Global ETD Search

11	A Critical Temperature Threshold for Early Leaf Litter Decomposition and Microbial Enzyme Activity Thoman, Heather Marie January 2014 (has links) No description available. Ecology Environmental Science Soil Sciences Acer Rubrum Decomposition Carbon Mineralization Extracellular Enzymes Intracellular Metabolism Litter Soluble C Soil Carbohydrates Phenolics
12	Influence des cycles humectation-dessiccation sur la minéralisation du carbone : cas de la zone cotonnière du Nord Cameroun / Influence of drying wetting on carbon mineralization : the caseof cotton area north Cameroon Yemadje, Pierrot, Lionel 28 September 2015 (has links) Le sol est un compartiment majeur de stockage du carbone (C) organique de l’écosystème terrestre. Il joue un rôle important dans la régulation du climat. Toute variation des flux de carbone entre l’atmosphère et l’écosystème terrestre pourrait avoir un impact important sur l’augmentation de CO2 dans l’atmosphère, mais aussi sur la diminution des teneurs en matière organique du sol et donc sur la fertilité des sols. Au Nord Cameroun, les sols sont exposés à de longues périodes sèches (5 à 6 mois par an) qui alternent avec une saison humide. La période de transition entre ces deux saisons, peut durer de mi-avril à fin juin et est caractérisée par des pluies très irrégulières. Ces cycles d’humectation-dessiccation pourraient selon la littérature accentuer la minéralisation du carbone organique du sol et le cycle des éléments nutritifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier l’impact des cycles humectation-dessiccation sur la minéralisation du carbone dans un contexte soudano-sahélien. Pour faire des mesures représentatives sur le terrain, il est nécessaire d’étudier la variation sur 24 heures de la respiration du sol après humectation suite à une période sèche. Cette mise au point méthodologique a montré que la respiration du sol présente une courbe quadratique au cours de la journée, devenant presque linéaire au cours de la nuit. La température et l’humidité du sol ont permis d’expliquer au moins 73% des variations sur 24 heures. Ces observations ont été utilisées pour proposer une méthode pour estimer la respiration moyenne diurne et nocturne après humectation des sols. La méthode proposée dans cette étude a l’avantage d’être basée sur un nombre réduit de mesures et est par conséquent plus facile à mettre en œuvre pour suivre la respiration du sol sur 24 heures après les premières pluies. Une première étude expérimentale de terrain a permis de montrer que la ré-humectation des sols et le mode de gestion des pailles ont augmenté la minéralisation du carbone de ces sols. En revanche, la fréquence des cycles humectation-dessiccation des sols sur une période de 50 jours n’a pas augmenté la minéralisation cumulée du carbone des sols. Au Nord Cameroun, la minéralisation rapide des pailles rend difficile l’augmentation des stocks de carbone du sol par conservation des pailles des cultures précédentes à la surface du sol. Dans une seconde expérimentation de laboratoire, en conditions contrôlées, les cycles humectation-dessiccation n’ont pas augmenté la minéralisation du carbone organique du sol et de l’azote (N) par rapport aux sols maintenus humides. Cependant, les émissions de CO2 ont augmenté avec l’addition de paille enrichie en carbone-13. Cette addition de la paille marquée a augmenté la minéralisation de la matière organique du sol (priming effect). La minéralisation de la paille a diminué avec les cycles humectation-dessiccation et la quantité de paille restante était de 102 µg Cg-1 sol sur les sols ré-humectés contre 48 µg Cg-1 sol sur les sols maintenus humides. L’absence de cette réponse de la minéralisation du carbone et d’azote du sol aux cycles humectation-dessiccation pourrait être liée à une baisse de l’activité microbienne durant les périodes de dessèchement et l’absence d’une augmentation soutenue des taux de minéralisation du carbone avec les cycles ultérieurs d’humectation-dessiccation. / Soil as a major storage component for terrestrial ecosystem’s organic carbon plays an important role in regulating climate and agricultural production. Any variation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem can have a significant impact on the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but also the decrease in soil organic matter and thus accelarate soil fertility degradation. In northern Cameroon, the transition period between long dry periods with a wet season is characterized by very irregular rainfall that can last several weeks. These wetting-drying cycles can accentuate the mineralization of soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of wet-dry cycles on carbon mineralization in a sudano-sahelian context. From methodological stand field measurements require to study the soil respiration variation over 24 hours after a wet period. This methodological test has shown that soil respiration has a quadratic curve during the day, becoming almost linear during the night. The temperature and soil moisture have explained together the variation over 24 hours (at least 73% ; p< 0.001). These observations have been used to propose a method for estimating the mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. Indeed the method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement to monitor 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period. A first experiment has shown that the wetting of the soil and mulching increased soil carbon mineralization. However, wetting-drying cycles on soil did not increase the cumulative mineralization of soil carbon more than keeping the soil continuously moist. Indeed, in northern Cameroon, the rapid mineralization of crop residues makes it difficult to increase soil carbon stocks by mulching. In a second laboratory experiment, the wetting-drying cycles did not increase organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization from soils added with straw. However, carbon dioxide emissions increased on straw amended soils compared to soils without straw. This addition of the labeled straw increased mineralization of soil organic matter (priming effect). The mineralization of the straw also decreased with the wetting-drying cycles, thus the amount of straw remaining on soils was 102 µg C g-1 soil on re-wetted soils compared to 48 µg C g-1 soil for those with constant moisture. The lack of response for C and N mineralization during wetting-drying cycles may be linked to a decrease of microbial activity during dry periods and the lack of a steady increase in the carbon mineralization rate with subsequent wetting-drying cycles. Cycles humectation-Dessiccation Gestion de la biomasse Cameroun Priming effect Azote Wetting-Drying cycles Soil organic carbon mineralization Biomass management Cameroon Priming effect Nitrogen
13	Undermining Emissions Vice President Research, Office of the January 2009 (has links) Once a source of environmental concern, mine tailings could now contribute to the fight against climate change. Greg Dipple and team are discovering how mines can potentially ofset their own emissions. mining tailings Mineral Deposit Research Unit MDRU carbon mineralization Diavik Diamond Mine Mount Keith Nickel Mine Greg Dipple Sasha Wilson Stuart Mills Shaun Barker CO2 capture sequestration offset
14	Estabilização do carbono de resíduos culturais no solo com o uso de xisto retortado / Stabilization of crop residues carbon in soil with the use retorted oil shale Leão, Ricardo Elso 31 January 2014 (has links) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The impact of retorted oil shale (ROS) addition on the dynamics of carbon (C) of crop residues (CR) in the soil is little known. Under laboratory conditions, the present study aimed to evaluate the residual and immediate effects of ROS on C mineralization of CR, water stability aggregates and storage C in the particulate (>53 μm) and associated minerals fractions (<53μm) of organic matter (OM) of a Hapludalf. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of soil samples from plots that received four additions of ROS, totaling 0, 6,000 and 12,000 kg ha-1. In experiment 2, treatments consisted of soil with no history of application of ROS (0 kg ha-1), that in the laboratory received three doses of ROS (0, 1,500 and 3,000 kg ha-1). In both experiments, the treatments were evaluated in the presence (3,000 kg ha-1) and absence of leaves and stalks of soybeans. The release of C-CO2 was evaluated for 80 days and at the end of the experiment determined the aggregate stability and C storage in different OM fractions. The addition of CR in soil with a history of ROS addition did not alter the release of C-CO2 and also did not reduce the apparent mineralization of C of RC compared to addition of these residues in soil with no history. In experiment 2, there was a reduction in the release of C-CO2 compared to the control only the treatment with stalks + 3000 kg ROS ha-1. In experiment 2, the treatment stalks + 3000 kg ROS ha-1 provided an increase in aggregate stability compared with treatment with only stalks. In experiment 1, the ROS addition tended to higher retention of C stalks and leaves in the soil. In experiment 2, the application of CR + ROS promoted greater retention of soil C only in the treatment with leaves. Under laboratory conditions, the soil with a history of ROS addition did not affect mineralization and retention of crop residue C added to soil. Besides, the ROS showed an immediate effect, reducing C mineralization from stalks and increasing retention of C from leaves added to the soil. / O impacto da adição de xisto retortado (XR) sobre a dinâmica do carbono (C) de resíduos culturais (RC) no solo é pouco conhecido. Em condições de laboratório, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito residual e imediato do XR sobre a mineralização do C de RC, estabilidade de agregados em água e armazenamento de C nas frações particulada (>53 μm) e associada aos minerais (<53 μm) da matéria orgânica (MO) de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico arênico. No experimento 1, os tratamentos foram compostos por amostras de solo de parcelas que receberam quatro aplicações de XR, totalizando 0, 6.000 e 12.000 kg ha-1. Já no experimento 2, os tratamentos foram constituídos com solo somente da parcela sem histórico de aplicação de XR (0 kg ha-1), que no laboratório recebeu três doses de XR equivalentes a 0, 1.500 e 3.000 kg ha-1. Em ambos os experimentos os tratamentos foram avaliados na presença (3.000 kg ha-1) e ausência de folhas e talos de soja. A liberação de C-CO2 foi avaliada durante 80 dias e ao final do experimento determinados a estabilidade de agregados e o armazenamento de C nas diferentes frações da MO. A adição de RC no solo com histórico de adição de XR não alterou a liberação de C-CO2 e também não reduziu a mineralização aparente do C dos RC comparado a adição desses resíduos em solo sem histórico. No experimento 2, houve redução na liberação de C-CO2 em relação ao controle somente no tratamento com talos + 3.000 kg de XR ha-1. No experimento 2, o tratamento talos + 3.000 kg de XR ha-1 proporcionou incremento na estabilidade de agregados em comparação com o tratamento somente com talos. No experimento 1, a adição de XR apresentou tendência de maior retenção de C dos talos e folhas no solo. No experimento 2, a aplicação conjunta de resíduos e XR promoveu maior retenção de C no solo apenas no tratamento com folhas. Em condições de laboratório, o solo com histórico de aplicação de XR não afetou a mineralização e a retenção do C de resíduos culturais adicionados ao solo. Além disso, o XR apresentou efeito imediato, reduzindo a mineralização do C de talos e aumentando a retenção do C de folhas adicionadas ao solo. Folhelho pirobetuminoso Decomposição Mineralização do carbono Agregação do solo Oil shale Decomposition Carbon mineralization Soil aggregation CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA
15	Multispectral imaging of Sphagnum canopies: measuring the spectral response of three indicator species to a fluctuating water table at Burns Bog Elves, Andrew 02 May 2022 (has links) Northern Canadian peatlands contain vast deposits of carbon. It is with growing urgency that we seek a better understanding of their assimilative capacity. Assimilative capacity and peat accumulation in raised bogs are linked to primary productivity of resident Sphagnum species. Understanding moisture-mediated photosynthesis of Sphagnum spp. is central to understanding peat production rates. The relationship between depth to water table fluctuation and spectral reflectance of Sphagnum moss was investigated using multispectral imaging at a recovering raised bog on the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada. Burns Bog is a temperate oceanic ombrotrophic bog. Three ecohydrological indicator species of moss were chosen for monitoring: S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, and S. cuspidatum. Three spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were used to characterize Sphagnum productivity: the normalized difference vegetation index 660, the chlorophyll index, and the photochemical reflectance index. In terms of spectral sensitivity and the appropriateness of SVIs to species and field setting, we found better performance for the normalized difference vegetation index 660 in the discrimination of moisture mediated species-specific reflectance signals. The role that spatiotemporal scale and spectral mixing can have on reflectance signal fidelity was tested. We were specifically interested in the relationship between changes in the local water table and Sphagnum reflectance response, and whether shifting between close spatial scales can affect the statistical strength of this relationship. We found a loss of statistical significance when shifting from the species-specific cm2 scale to the spectrally mixed dm2 scale. This spatiospectral uncoupling of the moisture mediated reflectance signal has implications for the accuracy and reliability of upscaling from plot based measurements. In terms of species-specific moisture mediated reflectance signals, we were able to effectively discriminate between the three indicator species of Sphagnum along the hummock-to-hollow gradient. We were also able to confirm Sphagnum productivity and growth outside of the vascular growing season, establishing clear patterns of reflectance correlated with changes in the local moisture regime. The strongest relationships for moisture mediated Sphagnum productivity were found in the hummock forming species S. capillifolium. Each indicator Sphagnum spp. of peat has distinct functional traits adapted to its preferred position along the ecohydrological gradient. We also discovered moisture mediated and species-specific reflectance phenologies. These phenospectral characteristics of Sphagnum can inform future monitoring work, including the creation of a regionally specific phenospectral library. It’s recommended that further close scale multispectral monitoring be carried out incorporating more species of moss, as well as invasive and upland species of concern. Pervasive vascular reflectance bias in remote sensing products has implications for the reliability of peatland modelling. Avoiding vascular bias, targeted spectral monitoring of Sphagnum indicator species provides a more reliable measure for the modelling of peatland productivity and carbon assimilation estimates. / Graduate peatland peatland restoration peatland monitoring peatland modelling peat peat moss multispectral multispectral imaging multicamera array multitemporal multiple linear regression linear mixed effects Sphagnum sphagna Sphagnum capillifolium Sphagnum papillosum Sphagnum cuspidatum spatiospectral uncoupling near-sensing remote sensing phenospectral phenology phenologies phenospectral bias phenospectral libraries carbon assimilation carbon dioxide carbon dynamics carbon emissions carbon geographies carbon mineralization carbon sequestration carbon source carbon sink carbon storage irrecoverable carbon climate forcing methane Ecological Restoration restoration ecology ecohydrology ecohydrological restoration hydrology ecohydrological gradients ecological integrity reflectance nature based solutions ombrotrophic moss raised peatland mires mires photochemical reflectance index normalized difference vegetation index chlorophyll index climate change climate forcing climate envelope climatope nonvascular vascular bias plant functional type plant functional types structure equation models spectral vegetation indices hummock hollow acrotelm catotelm diplotelmic biocrusts organic soil periodicity moisture deficit senescence rejuvenescence productivity photosynthesis light use efficiency photosynthetic function photosynthetically active radiation water table hydrology rewetting depth to water table landscape change landscape degradation peat subsidence Burns Bog

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