Doenças relacionadas ao manejo estão entre as principais causas de perdas na criação de aves silvestres ou ornamentais em cativeiro. Apesar da urgência em dominar a conservação de espécies em cativeiro, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores limitantes a esses projetos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de enfermidades em aves silvestres em cativeiro, por meio da análise anatomopatológica, microbiológica, molecular, imuno-histoquímica, apresentando os fatores predisponentes observados. Os três artigos apresentados nesse trabalho abordam as causas de perdas em criatórios ou em iniciativas independentes de reabilitação de aves silvestres. O primeiro trabalho discute a casuística de perdas em um plantel de uma diversidade de aves silvestres, incluindo passeriformes, galiformes e musofagiformes. Foram registradas 28 mortes em cinco anos de estudo, em que se constatou que as categorias de maior risco foram as aves jovens e as recém introduzidas, com 40% e 28% das mortes, respectivamente. Além disso, se observou que, quanto à causa, 21% das mortes foram secundárias a infestações parasitárias, e que, excetuando-se três casos de mortes decorrentes de doenças da senescência, todas as demais puderam ser atribuídas a inadequações do manejo. O segundo trabalho relata a ocorrência de um surto de micoplasmose por Mycoplasma gallisepticum afetando 12 perdizes chukar, 12 pavões, 19 galinhas ornamentais e 46 exemplares de quarto espécies de faisões, dentre as quais, 36 aves morreram, em um grande aviário comercial. Em um outro evento no mesmo plantel, foi diagnosticada motalidade de 19 perdizes chukar em um grupo de 27, decorrente de histomoníase. Identificaram-se, em ambos os surtos, falhas na realização de quarentena, administração de anti-helmínticos, vacinação, assim como superlotação e higiene inadequada dos recintos. No último trabalho são apresentados casos de osteodistrofia de origem nutricional em cinco aves de rapina jovens, sendo um urubude- cabeça-preta, um carcará e três suindaras. Todas as aves foram abondonadas pelos pais e mantidas em cativeiro por criadores leigos, que lhes ofertaram exclusivamente carne desossada ou comida caseira. O diagnóstico dos casos apresentados foi baseado no histórico clínico, nos achados de necropsia e histopatologia, aliado a técnicas complementares. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que o diagnóstico de doenças em aves silvestres em cativeiro e a manutenção de registros sanitários dos planteis pode auxiliar na implementação de programas de conservação de aves silvestres bem estruturados e com grandes chances de sucesso. / Management-related diseases are among the main causes of losses in wild or ornamental bird propagatig projects. Despite the urgency in dominate the conservation of species in captivity, still little is known about the limiting factors to these initiatives. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of diseases in wild birds in captivity through the anatomopathological, microbiological, molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, relating them to the predisposing factors. The three papers presented in this study address the causes of losses in aviaries or independent wild bird rehabilitation initiatives. The first study discusses the bird losses in a varied flock of wild birds, including passerines, galliformes and musofagiformes. Twentyeight deaths were recorded in five years of study, where the highest risk categories were young and newly introduced birds, with 40% and 28% of deaths, respectively. In addition, it was observed that 21% of the deaths were secondary to parasitic infestations, and that, except for three cases of deaths due to senescence diseases, all the others were attributed to management inadequacies. The second study reports the occurrence of an outbreak of mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum affecting 12 chukar partridges, 12 peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 specimens of four species of pheasants, of which 36 birds died in a large commercial aviary. In another event in the same establishment, the morality of 19 chukar partridges was diagnosed in a group of 27, due to histomoniasis. Failure to perform quarantine, administration of anthelmintics, vaccination, as well as overcrowding and inadequate hygiene of the enclosures were identified in both outbreaks. In the last study, five cases of nutritional osteodystrophy in birds of prey are reported in chicks of a black-headed vulture, a caracara and three barn owls. All the birds were abandoned by the parents and kept in captivity by lay creators, who fed them an all-meat diet or homemade food. The diagnosis of all cases presented in this study was based on the clinical history, on necropsy and hitopathology findings, allied to complementary techniques. Considering the results, we conclude that the diagnosis of diseases in wild birds in captivity and to mantain a sanitary record of the flocks can help in the implementation of well planned and successfull wild bird conservation programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1463283 bytes, checksum: d2336e28ed67dce0a8c7f09a068ae981 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work intends to analyze the advertisements for slaves contained in Brazilian periodicals that circulated in the last decades of slavery. Through the ads will be possible to understand aspects of the social condition in which lived the captives and its forms of struggle and resistance. Initially, he has been trying to discuss the role of the press in the marketing of the slaves, as well as the economic, social and political changes that occurred in Paraiba during the period in question. This is because a large number of commercial transactions involving slaves was initiated through advertisements or in the newspaper where typography was printed. Then we tried to analyze the condition of captivity in which lived the captives, such as: housing, clothing, food, hygienic conditions and, since these factors were instrumental in the development of diseases and, consequently, the health problems. Finally, it was intended to be understood, in particular, the escape of slaves, ads to draw a profile of the captives who were fleeing and presents them not as victims or rebels, but as historical subjects who thought and acted by means of negotiations, struggles, conflicts and solidarity networks to survive before the complex world that was the captivity. / Este trabalho se propõe a analisar os anúncios referentes a escravos contidos nos periódicos paraibanos que circularam nas últimas décadas da escravidão. Através dos anúncios será possível compreender aspectos da condição social em que viviam os cativos e de suas formas de luta e resistência. Inicialmente, buscou-se discutir o papel da imprensa na comercialização dos escravos, como também as mudanças econômicas, sociais e políticas que ocorreram na Paraíba no período em questão. Isto porque, grande parte das transações comerciais que envolviam escravos era iniciada por meio dos anúncios ou na tipografia onde o jornal era impresso. Em seguida, procurou-se analisar a condição de cativeiro em que viviam os cativos, como: moradia, vestimentas, alimentação, condições higiênicas e de trabalho, já que esses fatores foram determinantes para o desenvolvimento das doenças e, consequentemente, os problemas de saúde. Finalmente, pretendeu-se compreender, particularmente, os anúncios de fuga de escravos, para, assim, traçar um perfil dos cativos que fugiam e apresenta-los não como vítimas ou rebeldes, mas como sujeitos históricos que pensavam e agiam por meio de negociações, lutas, conflitos e redes de solidariedade para sobreviverem diante do complexo mundo que foi o cativeiro.

Doenças relacionadas ao manejo estão entre as principais causas de perdas na criação de aves silvestres ou ornamentais em cativeiro. Apesar da urgência em dominar a conservação de espécies em cativeiro, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores limitantes a esses projetos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de enfermidades em aves silvestres em cativeiro, por meio da análise anatomopatológica, microbiológica, molecular, imuno-histoquímica, apresentando os fatores predisponentes observados. Os três artigos apresentados nesse trabalho abordam as causas de perdas em criatórios ou em iniciativas independentes de reabilitação de aves silvestres. O primeiro trabalho discute a casuística de perdas em um plantel de uma diversidade de aves silvestres, incluindo passeriformes, galiformes e musofagiformes. Foram registradas 28 mortes em cinco anos de estudo, em que se constatou que as categorias de maior risco foram as aves jovens e as recém introduzidas, com 40% e 28% das mortes, respectivamente. Além disso, se observou que, quanto à causa, 21% das mortes foram secundárias a infestações parasitárias, e que, excetuando-se três casos de mortes decorrentes de doenças da senescência, todas as demais puderam ser atribuídas a inadequações do manejo. O segundo trabalho relata a ocorrência de um surto de micoplasmose por Mycoplasma gallisepticum afetando 12 perdizes chukar, 12 pavões, 19 galinhas ornamentais e 46 exemplares de quarto espécies de faisões, dentre as quais, 36 aves morreram, em um grande aviário comercial. Em um outro evento no mesmo plantel, foi diagnosticada motalidade de 19 perdizes chukar em um grupo de 27, decorrente de histomoníase. Identificaram-se, em ambos os surtos, falhas na realização de quarentena, administração de anti-helmínticos, vacinação, assim como superlotação e higiene inadequada dos recintos. No último trabalho são apresentados casos de osteodistrofia de origem nutricional em cinco aves de rapina jovens, sendo um urubude- cabeça-preta, um carcará e três suindaras. Todas as aves foram abondonadas pelos pais e mantidas em cativeiro por criadores leigos, que lhes ofertaram exclusivamente carne desossada ou comida caseira. O diagnóstico dos casos apresentados foi baseado no histórico clínico, nos achados de necropsia e histopatologia, aliado a técnicas complementares. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que o diagnóstico de doenças em aves silvestres em cativeiro e a manutenção de registros sanitários dos planteis pode auxiliar na implementação de programas de conservação de aves silvestres bem estruturados e com grandes chances de sucesso. / Management-related diseases are among the main causes of losses in wild or ornamental bird propagatig projects. Despite the urgency in dominate the conservation of species in captivity, still little is known about the limiting factors to these initiatives. The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of diseases in wild birds in captivity through the anatomopathological, microbiological, molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, relating them to the predisposing factors. The three papers presented in this study address the causes of losses in aviaries or independent wild bird rehabilitation initiatives. The first study discusses the bird losses in a varied flock of wild birds, including passerines, galliformes and musofagiformes. Twentyeight deaths were recorded in five years of study, where the highest risk categories were young and newly introduced birds, with 40% and 28% of deaths, respectively. In addition, it was observed that 21% of the deaths were secondary to parasitic infestations, and that, except for three cases of deaths due to senescence diseases, all the others were attributed to management inadequacies. The second study reports the occurrence of an outbreak of mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum affecting 12 chukar partridges, 12 peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 specimens of four species of pheasants, of which 36 birds died in a large commercial aviary. In another event in the same establishment, the morality of 19 chukar partridges was diagnosed in a group of 27, due to histomoniasis. Failure to perform quarantine, administration of anthelmintics, vaccination, as well as overcrowding and inadequate hygiene of the enclosures were identified in both outbreaks. In the last study, five cases of nutritional osteodystrophy in birds of prey are reported in chicks of a black-headed vulture, a caracara and three barn owls. All the birds were abandoned by the parents and kept in captivity by lay creators, who fed them an all-meat diet or homemade food. The diagnosis of all cases presented in this study was based on the clinical history, on necropsy and hitopathology findings, allied to complementary techniques. Considering the results, we conclude that the diagnosis of diseases in wild birds in captivity and to mantain a sanitary record of the flocks can help in the implementation of well planned and successfull wild bird conservation programs.

Abstract The breeding success of released pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) is poor compared with wild ones in Great Britain. Many factors have been cited as possible causes of poor breeding success, including reduced hen condition in the nesting season. The aims of this study were to determine whether reduced body condition due to an inadequate diet contributes to poor breeding success of released pheasants and to demonstrate experimentally the impact of supplementary feeding on their body condition and breeding success. A series of 6 studies of food availability, diet, body condition and breeding success of pheasants was conducted in Britain between 1994 and 2000 to study these questions. Spring diet and food availability were assessed in a multi-site study. Grains and seeds are important dietary components, but their availability to pheasants and their occurrence in the diet was low on all sites during spring. Grains were only a significant component in the diet on sites where supplementary feeding continued into spring. A spring survey of hen pheasant body condition on 21 sites revealed that fat reserves were higher on sites with spring supplementary feeding compared with sites which ceased feeding at the end of the shooting season (1st February). Further, it was demonstrated experimentally that continuing feeding into spring enabled hens to maintain fat reserves at their winter levels, whereas fat reserves of hens in unsupplemented areas were reduced by up to 50%. Supplementary feeding did not improve survival of hens through the spring, but the pre-breeding density of territorial cocks and hens was increased. Feeding did not significantly influence measured productivity parameters except for aspects of re-nesting ability which were improved by feeding. Overall, the densities of young birds observed during autumn counts were twice as high in plots which had been provided with supplementary grain in the previous spring than in unfed plots. Although population densities of pheasants were positively influenced by supplementary feeding, breeding success was still lower than that of wild birds. Clearly, there are behavioural and physiological deficiencies which pre-dispose released pheasants to poor performance in the wild. Habitat deficiencies other than adult food availability are likely to be important too; in particular, the quality of brood rearing habitat which influences chick survival. However, the results of this study contribute to our knowledge of the ecology and management of released pheasants and it is recommended that spring feeding should be conducted routinely by game managers to enable released hens to maintain body condition and maximise their breeding potential.

Capturing and holding of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) for the reintroduction to new reserves or breeding in zoos often involves a risk of mortality. Non-invasive techniques to monitor the stress experienced by these animals may guide the selection of management techniques that reduce risks to animal well-being. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological relevance of a developed technique to monitor stress hormone metabolites in faecal samples of wild-caught and captive-bred white rhinoceros. Faecal corticosterone concentrations were measured via radioimmunoassay (125I RIA), in seven white rhinoceros (3 males and 4 females), at three sites, before and after an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test and control saline injection. Administration of ACTH resulted in a significant increase in faecal corticosterone concentrations (up to 350% above pre-ACTH baseline) within 1-2 days of injection, returning to baseline 4 days post-injection. It was found that individual baseline corticosterone concentrations fluctuate naturally and vary between individual animals, suggesting that an adequate baseline period of faecal sampling is needed in order to accurately assess responses to ACTH stimulation. Furthermore, the technique proved sensitive enough to detect elevations in faecal corticosterone concentrations due to environmental stressors. Data of faecal corticoid concentrations were correlated with gastrointestinal transit (GIT) times before and after ACTH and saline treatment by using art glitter as a digestive marker. This showed that gut passage times correlated to the ACTH-induced time to peak. Overall the results confirm that measurements of faecal corticosterone metabolites with the validated 125I RIA is a useful diagnostic tool to monitor adrenocortical activity in white rhinoceros. This study can therefore provide a methodology for examining chronically heightened adrenal activity in these animals and consequently be used to inform management strategies that aim to improve the welfare of white rhinoceros in captivity. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Anatomy and Physiology / unrestricted

Self injurious behavior (SIB), such as self-biting and head-banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed primates (Novak, Kinsely, Jorgensen, and Hazen, 1998). Accounts of the causes of SIB range from environmental to physiological. However, to date, no researchers have investigated the possible influence of social consequences, delivered by handlers and keepers, in the maintenance of SIB. There is only one research report showing that self-injury can be shaped in primates by the manipulation of food as a reinforcing consequence for the animal's behavior. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as potentially reinforcing consequences for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative attention-getting behavior, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB.

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding about critical factors Swedish manufacturing companies need to consider when offshoring. The study is based on two research questions. The first question is to investigate and understand why Swedish manufacturing companies offshore their facilities. The second research question aims to understand the critical factors companies need to consider when moving abroad. Case study and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. These case studies took place in seven different Swedish manufacturing companies which have offshored their facilities outside of Sweden. A cross-case analysis is done in order compare all seven companies with factors they considered when moving abroad.  Then, this cross-case analysis is compared with the literature review. Comparing theoretical and empirical data results in finding the gap. The findings imply that most of the Swedish manufacturing companies moved abroad because of cost reasons. The most reasonable choice for companies in order to be more competitive was to move abroad. According to the literature is cost saving the biggest driver why companies decide to offshore their facilities. Furthermore, in order to have a successful offshoring it is important to consider several factors. Factors that have been considered by seven Swedish manufacturing companies differ but the main factors all seven companies considered before moving abroad are work competence, cost of production and lead time. Finally, the study provided valuable insight on real elements considered by Swedish companies when offshoring and which contributed with findings that compare and understand the relation between theoretical and empirical factors. The study results could be used as base for further investigations, especially in the gaps in theoretical review.

Captive offshoring innebär en förflyttning av utvalda aktiviteter till ett annat land där företaget som genomför förflyttningen också äger anläggningen och driver processen i egen regi. Att transferera produktionsprocesser till en ny plats kan innebära såväl positiva ekonomiska effekter som oväntad problematik kring allt från lokala lagar till kommunikationssvårigheter. Följande uppsats syftar till att studera captive offshoring inom tillverkande industrier och därigenom kartlägga vilka för- och nackdelar som kan uppstå i samband med en sådan omlokalisering. Studien syftar också till att undersöka hur företag hanterar de nackdelar som kan uppstå i samband med captive offshoring. I uppsatsen ingår även en fallstudie på Seco Tools AB i Fagersta, som i drygt 80 år har levererat verktyg för fräsning, svarvning, hålbearbetning och verktygssystem. Fallstudien fokuserar på relationen mellan företagets produktionsanläggning i Indien och huvudanläggningen i Fagersta. Datainsamling har skett i form av en inledande litteraturstudie, samt genom ett antal intervjuer och kvantitativ datainsamling i fallstudien. Resultatet av studien visar att kostnadsbesparingar är den främsta fördelen med captive offshoring och den primära anledningen till att företag väljer att använda den typen av strategi. Den ökade distansen som förflyttningen innebär skapar dock en ökad komplexitet i försörjningskedjan som kan medföra problematik inom områden som exempelvis kvalitet och kommunikation. För att hantera dessa risker är planering och förebyggande arbete innan transferering betydelsefulla faktorer. Erfarenhet har även visat sig ha en inverkan på hur företag hanterar de risker som kan uppstå. / Captive offshoring can be referred to as the transfer of selected processes, in which the company in charge of the transfer owns the facility abroad and remains in control over the processes in the host country. The transfer of production processes can lead to both positive economic effects as well as unexpected problems regarding anything from local laws to communication problems. The following thesis aims to study captive offshoring within manufacturing companies and thereby identify the advantages and disadvantages that may occur in that kind of transfer. The purpose is also to study how companies can deal with the disadvantages that may arise from captive offshoring. This thesis also includes a case study at Seco Tools AB in Fagersta, Sweden, a company which has supplied comprehensive metal cutting solutions for milling, stationary tools, hole making and tooling systems for over 80 years. The case study focuses on the relationship between the company’s production plant in India and the main plant in Fagersta. Data has been collected through an initial literature study, as well as through interviews and quantitative data in the case study. The results indicate that cost reduction is the main advantage for captive offshoring, and the primary reason for adapting this type of strategy. However, the increase in distance between production plants leads to an increase in complexity in the supply chain, which can create problems within areas such as quality and communication. Planning and preventive work before transfer are important factors to manage these risks. The study also shows that experience in captive offshoring has an impact on how companies deal with risks that may arise.

One important part of the management of zoo populations is the exchange of animals. The removal of an individual can have unknown effects on the social dynamics of the group. Social network studies are a well-established method to describe the social interactions within a group. This study aims to describe the social interactions in a group of chimpanzees and to test how social dominance rank predicts social interaction patters using a social network approach. Data was collected via observations on Kolmarden Wildlife Parks chimpanzee group, which is composed of seven males and eleven females. A total of 50 h of data was collected over 16 days. This resulted in a dominance rank and four different social networks for different behaviors (touch proximity, proximity, affiliative and agonistic behavior). The eigenvector coefficient, with the notable exception of the proximity network, was rarely correlated with the dominance rank and the highest ranked individual was never the most central. The more dominate individuals had fewer links to others through proximity and affiliative interactions. My analysis of the social network structure provides some evidence that the removal of high-ranking individuals would be unlikely to disproportionally affect the structure of the social network in this group. I highlight the possibility of further analysis such as knock-out analysis (where you examine the consequences of the removal of specific individuals) on existing data and argue that more observations would help to draw up a well-structured plan for translocations of individuals in this group. / En viktig del i förvaltningen av djurparkspopulationer är utbytet av djur. Att flytta en individ från en grupp kan ha okända effekter på gruppens sociala dynamik. Studier av djurs sociala nätverk är en väletablerad metod för att beskriva sociala interaktioner inom en grupp av djur. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva de sociala interaktionerna i en grupp av schimpanser och testa huruvida en ranking av dominans förutspår mönster i dessa sociala interaktioner genom att tillämpa ’social network analysis’ metoden. Observationsdata samlades in på Kolmårdens djurparks schimpansgrupp, som består av sju hanar och elva honor. Totalt samlades 50 timmar av data under 16 dagar. Detta resulterade i en dominansrankning och fyra olika nätverk för olika typer av sociala interaktioner (närhet med beröring, närhet, affiliativa och agnostiska beteenden). Egienvector koefficienten, med det anmärkningsvärda undantaget för närhets nätverket, var sällan korrelerat med dominansrankningen och den högst rankade individen var aldrig mest central. Mer dominanta individer hade färre länkar till andra genom närhet med beröring och affiliativa interaktioner. Mina analyser av de sociala nätverkens struktur ger vissa bevis för att borttagandet av högt rankade individer inte skulle ge oproportionerliga effekter på den sociala strukturen i denna grupp. Jag uppmärksammar också möjligheterna att med mer analyser som t.ex. knock-out analyser (där man undersöker konsekvensen av att ta bort individer från olika nätverk) på befintlig data, samt mer observationer skulle hjälpa för att kunna göra en väl strukturerad plan för flytt av individer från denna grupp.

Partant du constat d’une diversification des comportements des personnes incarcérées, ce travail de thèse se propose de modéliser les processus de socialisation se déployant au sein de la configuration carcérale. En effet, au regard des vies qu’ils ont vécues, les prisonniers adoptent des postures et des pratiques inédites. Mais, en réalité, l’ampleur des effets empiriquement observables de ces dynamiques contredit l’espoir de pouvoir décrire ces dernières en abordant de front le phénomène de la diversification. Comment les prisonniers sont-ils socialement amenés à adopter les pratiques qu’ils adoptent ? Embrassant une démarche indistinctement diachronique et indicielle, l’analyse se dote d’un outil sociologique à même de révéler les mouvements agitant la vie des gens en prison : Le recours au religieux. / Based on the premise of a diversification in inmates’ behaviors, this thesis proposes to model socializing processes within a carceral configuration. Indeed, considering the lives they lived, inmates adopt unprecedentedpostures and practices. But, in reality, the extent of empirically observable effects of those dynamics contradicts the hope of being able to describe those latter in addressing the diversification phenomenon head-on. How are prisoners socially brought to adopt the practices they embrace ? Using an approach both diachronic and semiological, this analysis provides itself with a sociological tool able to reveal the motions agitating peoples’ lives in prison: the fallback on religion.