Les interactions entre aquaculture et pêche captive, et la viabilité comme approche de gestion du risque dans l'exploitation des écosystèmes. / The world of fisheries is complex, dynamic and contested. At the core of fishery management lie technical challenges but also fundamental socioeconomic issues such as valuation and ownership. So far, as for other natural resources, fisheries resources have been largely over exploited and alarms from the scientific community on rapidly declining stocks and species disappearance have been repeatedly published. In what follows, I first strive to explain the repeated failures to manage fisheries in a sustainable way. In this perspective, I overview existing management instruments and the weaknesses of fisheries governance. Next, I raise the main challenges faced by the aquaculture industry to take over on capture fisheries, as a sustainable source of food security. This leads us to an introduction to the two first chapters of this dissertation, which focuses on the economic and ecological impacts of the expansion of aquaculture, and its implications for the capture fishery sector. Finally, I expose the complexity of managing harvested ecosystems under uncertainty, in practice. Thus, I present the third chapter of this dissertation which puts forward a theoretical management framework grounded in viability theory to deals with risk, ecosystem dynamics and conflicting sustainability objectives. In particular, I examine the different analytical possibilities provided by this framework to handle uncertain dynamics.

Environmental enrichment is a technique used at many captive animal facilities that can improve the well-being of their animals. It seeks to enhance habitat features and promote natural behavior by providing a variety of practical ways for captive animals to control their environmental settings, especially during stressful circumstances. Enclosure features, such as shelter structures, are one tool that promotes wild behavior by adding complexity to an enclosure’s physical environment. Enrichment efforts for captive wildlife are most effective when they are specialized to the biological needs of the animals. Human activity may alter captive animal behavior and utility of enclosure features, and there is concern that human presence can negatively impact the welfare of some captive animals. Captive coyotes (Canis latrans) at the USDA-National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) Predator Research Facility in Millville, UT, USA, are maintained for research on biology, ecology, physiology and behavior. Coyotes at the research facility are routinely noticed utilizing shelter structures to hide, rest, and display vigilant behavior. Because they regularly use these simple structures, new and more complex enrichment shelter structures were installed to be evaluated. Specific research objectives aimed to assess (1) coyote enclosure utilization and shelter structure preferences, and (2) coyote spatial and behavioral responses to human activity. Using 32 mated coyote pairs rotated through eight 1.5-acre enclosures for 28-day trials over the winter months (January – March) of 2015 and 2016, spatial and behavioral patterns were monitored via the implementation of GPS-collars and live behavioral observations. Coyotes showed preference for shelter structure designs, but still spent most of their time at the perimeter and open areas of their enclosures. Complex structures were preferred over simple structures. Coyotes most often demonstrated inactive and vigilant behavior without human activity, but showed increased vigilance when there was human activity. Human activity also stimulated coyotes to become more active than inactive and reduce their utilization of enrichment structures. Although there was no clear preference for one specific type of enrichment structure, composite evidence from GPS-collars and behavioral data suggest the ramp may have heightened biological suitability. This study advances the knowledge of captive coyote spatial patterns and helps improve environmental enrichment planning for captive animals by exploring effective methods of adding complexity to animal enclosures.

Chimpanzees are highly social animals, presenting a wide variety of social interactions among them. In this study, we compared the social dynamics in a group of 20 captive chimpanzees at Kolmården Wildlife Park between two different exhibits: outdoors (summer) and indoors (autumn). Furthermore, different types of enrichment were offered in both environments and we investigated how the presence and the type of enrichment (food-based) affected the social interactions in the group. Then, we used the frequencies of the social interactions to analyse the social dynamics in the group. Our results showed that the chimpanzees had significantly higher frequencies of proximity, allogrooming and displacement in the outdoor exhibit compared to indoor one and higher frequencies of threat and display indoors compared to outdoors. Moreover, we found that associative and affiliative behaviours increased in both outdoor and indoor exhibits when enrichment was absent compared to when it was present and also when enrichment was absent compared to when food-based enrichment was offered. Furthermore, three pairs of individuals, all mother-daughter dyads, were found to have preferred relationships. In the allogrooming network, one female, the only one that was in estrus, was found to be the most common recipient of allogrooming. Finally, the oldest male, father of all offspring, was, as expected, ranked as the most dominant in the group, based on the agonistic interactions. Our results may be used by the zoo staff to further develop their management practices to improve chimpanzees’ welfare.

The Mississippi gopher frog (MGF, Lithobates sevosa) is a critically endangered amphibian which requires the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to successfully reproduce in captivity. Several challenges to successfully breeding MGFs were investigated to improve reproduction in this species. Accurate identification of biological sex is a necessary first step to reproducing species, thus several non-invasive techniques for sex identification were compared in the weakly dimorphic MGF. Reliably obtaining eggs from female MGFs has also proved difficult, therefore, four exogenous hormone therapies were compared for their success to induce ovulation. Ultrasound imaging was used alongside hormone treatments to improve understanding of ovarian response to hormone treatment. Lastly, short-term cold storage of spermic urine was studied to determine the feasibility of this technique for MGF gamete storage. Findings from these research projects are important for the successful conservation of the MGF by aiding in the production offspring for future reintroduction programs.

These chapters were written as three separate papers for publication. After the island fox (Urocyon littoralis) underwent a period of severe population decline, the National Park Service began a captive breeding program to increase their numbers. Here, I identify the factors influencing the breeding success of pairs in captivity to formulate strategies that could increase productivity. I compiled a database of variables including litter size, reproductive success, distance to nearest occupied pen, subspecies, exposure, female age, male age, age difference, female and male origin (wild vs. captive born), years paired, previous reproductive success by the pair, previous reproductive success by the female, mate aggression related injuries reported, and previous involvement in an aggressive pair. I performed linear multiple regression to identify factors related to litter size, and logistic regression to predict the probability of reproductive success. A larger interpen distance, higher male age, less exposure, and a smaller intra-pair age difference positively affected litter size. The probabilities of reproductive success increased with interpen distance, lower female age, fewer years paired, and less exposure. Comparatively, pairs with wild born females (vs. captive born females), previously successful pairs (vs. previously unsuccessful and new pairs), and pairs with a previously unsuccessful female (vs. untried and previously successful females) were most likely to be successful. These results suggest that the ideal situation and pairing would be to pair young wild-caught females with older males in sheltered pens that are as far from other pens as possible, while maintaining successful pairs and repairing unsuccessful pairs.

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Final qualification work (master thesis) devoted to the study of the insurance market and the problems of captive insurance companies at the present stage. The need and relevance of the research is that the mechanism of redistribution of risks involves the creation of the consolidated insurance Fund at the expense of contributions of policyholders, with further payments in case of insured event. In most cases, this mechanism applies to an unlimited circle of persons, but there are captive insurance companies are for insurance in advance certain circle of persons affiliated to the owner or owners of the insurance company. In this regard, the main objective of the master thesis is to develop a strategy for the development of captive insurance companies, to identify the factors influencing the development of captive structures in modern Russian economic conditions on the basis of the study of economic bases of functioning of captive insurance companies. Methods research are the methods of theoretical and empirical knowledge of the operation of captive insurance companies. In conclusion, the labeled recommendations for the improvement of the management system captive insurance company for the successful development of captive insurance structures in Russia. / Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию рынка страховых услуг и проблемам деятельности кэптивных страховых компаний на современном этапе. Необходимость и актуальность научного исследования заключается в том, что механизм перераспределения рисков предполагает создание консолидированного страхового фонда за счет взносов страхователей, с дальнейшим осуществлением выплат в случае наступления страхового случая. В большинстве случаев этот механизм действует в отношении неограниченного круга лиц, но существуют кэптивные страховые компании, предназначенные для страхования заранее определенного круга лиц, аффилированных собственнику или собственникам страховой компании. В связи с этим основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка стратегии развития кэптивной страховой компании, выявление факторов, влияющих на развитие кэптивных структур в современных российских экономических условиях на основе изучение экономической основы функционирования кэптивных страховых компаний. Методами научного исследования выступают приемы теоретического и эмпирического познания функционирования кэптивных страховых компаний. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию системы управления кэптивной страховой компанией для успешного развития кэптивных страховых структур в России.

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