Varje år ökar antalet äldre personer och i samband med den ökningen blir även antalet äldre personer med körkort allt fler. Med åldern är det vanligt att reaktionsförmåga, syn och hörsel försämras vilka alla är viktiga egenskaper för trafiksäkerheten. Läkare i Sverige är skyldiga att rapportera till Transportstyrelsen om en individ inte anses vara lämplig att köra bil. Att läkare över huvud taget tar upp körkortsfrågan med sina patienter sker endast i 60 procent av fallen och därmed fortsätter många olämpliga körkortsinnehavare att köra bil. Majoriteten av länder inom Europeiska Unionen (EU) har någon form av övre åldersbegränsning i körkorten där körkortsinnehavarna måste genomgå en kontroll för att få körkortet förnyat. Det är endast Sverige och sex andra länder inom EU som inte har någon form av körkortskontroll för äldre och i denna studie kommer en kostnadsnyttoanalys utformas för att ta reda på om kontroller för körkortsinnehavare över 75 år skulle reducera antalet döda och skadade i trafikolyckor och därmed vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt. De länder som tillämpar körkortskontroller har olika bestämmelser hur metoderna är utformade och studien tar upp hur det fungerar i några av länderna. Vidare redovisas forskning inom området och resultatet av undersökningar av olika testmetoder. Merparten av forskningsresultaten visar att körkortskontroller inte har någon större effekt på trafiksäkerheten och det går inte med säkerhet att säga hur många liv som räddas och antal skadade som skulle kunna reduceras genom införandet av tester. Därmed har dessa siffror fått antagits utan att ha något säkert underlag och utifrån denna antagning visar kostnadsnyttoanalysen att införandet av körkortskontroller inte skulle generera välfärd i Sverige. Utifrån resultatet går det att dra slutsatsen att Sverige har gjort en god bedömning om att endast ha anmälningsplikt för läkare förutsatt att den följs bättre. Även om resultatet visar att kontroller för personer över 75 år inte ska införas bör ändå trafiksäkerheten för äldre utvecklas genom att till exempel förenkla körningen vid vänstersvängar och förbättra kollektivtrafiken. / The numbers of elderly increase every year and the amount of older people with a license will increase as well. When getting older, it is natural that the reaction time, hearing and vision will change and these are all important features for traffic safety. Doctors in Sweden are required to report to the Swedish Transport Agency if an individual does not seem appropriate to drive. It is not common that doctors ask their patients about their physical health and ability to drive, the questions are only asked in about 60 percent of the physical evaluations and because of that, inappropriate license holders may proceed to use a vehicle. The majority of countries within the European Union embrace some kind of upper age limit to provide drivers with a valid license and several countries have compulsory medical examinations for license holders at a certain age. It is only Sweden together with six other EU countries that does not provide any license controls for elderly and in this study a cost benefit analysis is designed to determine whether controls for drivers over the age of 75 would reduce deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents and thus increase welfare. The countries that apply driving license controls have different rules how the controls are designed and the study presents how it works in some of the countries. Further, research within the area shows that license controls does not have any sufficient effect on traffic safety. It cannot with certainty be said how many lives are saved and the amount injuries that could be reduced by an introduction of these tests. Thus, these numbers are adopted without any sufficient evidence and from this an assumption of the cost benefit analysis will show that an introduction of license controls would not generate a welfare increase in Sweden. Based on the result it is possible to conclude that Sweden has made a good assessment to have only a reporting requirement for physicians but the reports must be stricter. Although the result shows that license controls for people over the age of 75 should not be imposed, nevertheless traffic safety for elderly should be further developed, for example with simplifying left turns and improve public transportation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia Campos Ferreira.pdf: 448663 bytes, checksum: 7e3974354eba32faf6a0bd36ae820fe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / This work intends to understand traffic accidents involving motorbikes and cars, from a psychosocial model study of traffic. Thus, we have tried to know the representative system which orients and justifies the practices of driving in motorbykers and car drivers. Therefore, in the process of these representations to be studied we have opted to consider the social representation of the traffic context of the chore of driving, of other drivers, of the causes of the traffic accidents, of the culprits for traffic accidents, and to the behavioral excuses about traffic accidents. To know the representation of these groups, we have performed a methodological research based on the Social Representation Theory. Initially, a first study has been carried out, which consisted on a data research, in which data from about two hundred traffic accidents in Goiânia, reported by the Military Police and filed in Detran of Goiás, have been collected. Based on this first study, the second has been carried out, which is composed by two groups, the group of the motorbykers, and the group of the car drivers. To the first group a questionnaire has been employed on one hundred motorbykers and, to the second group, we have employed a questionnaire to one hundred car drivers in the city of Goiânia, targeting to find out the social representation of the group in question. Taken as a whole, the results have indicated that both groups have presented a negative representation of the traffic context, although, in the group of the motorbykers the main element has been the danger, and in the group of car drivers, it has been the element chaos. The representation of the task of driving, in the group of motorbykers has been a negative representation; in other words, these have acknowledged a greater danger in driving a motorcycle. On the other hand, in the group of car drives, has arisen an idealized representation of the task of driving. The representation of the other the car drivers has been a negative representation in the respective groups, both in the motorbykers group and the car driver one, and the main causes have been the inattentiveness, carelessness, and disobedience of the traffic law. In the representation of the responsibles for traffic accidents and in the given excuses there have not been significative differences as the culprits in both groups; both the car driver group and the motorbykers one assigned more blame to the motorbykers, which contradicts the results presented in study one. / Este trabalho objetivou compreender os acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motocicletas e carros, a partir de um modelo psicossocial de estudo do trânsito. Assim, buscou-se conhecer o sistema representacional que orienta e justifica as práticas de condução de motociclistas e motoristas. Para tal, na operacionalização das representações a serem estudadas, optou-se por considerar a representação social do contexto trânsito, da tarefa dirigir, dos outros motoristas, das causas dos acidentes de trânsito, dos responsáveis pelos acidentes de trânsito e as justificativas comportamentais acerca dos acidentes de trânsito. Para conhecer as representações desses grupos, realizou-se uma pesquisa orientada metodologicamente pela teoria das Representações Sociais. Desenvolveu-se inicialmente um primeiro estudo que constou de uma pesquisa documental, em que foram coletados dados acerca de duzentos acidentes de trânsito, em boletins de ocorrência e acidentes de trânsito realizados pela Polícia Militar e encaminhados ao Detran de Goiás. Com base nesse primeiro estudo, desenvolveu-se o segundo, composto de dois grupos, o grupo dos motociclistas e o grupo dos motoristas. No primeiro grupo, foi aplicado um questionário em cem motociclistas e, no segundo grupo, foi aplicado um questionário em cem motoristas da cidade de Goiânia, com o objetivo de conhecer as representações sociais dos respectivos grupos. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados indicaram que ambos os grupos, apresentaram uma representação negativa do contexto trânsito, porém no grupo dos motociclistas, o elemento principal foi perigo e no grupo dos motoristas foi o elemento caos. A representação da tarefa dirigir no grupo dos motociclistas foi uma representação negativa, ou seja, estes reconheceram maior perigo em dirigir motocicleta. Em contrapartida, no grupo dos motoristas apareceu uma representação idealizada da tarefa dirigir. A representação dos outros motoristas foi uma representação negativa nos respectivos grupos. No que se refere às causas dos acidentes de trânsito, tanto no grupo dos motociclistas, quanto no grupo dos motoristas as principais causas foram a desatenção, a imprudência e o desrespeito às leis de trânsito. Na representação dos responsáveis pelos acidentes de trânsito e nas justificativas, percebeu-se que não houveram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos acerca das atribuições dos responsáveis e nem das justificativas, porém é importante ressaltar que face a um cenário ambíguo, tanto motociclistas, quanto motoristas atribuíram maior culpa aos motociclistas, o que é contrário aos resultados apresentados no estudo um.

Trafikolyckor är ett stort samhällsproblem som många gånger kan förhindras då nästan samtliga olyckor sker till följd av mänskliga faktorer. Under vinterhalvåret är det många som kör bil till och från skidorter i Sverige där olika väderförhållanden kan ha inverkan på antalet trafikolyckor och dess konsekvenser. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur personer som kör bil till och från skidorter i Sverige under vinterhalvåret uppfattar risker och om det finns några skillnader i riskuppfattning mellan könen. Den valda metoden för undersökningen var webbenkät som genomfördes på det webbaserade verktyget Survey&Report, där det insamlade datamaterialet har sammanställts och analyserats i Excel. Det har även gjorts en tematisk innehållsanalys på de fritextsvar som inkom i enkäten. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader mellan kvinnor och mäns riskuppfattning där män funderar mindre över risker i trafiken jämfört med kvinnor. Ju mer mil en bilförare kör per år desto mer funderar bilföraren över risker i trafiken och är också mer medveten om de risker som finns jämfört med yngre och mer oerfarna bilförare. Kvinnor tar mindre risker i trafiken och tenderar att vara mer ödmjuka i skattningen av sin egen körförmåga jämfört med män. Slutsatsen är att hur bilförare agerar och skattar olika risker beror på vilken riskuppfattning de har och den varierar utifrån kön, ålder, erfarenhet, värderingar samt kultur. / Traffic accidents are a major problem that many times can be prevented, due to the fact that almost all accidents occur as a result of human error. During the winter months, many people in Sweden are driving to ski resorts, where weather conditions can have an impact on the number of traffic accidents and their consequences. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how people who drive to and from ski resorts in Sweden during the winter months perceive risks in traffic and whether there are any differences in risk perception between the genders. The chosen method for this paper was a web survey conducted on the web-based tools Survey&Report, where the collected data material has been compiled and analysed in Excel. A  thematic analysis of the free text responses was also applied. The results show that there are differences between women and men’s perception of risk, where men seems to think less about risks in traffic compared to women. The result also shows that the more miles a driver drives per year the more the driver thinks about risks in traffic and is also more aware of the risks that exist compared to younger and more inexperienced drivers. Women takes less risks in traffic and tend to be humbler in estimating their own driving ability compared to men. The conclusion of this paper is that how car drivers act and estimate different risks depends on the risk perception they have, and that varies based on gender, age, experience, values and culture.