são utilizados dados de PIB per capita, gastos per capita do governo e capital per capita de Alemanha, Brasil, China, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos e França para identificar a participação destes fatores no crescimento econômico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2762.pdf: 1194251 bytes, checksum: 8dd7f0821ab0c92e5ee4a7545b3132a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-05 / This text is going to show many ways that compose the IDH until the year of 2007 that they are going to be talked the analysis the development for the development from the countries for the Program of the Union Nation to the development from the Union Nation Organizations PNUD ONU. The first chapter is going to show the definition of IDH its particulars, methods of calculus and its structurations beyond the observation from three ways that componde the indicator in the actuality income per capita, health, and education. For helping in your understand, we are going to include the index of Gini to help us in our analysis. In the second chapter, we are going to do an analysis commented and compared of the Brazilian s IDH in terms of inner regions for that we could understand the discrepancies that there are in the same country being utile when analysis the Brazilian s IDH in general forms. In the third and forth chapter we are going to do the analysis of IDH among the nations, showing the evolution and the retreat of each country got along the years, their deficiencies in determinates sectors like social or economics, the characteristics and the reasons of the countries show us the variables of optimization of the quality of live in remains from nations that hale index medium and others in precarious situations. We are going to analyses the divergences that there we are among many region in the globe where we are going to do the calculus between the sub-regions, for examples we are going to analyses the IDH of Emirates Arabs, Africa, Subssariana, Latin America inside others. In the forth chapter we are going to show the IDH in 2007 with the brief report of the IDH the 2009 that gets their relatives facts to indicaters of 2006 the insert of Brazil in context latin and world-wide the observation of first placing, to the last, and the motives that took these countries to get these classification. In the fifth chapter we are going to show the criticism that are done in the index at the meaning of the same not portray with the total real fidelity condition of development that a nation meet and the possible inclusion of others variables that could do the IDH the index much precise. Also be boarding the difficulties of methodologies that exist in case of others variables go in to the index. At the of this text we are going to reunite the annexed of some interviews with professors, or specialist in the field of socialeconomics about the problematization of the index. / Esta dissertação enfocará as variáveis, que compõem o IDH até o ano de 2008, as quais serão abordadas na análise do desenvolvimento dos países por meio do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento da Organização das Nações Unidas PNUD ONU. O primeiro capítulo apresentará a definição do IDH, suas particularidades, metodologia de cálculo e sua estruturação, através da observação das três variáveis, que compõem o indicador na atualidade: renda per capita, saúde e educação. No segundo capítulo, será elaborada uma análise comentada e comparada do IDH brasileiro em termos regionais (internos) para que se possam compreender as discrepâncias existentes dentro de um mesmo país, sendo útil, quando analisarmos o IDH brasileiro de forma geral. No terceiro e quarto capítulos, faremos a análise do IDH entre nações, demonstrando a evolução ou retrocesso que cada país obteve ao longo dos anos, suas deficiências em determinados setores sociais ou econômicos, as características e as razões dos países apresentarem variáveis otimizadoras de qualidade de vida em detrimento de nações que possuem índices medianos e outras em situações precárias. Serão analisadas, também, as divergências existentes entre as diversas regiões do globo, em especial os Estados Árabes, a África Subsaariana e a América Latina, dentre outros. No quarto capítulo, mostraremos o IDH de 2007, e mais um breve relato do IDH de 2008 (que possui seus dados relativos aos indicadores de 2006), a inserção do Brasil no contexto latino e mundial, a observação dos primeiros colocados, dos últimos, e as alterações nas posições relativas que levaram esses países a obterem essas classificações. No quinto capítulo, concluiremos apresentando as principais críticas feitas ao índice, em razão de o mesmo não retratar com fidelidade a condição de desenvolvimento que uma nação se encontra, ao mesmo tempo em que discutimos inclusões de outras variáveis, que poderiam fazer do IDH um índice mais preciso. Também serão abordadas as dificuldades metodológicas, caso outras variáveis entrassem no índice. Por fim, em anexo, foram reunidas algumas entrevistas com professores ou especialistas na área socioeconômica sobre a problematização do índice.

Family structure affects not only household income but can influence how revenues contributeto financial satisfaction. That is to say, it is possible that a certain family structure can be more efficient in producing satisfaction than another. Using microdata from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2013, a probit econometric model is proposed for urban households in Peru, in which the likelihood of satisfaction with household income is a function of income itself, both in absolute terms and relative to other households, and of various household characteristics, including aspects of family structure. Analysis of ENAHO 2013 reveals that 80.2% of house- holds report being satisfied with their income; satisfaction levels among lone parents are the lower than in other groups (77.3%) and the highest satisfaction levels are reported by married couples with children and cohabiting couples with children (82.8% and 80.3% respectively). Results of the regression model support the conclusions of other studies, in that per capita hou- sehold income has a positive impact on the probability of income satisfaction; however, it is not the only significant variable. In particular, we have found evidence that the difference between household expenditure and average household expenditure in the region (a measure of relative expenditure) also influences the likelihood of income satisfaction, as well as changes in household economy relative to that of other households in the area. Regarding family structures considered in the study, households of married couples with children, cohabiting couples with children, and cohabiting couples without children are less responsive than other households in several variables: number of household members, income per capita, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, and university education of the household head. In single- parent households in general, satisfaction with income is particularly sensitive to changes in the number of household members, per capita income, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, university education of the household head, and perception of declinein household living standards relative to other households in the area. / La estructura familiar no solo afecta los ingresos del hogar, sino que puede influir en la maneracomo los ingresos contribuyen a la satisfacción financiera. Es decir, para un mismo nivel de ingresos, es posible que una estructura familiar sea más eficiente en producir satisfacción que otra. Utilizando los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Enaho) 2013, se plantea un modelo econométrico tipo probit, para los hogares urbanos en Perú, en que la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar es una función del ingreso mismo, tanto en términos abso- lutos como en relación con los demás hogares, y de diversas características del hogar, incluyendo aspectos de la estructura familiar. El análisis de la Enaho 2013 revela que el 80,2% de los hogares indica estar satisfecho con sus ingresos; los niveles de satisfacción de los hogares monoparentales son los menores entre los grupos (77,3%) y los niveles más altos son reportados por los casados con hijos y convivientes con hijos (82,8% y 80,3% respectivamente). Los resultados del modelo de regresión respaldan las conclusiones de otros estudios, según los cuales el ingreso per cápita del hogar tiene un impacto positivo en la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar; sin embargo, no es la única variable significativa. En especial, se ha encontrado evidencia de que la diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al gasto promedio de los hogares de la región (una medida de gasto relativo) también influye sobre la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos, así como la evolución de la economía del hogar en comparación con la de los demás hogares de la localidad. Por lo que se refiere a las estructuras familiares consideradas en el estudio, los hogares casados con hijos, convivientes con hijos y convivientes sin hijos se han mostrado menos sensibles que el resto de hogares en diversas variables: número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, percepción de deterioro relativo del nivel de vida del hogar y estudios universitarios del jefe de hogar. En los hogares monoparentales, en general, la satisfacción con los ingresos se muestra especialmente sensible frente a cambiosen número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, estudios universitarios del jefe del hogar y percepción de deterioro del nivel de vida del hogar relativo a otros hogares de la zona.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to cover the catching up with the economic level among the countries of middle and eastern Europe. More accurately it analyses GDP per capita and household income per capita as one of the key economic indicators. The thesis concretely focuses on analysis of beta and sigma convergence and cluster analysis of the mentioned regions and concurrently at the background of the analysis explains some theoretical terms from areas of economics, econometrics and statistics. The analysis was concluded in IBM SPSS programme which belongs to the most complex, user friendly and professionally often used expert tools. The data for the analysis were used from Eurostat.

Is GDP per capita one of the main drivers affecting demand for passenger air travelling? Based on the time series analysis conducted for North American and Middle Eastern region, we have not rejected hypothesis about positive impact of GDP per capita on demand for air travelling. The thesis also analyzes whether the effects observed are weaker for more developed and more saturated markets. The second hypothesis was rejected, as we have found that the effect of the GDP per capita was on average 10% stronger for the North American region than for the Middle Eastern region. Moreover, we have found that for both regions oil prices are the important driver of the passenger air travel demand.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the process of nominal and real convergence of the Czech Republic to the average of the European Union (EU-27). The text uses comparison with other european transition economies (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). The thesis consists of an analysis of the progress of real GDP per capita, comparative price level, labor productivity, employment, labor costs and other indicators. Other topics such as alternative indicators of economical convergence or the accession of the Czech republic into the euro-zone are discussed.

El presente trabajo busca cuantificar la importancia socioeconómica de siete rasgos fonéticos (seseo, yeísmo, aspiración de /s/, aspiración de /x/, asibilación de /ʝ/, asibilación de /r/ y velarización de /n/), cuya presencia o ausencia sirve para caracterizar veinticuatro dialectos del idioma español. Para ello se efectúa un análisis de regresión por mínimos cuadrados que sirve para calcular “precios hedónicos” asociados con tales rasgos fonéticos. El resultado es +que las tres características más significativas que parecen operar como signos de un ingreso per cápita más bajo son el seseo, la aspiración de /x/ y la asibilación de /r/. El primero de tales rasgos parece ser también significativo como marcador sociolingüístico cuando limitamos nuestro análisis al caso de España, en tanto que la asibilación de /r/ mantiene su significación cuando restringimos nuestras observaciones al caso de Colombia. / This paper tries to quantify the socioeconomic importance of seven phonetic characteristics (seseo, yeismo, /s/-aspiration, /x/-aspiration, /ʝ/-assibilation, /r/-assibilation, and /n/-velarization) whose presence or absence allows distinguishing among twenty-four Spanish dialects. In order to accomplish this goal, we perform a least-square regression analysis to calculate “hedonic prices” for the abovementioned characteristics. The result is that the three more significant characteristics, which seem to operate as signs of a lower per-capita income, are seseo, /x/-aspiration and /r/-assibilation. The first of those characteristics keeps its statistical significance as a sociolinguistic marker when we restrict our analysis to the case of Spain, while /r/-assibilation keeps its statistical significance when we restrict our database to Colombian observations.

The IPCC's report in 2018 projects global warming will increase by 1.5oC in 2030, which makes contribution of each country to control their emissions becomes significant. This study seeks to investigate what entitlement human beings have over the absorptive capacity of the atmosphere as well as the harm it caused by elaborating the Entitlement Theory of Justice, thereto, finding out how the burden of climate change should be distributed according to the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and the Equal per Capita Shares Principle (ECSP). Furthermore, this study seeks to investigate Indonesia's part in increasing the burden of climate change and whether Indonesia should be held responsible for its part by comparing data of Indonesia's emissions to some developed countries' emissions. Humanity has a collective ownership over the absorptive capacity of the atmosphere, which implies that every individual has equal share of this absorptive capacity. A violation of this equal share should be compensated. The PPP suggests countries, who has the most cumulative amount of emissions from the past to present, to compensate and bear the climate change burden. While, the ECSP suggests countries, who emit more than their equal share per capita, to bear the climate change burden and reduce their emissions. Indonesia, despites massive amounts of CO2 released by its deforestation and annual haze, contributes insignificant to climate change due to both its cumulative and per capita emissions are considerably low compared to developed countries and even lower than acountry with large population size such as China.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study investigated the relationship between economic complexity and the three mac-roeconomic variables in a comparative setting between selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) and BRICS countries. Economic complexity as a development index reveals how sophisticated a country is as shown by its exports structure through the Product Com-plexity Index (PCI) and Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The three macroeconomic var-iables are gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita), current account and fixed investment (gross fixed capita formation) for the period 1994 to 2018.The first three set study objectives were investigated on whether there exists a short and long-run relation-ship through a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL). The the fourth objective was to test for causality through a standard Granger causality, and fifth, to forecast the macroeconomic variables for the foreseeable future utilising the Impulse Response Func-tion (IRF) and the variance decomposition techniques, these are complementary tech-niques. The last two objectives were to draw a comparative analysis upon the findings, and to relate on the product complexities and economic landscape in the selected SSA and BRICS. Reporting on the ECI-GDP per capita nexus, the PARDL estimates revealed a positive and significant association between ECI and GDP per capita in both the se-lected SSA and BRICS in the long-run. There was no Granger causal effect between ECI and GDP per capita for both set of countries. The concern was in relation to forecasting GDP per capita due to a shock in ECI. The selected SSA GDP per capita response to a shock in ECI was neutral when adopting the IRF technique, and the variance decompo-sition also revealed small estimates in both the short and long-run, below 1%. In the BRICS economies, there was a meaningful positive reaction from a shock in ECI when deploying the IRF technique, while the variance decomposition had a 3% response in the long run when seen through the variance decomposition. On the current account-ECI relationship, the PARDL estimates exposed that there was a positive and significant impact from ECI on the current account in both the groups in the long-run significant while short-run results were insignificant. Granger causality could not detect any causal effect between ECI and current account in the selected SSA, while in the BRICS countries there was a unidirectional causal effect from ECI to current account. When forecasting the current account, the selected SSA reacted negatively to a shock in v ECI seen through the IRF, and the variance decomposition also revealed a small reaction in any period. In the BRICS case, current account’s response was a positive and explo-sive reaction from a shock in ECI when applying the IRF technique. The VD revealed a higher change in current account was explained by a shock in ECI. On the ECI-Fixed Investment, the PARDL estimates showed that there was a long-run positive and signifi-cant effect between ECI and fixed investment in bothgroups. However, the Granger causal results revealed no presence of causality in the selected SSA, while there was causal unidirectional effect from ECI to fixed investment. The IRF technique revealed a negative fixed investment reaction from a shock in ECI, and the variance decomposition results revealed a small reaction in fixed investment in the selected SSA. In the BRICS case, there was a positive and explosive fixed investment emanating from a shock in ECI. Utilising the variance decomposition fixed investment in BRICS was explained by inno-vative shocks in ECI in the long run. On the last two objectives, comparatively the selected SSA countries are disadvantaged as they are concentrated in negative ECI as seen in the descriptive statistics, reflecting that they are still much less developed. This tells us that they are less industrialised as compared to the BRICS nations who are better off. These selected SSA economies are not developed enough as compared to the BRICS nations. The SSA region needs to learn from the leading BRICS countries by creating a conducive environment for a better de-velopment of innovation that improves the domestic value chain that produces knowledge-based products for the export market. The rest of the selected SSA region should form part of economic integrations with the more developed countries that offer mutual beneficiation like South Africa to fast track the developmental of their states. There is a need to modernise the agricultural and agro-industries. The region should harness the full potential of its agricultural sector. This will create a large global market share and perhaps increase the current account outlook through trade with more efficient agro-pro-cessed products. Africa needs to scale up investment in many fronts from government to private investment to improve infrastructure, more so that the scale of needs is so much in the continent.

The length and depth of the Great Recession of 2008 provides an opportunity to examine the policy behavior of local governments unlike any window since the 1930's post Depression era. Utilizing Peterson's (1981) City Limits typology as a framework for local government policy allows for an evaluation of whether or not the economic downturn caused local governments to change their relative expenditures between policy categories. The City Limits typology has been widely used in the literature to explain how expenditures define a local government's role in economic development. The typology has had limited use in a pre-post natural experimental research design to determine if a local government has 'shifted' policy priorities as measured by changes in expenditures among and between policy categories. This research design and the use Peterson's framework combine for a study that has not yet been conducted under similar conditions. Most of the existing literature, including the research from the 1980's, failed to account for inter-state differences that directly affect local government expenditures and policy. Concentrating solely on Florida local governments, this study eliminates the confounding nature of a national study and ensures that the unit of analysis is comparable for research purposes. The study utilizes actual expenditure data for all cities and counties in Florida from FY2006 through FY2011. The research tests for the relationships between changes in policy priorities from pre- to post-recession, and the type of government, form of government, and various socio-economic factors. The research contributes to a new body of knowledge that is just beginning to emerge in the literature about how local governments respond to periods of extreme fiscal stress. The findings suggest that cities and counties had an inverse response from pre- to post-recession with cities shifting toward developmental expenditures and counties prioritizing allocational spending. Differences were also found between forms of government. In addition, the density of population was found to contribute differently to shifts in expenditures for cities and counties. The study identifies emerging patterns that can help local governments understand past behavior and better anticipate future economic downturns.