This study takes as a starting point that climate change must be seen as interrelated with other social, technological, political, and ecological challenges of our times, and that it is closely linked to the local arena of policy and planning. By this, the study is guided by the notion that sustainability transitions are needed to combat climate change. The aim of this study is to explore if and how local carbon budgets can be a tool for municipal governance in facilitating sustainability transitions. Through an analysis of narratives of change and modes of governing, the aim is pursued by studying how the local carbon budgets developed at the Climate Change Leadership node at Uppsala University approaches a framework for transition, and how these local carbon budgets have been received by municipal planning and policy actors in two case studies: Nyköping and Järfälla municipality. The study uses a qualitative case study approach with semi-structured interviews, document analysis and participatory observation as its methods. From the results and analysis, three narratives of change emerged: Tweak the system, Re-invent the system, and Shake the system. The three narratives suggest different pathways for sustainability transitions, as well as different approaches to local governance. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the local carbon budgets can be several different tools for sustainability transitions, and what kind of tool it becomes is dependent on what narratives of change and approach to local governance that shapes it. Finally, the study highlights the importance of using local carbon budgets to their full potential, allowing them to question, challenge and reimage what kind of change is needed and how it can come about, if more transformative sustainability transitions are to be reached.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23950号 / 農博第2499号 / 新制||農||1091(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5385(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 岡田 直紀, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Climate persuasive services, a type of persuasive technology, could benefit significantly from having a well designed goal-setting feature to actually get users to reduce their carbon emissions. This study explored monthly carbon budgets as a tool for goal-setting to motivate carbon emission reductions. The study focused on how self-efficacy and reflections from budgeting carbon affected motivation. A prototype for a carbon budget planner was developed for the study and was designed to only motivate users intrinsically so external rewards or prompts were avoided in the design. Participants in the study got to use the prototype and were interviewed around the themes of reflection, self-efficacy and motivation. The results proved it difficult for the participants to plan the monthly carbon budget as there were different ways to think about it. Though most of the participants were aware of their climate impact, the carbon budget planner gave them new perspectives on their carbon emissions and lifestyle. Different calculation methods between the climate calculator and the prototype made it uncertain if participants actually felt they could keep a budget which reduced their emissions. In the end almost all participants felt more motivated to reduce their carbon emissions after the study. / Climate persuasive services, en typ av persuasive technology, skulle kunna dra nytta av att ha en väl utformad målsättningsfunktion för att få användarna att faktiskt minska sina koldioxidutsläpp. Den här studien utforskade månatliga koldioxidbudgetar som ett verktyg för målsättning för att motivera koldioxidutsläppsminskningar. Studien fokuserade på hur upplevd självförmåga och reflektioner från budgetering av koldioxid påverkade motivation. En prototyp för en koldioxidbudgetplanerare utvecklades för studien och utformades för att endast ge inre motivation till användarna så externa belöningar eller prompter undveks i designen. Deltagarna i studien fick använda prototypen och intervjuades kring teman av reflektion, upplevd självförmåga och motivation. Resultaten visade att det var svårt för deltagarna att planera den månatliga koldioxidbudgeten, eftersom det fanns olika sätt att tänka på det. Även om de flesta deltagarna var medvetna om deras klimatpåverkan gav koldioxidbudgetplaneraren deltagarna nya perspektiv på sina koldioxidutsläpp och sin livsstil. Olika beräkningsmetoder mellan klimatkalkylatorn och prototypen gjorde det osäkert om deltagarna faktiskt kände att de kunde hålla en budget som minskade utsläppen. I slutändan kände nästan alla deltagare sig mer motiverade för att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp efter studien.

O gênero Pinus ocupa no Brasil uma área plantada de 1,59 milhão de hectares e tem uma ampla faixa de produtividade florestal (18 a 45 m3 ha-1 ano-1), em função das espécies utilizadas, das limitações edáficas, dos tipos de clima, melhoramento genético e, e alguns casos, pela ocorrência de pragas e doenças. Apesar do conhecimento de que o aumento da disponibilidade de recursos naturais (luz, água e nutrientes) eleva a produção de madeira, faz-se necessário compreender como estes recursos influenciam os processos de captura (produção primária bruta ou GPP) e alocação de carbono (C) para os diferentes compartimentos da floresta (raiz, lenho, galhos e folhas). Além disso, o grau de controle genético é de grande importância nesses processos e também deve ser analisado. Assim, este projeto objetivou quantificar as taxas de captura e alocação de carbono em uma espécie de Pinus tropical (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) e em uma subtropical (P. taeda), dos 6,5 aos 8,5 anos de idade, em parcelas controle (sem fertilização e sem irrigação) e parcelas fertilizadas e irrigadas. O experimento está localizado no município de Itatinga - SP e se utilizou o método do balanço de carbono para estimar a produtividade primária líquida da parte aérea (ANPP), o fluxo de carbono para o solo (TBCF), produtividade primária bruta (GPP) e produtividade líquida do ecossistema (NEP). Ao final do estudo, a biomassa do tronco foi 75% superior no P. caribaea var. hondurensis (126 Mg ha-1) do que no P. taeda (72 Mg ha-1), sendo que em ambas as espécies houveram ganhos significativos com a fertilização e irrigação. O primeiro ano avaliado foi mais seco do que o segundo (1195 contra 1487 mm), resultando em diferenças nos fluxos calculados. A produção de tronco do P. caribaea var. hondurensis variou de 722 a 1569 gC m-2 ano-1, enquanto do P. taeda foi de 221 a 452 gC m-2 ano-1. A espécie subtropical obteve os maiores valores de TBCF, variando de 1150 a 2197 gC m-2 ano-1, e para as duas espécies se encontrou relação do TBCF com a ANPP e GPP. Assim, encontrou-se que a maior produtividade da espécie tropical é resultado de seu maior GPP (4964 contra 3744 gC m-2 ano-1 no P. taeda), maior partição de carbono para incremento de tronco (22% contra 9% no P. taeda) e menor partição para TBCF (23% contra 45% no P. taeda). Já a fertilização e irrigação não mudaram a partição da GPP para a ANPP e TBCF comparado ao tratamento controle, e o ganho em produção de madeira foi explicado apenas pelo aumento na GPP (11%). A NEP para ambas as espécies foi positiva, mostrando que essas espécies estão atuando como drenos de carbono. Assim, o conhecimento de como a captura e alocação de C é afetada pela espécie, água e nutrição terá aplicação sobre o manejo florestal, além de propiciar valores de fluxos essenciais para a calibração de modelos ecofisiológicos de produção, ainda inexistentes para essas espécies no Brasil. / The genus Pinus in Brazil has a planted area of 1.59 million hectares and it has a wide range of forest productivity (18-45 m3 ha-1 yr-1) depending on the species, edaphic limitations, climate, breeding and, in some cases, the occurrence of pests and diseases. Despite knowing that the increased resources availability (light, water and nutrients) improves the production of wood, it is necessary to understand how these features influence the uptake processes (gross primary production or GPP) and carbon allocation (C) on the different forest compartments (root, bole, branch and leaf). Furthermore, the degree of genetic control is rather important in these processes and should also be analyzed. Thus, this project aimed to quantify carbon sequestration and allocation rates in a tropical pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) and a subtropical one (P. taeda), from ages 6.5 to 8.5 years old, in control plots (no fertilization and no irrigation) and fertilized and irrigated plots. The experimental site is located in Itatinga- SP and the carbon balance approach was used to estimate the above ground net primary production (ANPP), total belowground carbon flux (TBCF), gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP). At the end of the study, the bole biomass was 75% higher in the P. caribaea var. hondurensis (126 Mg ha-1) than in P. taeda (72 Mg ha-1), and in both species there were substantial improvements with fertilization and irrigation. The first year evaluated was drier than the second (from 1195 to 1487 mm), resulting in differences in the calculated fluxes. The P. caribaea var. hondurensis bole production ranged from 722 to 1569 gC m-2 yr- 1, while the P. taeda showed values from 221 to 452 gC m-2 yr-1. The subtropical specie obtained the largest values of TBCF (from 1150 to 2197 gC m-2 yr-1), and on both species there was relationship between TBCF and ANPP and GPP.Thus, the higher productivity of tropical specie is a result of higher GPP (4964 versus 3744 gC m-2 yr-1 in the P. taeda), increased carbon partitioning to bole increment (22% versus 9% in the P. taeda) and smaller partitioning for TBCF (23% versus 45% in the P. taeda). Fertilization and irrigation have not changed the partitioning from GPP to ANPP and TBCF compared to the control plots, and increase in the production of wood it has been explained only by increased GPP (11%). The NEP for both species was positive, showing that these species are acting as carbon sinks. Therefore, the knowledge of how the carbon sequestration and allocation is affected by the species, water and nutrition will have application on forest management, besides providing values of essential fluxes for calibration of ecophysiological production models, still non-existent for these species in Brazil.

No description available.

The eddy-covariance method was used to measure net ecosystem productivity over three adjacent fields from 2009 to 2011: two annual cropping systems (oat-canola-oat and hay-oat-fallow) recently converted from perennial cropping, and a perennial hay/pasture. We compared the management practises, determined the net carbon budget, and examined the effects of inter-annual variability. Carbon accumulation began earlier in the spring and continued later in the fall at the perennial site, compared with the annual crop sites, due to a longer growing season and continual plant cover. Cumulative cropping season net ecosystem productivity at the perennial site ranged from 40 to 240 g C m^(-2) because of variable weather. Including harvest removals and manure additions, the perennial site gained 120 g carbon m^(-2) and the annual sites lost 240 and 415 g carbon m^(-2), respectively, over the 30-month period. This indicates that the annual cropping systems would decrease soil carbon at this location.

The eddy-covariance method was used to measure net ecosystem productivity over three adjacent fields from 2009 to 2011: two annual cropping systems (oat-canola-oat and hay-oat-fallow) recently converted from perennial cropping, and a perennial hay/pasture. We compared the management practises, determined the net carbon budget, and examined the effects of inter-annual variability. Carbon accumulation began earlier in the spring and continued later in the fall at the perennial site, compared with the annual crop sites, due to a longer growing season and continual plant cover. Cumulative cropping season net ecosystem productivity at the perennial site ranged from 40 to 240 g C m^(-2) because of variable weather. Including harvest removals and manure additions, the perennial site gained 120 g carbon m^(-2) and the annual sites lost 240 and 415 g carbon m^(-2), respectively, over the 30-month period. This indicates that the annual cropping systems would decrease soil carbon at this location.

O gênero Pinus ocupa no Brasil uma área plantada de 1,59 milhão de hectares e tem uma ampla faixa de produtividade florestal (18 a 45 m3 ha-1 ano-1), em função das espécies utilizadas, das limitações edáficas, dos tipos de clima, melhoramento genético e, e alguns casos, pela ocorrência de pragas e doenças. Apesar do conhecimento de que o aumento da disponibilidade de recursos naturais (luz, água e nutrientes) eleva a produção de madeira, faz-se necessário compreender como estes recursos influenciam os processos de captura (produção primária bruta ou GPP) e alocação de carbono (C) para os diferentes compartimentos da floresta (raiz, lenho, galhos e folhas). Além disso, o grau de controle genético é de grande importância nesses processos e também deve ser analisado. Assim, este projeto objetivou quantificar as taxas de captura e alocação de carbono em uma espécie de Pinus tropical (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) e em uma subtropical (P. taeda), dos 6,5 aos 8,5 anos de idade, em parcelas controle (sem fertilização e sem irrigação) e parcelas fertilizadas e irrigadas. O experimento está localizado no município de Itatinga - SP e se utilizou o método do balanço de carbono para estimar a produtividade primária líquida da parte aérea (ANPP), o fluxo de carbono para o solo (TBCF), produtividade primária bruta (GPP) e produtividade líquida do ecossistema (NEP). Ao final do estudo, a biomassa do tronco foi 75% superior no P. caribaea var. hondurensis (126 Mg ha-1) do que no P. taeda (72 Mg ha-1), sendo que em ambas as espécies houveram ganhos significativos com a fertilização e irrigação. O primeiro ano avaliado foi mais seco do que o segundo (1195 contra 1487 mm), resultando em diferenças nos fluxos calculados. A produção de tronco do P. caribaea var. hondurensis variou de 722 a 1569 gC m-2 ano-1, enquanto do P. taeda foi de 221 a 452 gC m-2 ano-1. A espécie subtropical obteve os maiores valores de TBCF, variando de 1150 a 2197 gC m-2 ano-1, e para as duas espécies se encontrou relação do TBCF com a ANPP e GPP. Assim, encontrou-se que a maior produtividade da espécie tropical é resultado de seu maior GPP (4964 contra 3744 gC m-2 ano-1 no P. taeda), maior partição de carbono para incremento de tronco (22% contra 9% no P. taeda) e menor partição para TBCF (23% contra 45% no P. taeda). Já a fertilização e irrigação não mudaram a partição da GPP para a ANPP e TBCF comparado ao tratamento controle, e o ganho em produção de madeira foi explicado apenas pelo aumento na GPP (11%). A NEP para ambas as espécies foi positiva, mostrando que essas espécies estão atuando como drenos de carbono. Assim, o conhecimento de como a captura e alocação de C é afetada pela espécie, água e nutrição terá aplicação sobre o manejo florestal, além de propiciar valores de fluxos essenciais para a calibração de modelos ecofisiológicos de produção, ainda inexistentes para essas espécies no Brasil. / The genus Pinus in Brazil has a planted area of 1.59 million hectares and it has a wide range of forest productivity (18-45 m3 ha-1 yr-1) depending on the species, edaphic limitations, climate, breeding and, in some cases, the occurrence of pests and diseases. Despite knowing that the increased resources availability (light, water and nutrients) improves the production of wood, it is necessary to understand how these features influence the uptake processes (gross primary production or GPP) and carbon allocation (C) on the different forest compartments (root, bole, branch and leaf). Furthermore, the degree of genetic control is rather important in these processes and should also be analyzed. Thus, this project aimed to quantify carbon sequestration and allocation rates in a tropical pine (P. caribaea var. hondurensis) and a subtropical one (P. taeda), from ages 6.5 to 8.5 years old, in control plots (no fertilization and no irrigation) and fertilized and irrigated plots. The experimental site is located in Itatinga- SP and the carbon balance approach was used to estimate the above ground net primary production (ANPP), total belowground carbon flux (TBCF), gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP). At the end of the study, the bole biomass was 75% higher in the P. caribaea var. hondurensis (126 Mg ha-1) than in P. taeda (72 Mg ha-1), and in both species there were substantial improvements with fertilization and irrigation. The first year evaluated was drier than the second (from 1195 to 1487 mm), resulting in differences in the calculated fluxes. The P. caribaea var. hondurensis bole production ranged from 722 to 1569 gC m-2 yr- 1, while the P. taeda showed values from 221 to 452 gC m-2 yr-1. The subtropical specie obtained the largest values of TBCF (from 1150 to 2197 gC m-2 yr-1), and on both species there was relationship between TBCF and ANPP and GPP.Thus, the higher productivity of tropical specie is a result of higher GPP (4964 versus 3744 gC m-2 yr-1 in the P. taeda), increased carbon partitioning to bole increment (22% versus 9% in the P. taeda) and smaller partitioning for TBCF (23% versus 45% in the P. taeda). Fertilization and irrigation have not changed the partitioning from GPP to ANPP and TBCF compared to the control plots, and increase in the production of wood it has been explained only by increased GPP (11%). The NEP for both species was positive, showing that these species are acting as carbon sinks. Therefore, the knowledge of how the carbon sequestration and allocation is affected by the species, water and nutrition will have application on forest management, besides providing values of essential fluxes for calibration of ecophysiological production models, still non-existent for these species in Brazil.

The increase of global average temperature depends linearly on the amount of carbon dioxide that is accumulating in the atmosphere. Consequently, the determination of a temperature target that should not be exceeded, corresponds to an amount of carbon dioxide that can still be emitted. This is referred to as a carbon budget. With the Paris Agreement, a global commitment to such a target exists. The signatories have pledged to hold “the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C […] and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C”. Although the wording leaves room for interpretation, the Paris Agreement can hence be translated into a remaining global carbon budget. The distribution of this budget amongst countries can be a way to close the gap between the committed target and Nationally Determined Contributions, which are submitted by each country but currently expected to lead to a warming of more than 2°C. Taking the concept of national carbon budgets further and sharing them out on a smaller scale can support municipalities in framing their mitigation targets and planning measures accordingly. In this regard, the aim of this thesis was to calculate a Paris-compliant carbon budget for the city of Rostock, Germany. This was done by sharing out the remaining global carbon budget amongst countries based on the notion of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’, which is part of the Paris Agreement. To reflect on this notion two different country classifications were applied which resulted in carbon budgets for Germany of 4 450 and 6 200 MtCO2 respectively up from 1st January 2021. For a share between German municipalities, the grandfathering principle was applied. It allocates a budget to a municipality depending on the proportion in national emissions. An inventory, which was prepared for this purpose, revealed that Rostock’s territorial emissions accounted for 0.12% of all-German emissions in 2017. Based on this share, Rostock would receive a budget of 5 500 to 7 600 ktCO2 up from 2021, depending on the country classification. The thesis found further that current mitigation targets were falling short of complying with the Paris Agreement. Currently, both Germany and Rostock are basing their efforts on budgets two to three times larger than what can be considered a fair contribution.

To prevent climate change, the world needs to reduce carbon emissions globally. This also applies to academia, where a large portion of a research-intensive organization’s total emissions comes from flying. At KTH, a research-intensive organization, an ambitious university-wide goal to reduce emissions from academic flying has been established. The mid-level structure in the organization, a division, functions as a boundary between the individual employee and the larger organization, and has been identified as a promising target to address the organizational goals. In this study a tool for heads of divisions to budget and follow-up a speculative carbon budget on their division is explored through a design process. It was found that a tool for heads of division to manage carbon emissions at their division needs to involve the employees in the process, be effortless in terms of prioritization of trips and provide a good overview for decision making. The most prominent finding, and the requirement for such a tool to be implemented, is clearer directives and communication from the top-level of the organization. / För att förebygga klimatförändringar behöver världen minska koldioxidutsläppen globalt. Detta gäller även akademin, där en stor del av forskningsintensiv-organisationers totala utsläpp kommer från flyg. På KTH, som är en forskningsintensivorganisation, har ambitiösa organisatoriska mål fastställts för att minska utsläppen från akademiskt flyg. Inom organisationen fungerar avdelningar som en förbindelse mellan den enskilde medarbetaren och den större organisationen, och har identifierats som en lämplig del av organisationen att agera på de organisatoriska målen. I denna studie utvecklas ett verktyg som ska hjälpa avdelningschefer att budgetera och följa upp en spekulativ koldioxidbudget på sin avdelning, detta utforskas genom en designprocess. Det uppmärksammades att ett sådant verktyg behöver involvera medarbetarna i processen, vara enkelt när det gäller prioritering av resor och ge en bra överblick för att kunna ta beslut. Den mest framträdande upptäckten, som också är ett krav för att ett sådant verktyg ska kunna implementeras, är tydligare direktiv och kommunikation från organisationens ledningsnivå.