Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução de indicadores de escolaridade pré-selecionados (frequência escolar, média de anos de estudo, níveis de escolaridade, concluída ou frequentada, e a variável situação de estudo e trabalho) dos jovens na faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos, na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre 1993 e 2014, através das políticas de ampliação de acesso, seja na universalização do Ensino Fundamental, seja na ampliação significativa do acesso ao Ensino Médio, seja na inserção no Ensino Superior, por meio de programas como o Programa Universidade Para Todos, o Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil e o Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais e a Lei de Cotas (Lei nº 12.711/2012). A fonte de informações utilizada é a Base de Microdados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA). Os resultados obtidos apontam significativa ampliação do acesso à escola, elevação da escolaridade e redução das desigualdades educacionais para os jovens com idade entre 15 e 29 anos. Entretanto o alcance das políticas de acesso ainda está muito aquém de acabar com os diferenciais de acesso e escolaridade de jovens mulheres e jovens homens e pouco contribuiu com a igualdade entre jovens negros e jovens não negros. Duas variáveis foram de fundamental importância para a realização desta pesquisa: situação de estudo e trabalho e grupos de renda familiar per capita. A variável situação de estudo e trabalho compreende as categorias jovens que só estudam, jovens que estudam e trabalham, jovens que estudam e procuram trabalho, jovens que só trabalham, jovens que só procuram trabalho e jovens que não estudam e/ou não trabalham e/ou não procuram trabalho. A variável grupos de renda familiar per capita foi dividida em quatro categorias: Grupo 1 - 25% das pessoas com menor renda familiar per capita; Grupo 2 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 1; Grupo 3 - 25% das pessoas com renda familiar per capita imediatamente superior à do Grupo 2; Grupo 4 - 25% das pessoas com maior renda familiar per capita. No aspecto renda familiar per capita, o impacto das políticas em todos os estratos de renda foi importante, em especial para as Categorias I (jovens que só estudam) e II (jovens que estudam e trabalham e/ou procuram trabalho). Deve--se considerar que ainda há um enorme desafio para um acesso pleno à educação, com a permanência dos jovens na escola, bem como com a conclusão dos estudos, especialmente para os jovens homens, os jovens negros e para os jovens pertencentes ao grupo de menor 7 rendimento familiar per capita (Grupo 1), onde são verificados avanços, mas persistem as desigualdades de acesso e permanência escolar. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the evolution of preselected school indicators (school attendance, average years of schooling, completed or attended school levels, and the variable study and work context) of young people in the 15- 29 age group, in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area, between 1993 and 2014, through the expansion policies access, either in the universalization of Primary Education, or in the significant expansion of access to Secondary Education, or in the insertion in higher education, by means of programs such as the University for All Program, the Student Financing Fund and the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities, and the Quotas Law (Law no. 12.711 / 2012). The source of information used is the micro database of Employment and Unemployment Research of Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (PED-RMPA). The results obtained indicate a significant increase in access to schools, higher schooling and reduction of educational inequalities among youths aged 15 -29. However, the extent of access policies still fall short of ending up with the differentials in access and schooling among young men and women and has contributed little to the equality of young black and non-black youths. Two variables were of fundamental importance for this research: study and work context and per capita family income groups. The variable study and work context includes the categories of young people who only study, young people who study and work, young people who study and seek work, young people who only work, young people who are looking for work and young people who do not study and / or do not seek work. The variable per capita family income groups was divided into four categories: Group 1 - 25% of people with lower per capita family income; Group 2 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 1; Group 3 - 25% of people with per capita family income immediately higher than Group 2; Group 4 - 25% of people with higher per capita family income. In the per capita family income aspect, the impact of policies on all income strata was important, especially for Categories I (young people who only study) and II (young people who study and work and / or seek work).One must consider that there is still a huge challenge for full access to education, the permanence of young people in school and the completion of studies, especially for young men, young blacks and young people belonging to the group with a lower per capita family income (Group 1), where progress is made, but access inequalities and school permanence persist.

Neste trabalho buscamos evidências, para o caso brasileiro, da Hipótese da Renda Permanente. Primeiro, investigamos a existência de tendências e ciclos comuns entre as séries de consumo e renda per capita. Então, usando o resultado de co-movimentos entre as variáveis decompomos cada série em tendência e ciclo, através dos modelos de componentes não observados de Harvey (1989). Por fim, usando os modelos de vetores autorregressivos, decompomos a variância dos erros de previsão, seguindo a metodologia de Blanchard e Quah (1989), com o objetivo de avaliarmos a importância relativa dos choques permanentes e transitórios para as variações do consumo. Os resultados apontam que as inovações permanentes são responsáveis pela maior parte das variações no consumo. Este resultado embora rejeite a Hipótese da Renda Permanente, indica que o consumo responde pouco a variações transitórias na renda, ou seja, os choques temporários têm pouca importância para o consumo.

nÃo hà / O objetivo desse trabalho à demonstrar como se dà A Crise da RazÃo em Adorno. Como ponto de partida verificamos a concepÃÃo de objeto em Adorno em que ele dà primazia ao objeto incluindo o sujeito como parte deste. A crÃtica adorniana, nesse sentido, volta-se contra os conceitos impostos pela sociedade dirigida pelo capital que desÃguam no princÃpio da identidade, ou seja, todo pensamento deve identificar um ente do real de acordo com os interesses do capitalismo. O capital atravÃs do princÃpio da identidade ocultaria as contradiÃÃes sociais existentes entre os indivÃduos particulares para esconder a sua verdadeira face que à a de um sistema de contradiÃÃes. Ocultar as contradiÃÃes faz parte do jogo de dominaÃÃo do sistema capitalista. A dominaÃÃo exercida pelo capital seria, segundo Adorno, uma heranÃa da antiga forma mÃtica de dominaÃÃo. O homem teria dissolvido o antigo mito pelo desenvolvimento da tecnica, mas nÃo dissolveu o sistema de dominaÃÃo do velho mito que à o sistema de dominaÃÃo da natureza a qual o mito representava. A humanidade destruiu o mito antigo, mas racionalizou a sua forma de dominaÃÃo que se manifesta no feroz domÃnio sobre a natureza e o prÃprio homem e que Adorno chama de razÃo instrumental. / The aim of that work is to demonstrate how The Crisis of Reason in Adorno occurs. First of all, we verify the conception of the object in Adorno when he give the primacy to the object including the subject like a part of that. The adornian criticism , in that sense, goes against the society controlled by the capital that drain in principle of the identity, that is, every thought has to identify a being of the real according to the interests of capitalism. The capital through the principle of the identity would hide the existent social contradictions among the private individuals in order to hide its true face of a system of the contradictions. Hiding the contradictions is an element of the game of the domination of the capitalist system. The domination exerted by the capital would be an heirdom of the ancient mythic form of the domination according to Adorno. Man would have dissolved the system of the domination of the ancient myth that is the system of the natural domination that the myth used to represent. The humanity destroyed the ancient myth but racionalized its form of domination that it is manifested in the ferocious dominion about the nature and the own man that Adorno names the instrumental reason.

Neste trabalho buscamos evidências, para o caso brasileiro, da Hipótese da Renda Permanente. Primeiro, investigamos a existência de tendências e ciclos comuns entre as séries de consumo e renda per capita. Então, usando o resultado de co-movimentos entre as variáveis decompomos cada série em tendência e ciclo, através dos modelos de componentes não observados de Harvey (1989). Por fim, usando os modelos de vetores autorregressivos, decompomos a variância dos erros de previsão, seguindo a metodologia de Blanchard e Quah (1989), com o objetivo de avaliarmos a importância relativa dos choques permanentes e transitórios para as variações do consumo. Os resultados apontam que as inovações permanentes são responsáveis pela maior parte das variações no consumo. Este resultado embora rejeite a Hipótese da Renda Permanente, indica que o consumo responde pouco a variações transitórias na renda, ou seja, os choques temporários têm pouca importância para o consumo.

Although a number of studies have been conducted to understand the impact of ICT on a country’s economic output; a complete account for ICT’s influence on real GDP per capita has yet to be visualized. This study aims to investigate this topic, by exploring the hypothesis whether ICT has an impact (causal relationship) on real GDP per worker in 41 European countries from 1996-2010. Confidence in the judicial system is taken as an instrument to solve for endogeneity problems. ICT is defined as mobile, broadband and internet penetration per 100 people. We find that confidence in the justice system is a strong instrument for ICT. Therefore, using IV 2sls regression, it is observed that ICT does have a strong positive correlation and causal relationship with GDP per worker, with an elasticity of 0.4 between the variables. In light of the results, the author recommends that economic policies must be tailored to support ICT development in countries.

Title: Meal in preschool, what is the preschool teachers´ action based on? Author: Cecilia Holst Supervisor: Helena Andersson Purpose and questions: My purpose with this essay is to contribute to an increased knowledge about what governs preschool teachers´ action; educational capital or science and proven experience during meals. This can be useful to me, nannies, preschool teachers, headmasters/headmistresses, principals or other professions and stakeholders, which has connection to preschool operation. The secondary gain of the study, will hopefully be, an increased awareness and new knowledge for those who absorb the knowledge in this study. In this way also in everyday practice in meetings with the children at the preschool during the meals which can provide a change for the children. What is the preschool teachers´ action based on at the meals, science and proven methods or pedagogical capital? Scientific basis and proven experience; how does it appear at the meal in preschool teachers´ meeting with the children? Theory: The theories I based on are hermeneutical and systems theory. Method: The survey was conducted with semi-structured interviews of six preschool teachers. Summary: In 2011, it was introduced in the Education Act that the education must be based on a scientific basis and proven experience. This study aims to investigate if the preschool teachers use their pedagogical capital or scientific basis and proven experience at the meal in preschool. The study has a hermeneutic theorem, and the analysis has been done with systems theory. The empirical data in the study comes from semi-structured interviews with preschool teachers and the result consists of eleven different parts. Role models, theory as a role model, own relationship to food, the main questions of the study, interpretation of the children, peace and quiet, dining room, fewer children, table placements and pandemic. Summary: The meal is a situation that is mostly based on educational capital, but there are situations where knowledge of language development and motor skills support preschool teachers in the implementation at the meal.

To be able to see if voter turnout can be enhanced, studying income is of interest. This researchpaper attempts to answer the following thesis question: “How can voter turnout in the 2016 presidential election be explained by income?” The conclusion drawn is that income, measured in GDP per capita, does affect voter turnout, however the exact influence is hard to determine.This research paper agrees with Wolfinger & Rosenstone (1980), that income rather plays a role until a voter has received a point where they can attain a “modestly comfortable standard of living”. Beyond this threshold, there are other variables and preferences that determine voter turnout. Therefore, COVI, that studies the cost variable within the utility hypothesis model, cannot explain voter turnout in relation to income. To better address voter turnout based on income, one would have to use a more extensive index and include other variables andpreferences.

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The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between political stability, inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita, and vice versa. Previously this question has been studied in the relationship between political stability and each of these economic variables individually. With this research we can analyse if the poor economic performance in some countries is caused by unstable political institutions, that is why we find it important. Here we are analysing and comparing all of the economical variables at the same time and analysing which ones show the strongest relationships, or if the relationships are significant or not significant. In previous studies, the measurements that were used for political stability were: government changes, cabinet changes, index of economic freedom, or polity state. However, in this paper, the political stability measurement used is the Political stability index and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, which measures the likelihood that the government will be destabilised. Additionally, differently, from previous studies, Granger causality is used to understand causality between political stability and economic development variables.

Greenhouse Gas emission increase is largely attributed to carbon dioxide emissions as the major gas causing climate change and atmospheric warming. According to Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory (EKC), the increase in economic growth is expected to reduce the environmental pollution from carbon dioxide emission caused at the beginning stages of economic growth. In this thesis, I examined the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emission. The key hypothesis tested in this study is the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Data from 1967 to 2016 from over 15 countries in North and South America, published by the World Bank were used. Since EKC posits a non-linear relationship between economic growth (GDP/capita) and Carbon dioxide emission, I used a quadratic component in the regression model. I analyzed the data using the OLS regression as my baseline model. Each country is unique in many respects that are hard to capture by a set of variables in econometrics model. This poses a challenge to estimating an unbiased estimate. Using panel data model allowed controlling for time invariant unobserved country-specific factors that could bias the estimates. I estimated a fixed effect panel regression to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth is primarily measured with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The results of the fixed effect panel regression showed that all variables are significant, except export and inflation which were not significant. OLS could not solve the issue of heterogeneity among the variables. Estimating country-specific fixed effects model eliminates unobserved heterogeneity across countries and, therefore provides relatively unbiased estimates compared to OLS estimates. The positive correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita suggests that carbon dioxide emissions increase as GDP/ capita increases before the turning point. The negative correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggests that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. The coefficient, although it is very small, suggests the impact of the negative relationship after the turning point at the vertex of EKC curve is fractional. As expected, the result indicates a higher population causes an increase in total CO2 emissions. The result from CO2 emissions from liquid shows a negative relationship between the dependent variable CO2 emissions from liquid and the independent variable GDP per capita at the highest level of significance. This result is different from that of total carbon dioxide emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas. Carbon emission from liquid looks different from carbon emissions from solid and gas. There are high and constant emission throughout all the years and in all countries used in the analysis. EKC hypothesis is proven to be true for total carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emission from solid and gas. The hypothesized correlation between GDPs per capita square and CO2 emissions is statistically supported for Total CO2 emission, CO2 emission from solid and CO2 emission from gas. CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggest that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. This proves that EKC model is proven to be true for my data. Policies like population policies can help in increasing growth in GDP per capita and reducing growth in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Population policies could play a significant role aimed at mitigating and reducing climate change.