Se basant sur l'analyse de 11 et 8 traits morphométriques caractérisant le corps et le sac vitellin respectivement chez le brochet et la carpe commune, on a pu montrer un effet significatif du moment d'éclosion, variable selon l'espèce. Chez le brochet, les larves à éclosion précoce sont de plus petite taille à l'éclosion et possèdent un plus fort taux de croissance par comparaison aux larves qui éclosent plus tardivement. Chez la carpe commune, la morphométrie à l'éclosion est plus homogène mais le taux de croissance était meilleur chez les larves à éclosion tardive par comparaison aux larves qui ont éclos plus tôt. Ces effets diffèrent selon la stratégie de reproduction de l'espèce et pourraient être liés aux conditions environnementales et trophiques rencontrées pendant la saison de ponte. A l'éclosion, le corps des larves de brochet qui éclosent en premier (ME1) est plus petit (longueur totale: 8,1 mm ME1 vs 9,5mm ME3 ; p <0,05), les tissus sont moins abondants (poids sec 0,25 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,32 mg ind-1 ME3 ; p <0 ,05) moins énergétiques (5,98 J. ind-1 ME1 vs 8,46 J. ind-1 ME3 ; p <0,05) et contiennent moins de protéines (0,17 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,22 mg ind-1 ME3; p <0,05) alors que leur sac vitellin est plus important (poids sec 1,44 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 1,33 mg ind-1 ME3 ; p <0 ,05), plus énergétique (38,55 J. ind-1 ME1 vs 36,29 J. ind-1 ME3 ; p <0,05) et contient plus de protéines (0,98 mg ind-1 ME1 vs 0,90 mg ind-1 ME3; p <0,05) par comparaison aux larves qui éclosent à la fin de la période d'éclosion (ME3) / Based on the analysis of 11 and 8 morphometric variables of body and yolk sac for pike and common carp larvae, we have shown the existence of a significant hatching time effect dependent on the species. For pike, early hatched larvae have a smaller body size at hatch, faster growth rate and higher yolk use efficiency than late hatched ones. In carp, the initial morphometry of larvae at hatch is more homogenous but growth rate was higher in early late hatched larvae compared to larvae hatched earlier. At hatch, the body of early hatched pike larvae was smaller (total length: 8.1 mm HT1 vs 9.5mm HT3 ; p <0.05), their tissues were less abundant (dry weight 0.25 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.32 mg ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) less energetic (5.98 J. ind-1 HT1 vs 8.46 J. ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) with less protein content (0.17 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.22 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0,05) but yolk was more important (dry weight 1.44 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 1.33 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0.05) more energetic (38.55 J. ind-1 HT1 vs 36.29 J. ind-1 HT3 ; p <0.05) with higher protein content (0.98 mg ind-1 HT1 vs 0.90 mg ind-1 HT3; p <0.05) compared to larvae hatched at the end of the hatching period (ME3)

The contamination of the aquatic environment by pesticides is a problem of global importance because of their toxic effect on non-target organisms. These products may affect toxicological parameters and oxidative stress in fish. The carp is cultivated in southern of Brazil and has great comercial interest. There are few studies in our country regarding the use of pesticides and their toxicity in these fish. The aim of this study was to determine if the insecticides used in rice farming alter these parameters in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Throught obtained results toxicity biomarkers to insecticides were determinated. The carps were exposed to insecticides for seven, 30 or 90 days in rice field condition. After the experimental periods, toxicological parameters and oxidative stress were evaluated in liver, brain and muscle. The parameters analyzed were the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, parameters of oxidative stress,such as protein carbonyl in the liver and levels of TBARS in the liver, brain and muscle were examined. The results showed that after exposure to the comercial formulation of the insecticide carbofuran the CAT increased its activity in hepatic tissue after 30 days of exposure. The enzyme activity was not changed in the liver of carp exposed to carbofuran for seven or 90 days. The GST decreased after seven and 90 days of exposure. On the other hand, after 30 days its activity increased in the liver of fish exposed to this insecticide. The protein carbonyl levels reduced in the liver of carp exposed for seven, 30 or 90 days to carbofuran. The TBARS levels increased in almost all tissues and periods considered, except the liver and brain that showed TBARS levels unchanged at seven days of exposure. Exposure to comercial formulation of insecticide fipronil showed that the activity of CAT reduced in all periods and tissues tested. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 days of exposure fipronil, while at seven and 90 days there was no change in the levels of protein carbonyl. The TBARS levels increased in all periods and tissues in carp exposed to fipronil. These results indicate that the measured parameters can be indicators of contamination to insecticides in Cyprinus carpio after prolonged exposure. According to the results obtained we consider the determination of protein carbonyl in hepatic tissue and TBARS in liver, brain and muscle tissue as biomarkers of carbofuran toxicity in carp after 90 days of exposure. For fipronil the results found in the activity of the CAT in liver and TBARS levels in all tissues studied, allow us to consider them biomarkers of insecticide toxicity. / A contaminação do ambiente aquático por agrotóxicos é um problema de importância mundial, devido ao seu efeito tóxico em organismos não-alvo. Estes produtos podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos em peixes. As carpas são peixes cultivados na região Sul do Brasil e possuem grande interesse comercial. Existem poucos estudos em nosso país relacionando o uso de agrotóxicos e sua toxicidade nestes peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se inseticidas utilizados na lavoura de arroz alteram parâmetros toxicológicos em juvenis de carpas (Cyprinus carpio). Através dos resultados obtidos foram determinados biomarcadores de toxicidade para estes inseticidas. As carpas foram expostas a dois tipos de inseticidas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias em condição de lavoura de arroz. Após os períodos experimentais foram avaliados parâmetros toxicológicos e de estresse oxidativo nos tecidos hepático, cerebral e muscular. Os parâmetros enzimáticos analisados foram: atividade da catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferase (GST). Além disso, analisaram-se parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, como a carbonilação de proteínas no tecido hepático e níveis de TBARS em fígado, cérebro e músculo. Os resultados mostraram que após exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida carbofuran a catalase apresentou sua atividade aumentada no tecido hepático após 30 dias de exposição. A atividade da enzima não foi alterada aos sete ou 90 dias em fígado de carpas expostas ao inseticida carbofuran. A enzima GST diminuiu após sete e 90 dias de exposição. Por outro lado, em 30 dias sua atividade aumentou no fígado de peixes expostos ao inseticida. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuiram em fígado de carpas expostas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias ao carbofuran. Os níveis de TBARS foram aumentados em praticamente todos os períodos e tecidos considerados, com exceção do tecido hepático e muscular, que aos sete dias de exposição mostrou os níveis de TBARS inalterados. A exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida fipronil diminuiu atividade da catalase em todos os períodos e tecidos testados. Os níveis de proteína carbonil foram aumentados após 30 dias de exposição ao fipronil, enquanto que aos sete ou 90 dias não houve alteração nos níveis de proteína carbonil. Os níveis de TBARS aumentaram em todos os períodos e tecidos em carpas expostas ao fipronil. Estes resultados indicam que os parâmetros medidos podem ser bons indicadores da contaminação destes pesticidas em tecidos de carpa após exposição prolongada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, podemos considerar a determinação de proteína carbonil no tecido hepático e TBARS em cérebro, músculo e fígado como biomarcadores de toxicidade em carpas para o carbofuran. Para o fipronil os resultados encontrados na atividade da enzima catalase em fígado e nos níveis de TBARS em todos os tecidos estudados, permitem-nos considerá-los biomarcadores de toxicidade.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of antiparasitic baths on selected biochemical and haematological parameters in the blood samples of fish. According to the results the application schema will be specified or amended such alterations will be substantiated. A test was performed on the fry of carp (naked and scaly form) to evaluate the influence of the peractetic acid with the help of biochemical and haematological parameters and with the histopathological examination. The common carp was exposed to the concetration 1 mg?l-1 and 2 mg?l-1 of PAA. Three days after application was taken the blood samples from fish and the biochemical and haematological parameters were determined. Than was taken a sample of skin with the musculature from fish to be sent for the histopathological examination in University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno. Based on the results the naked form of the carp has been declared to be more sensitive to the application of PAA. All the observed changes in haematological and biochemical parameters were within physiological range, so it can be stated, that the application schema of PAA has not a signifiant negative influence on the health of the tested fish.

The pesticides are substances widely used in agriculture, because it enhances productivity. However, its excessive and disordered use has caused different impacts on the environment. Therefore, this study investigated the effects in carps (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to carbofuran (two agricultural years) and fipronil (one agricultural years) in rice field condition for 7, 30 and 90 days, as in laboratory condition for 30 days. In addition, evaluation of growth fish parameters and pesticides concentrations in the experimental water. The SOD activity in liver increased after 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to 50.0 μg/L of carbofuran under rice field condition in the years 1 and 2. A decrease in hepatic CAT activity was showed after 30 days of exposure in both experimental years. GST activity in liver showed a significant increase after 30 days of exposure, and decrease after 7 and 90 days in both experimental years. Protein carbonyl levels decreased after 90 days in the first experimental year. During the second experimental year the protein carbonyl levels were reduced in all the periods of exposure. In both experimental years TBARS increased significantly in the brain after all periods studied, while in liver and muscle significant increase occurred only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The carbofuran did not affect fish growth compared to control group in both experimental years. The SOD activity in liver increased whereas the hepatic activity of CAT was inhibited at 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to fipronil. There were no changes in GST activity in all experimental periods. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 and 90 days of exposure, as TBARS levels increased in all the analyzed tissues (muscle, liver and brain) and periods analyzed. Regarding the growth of carp during the experimental period, no significant differences were observed in fish treated with fipronil when compared with the control group. In a third study were performed evaluations in carp exposed to the carbofuran and fipronil for 30 days in laboratory conditions. An increased in TBARS liver, muscle and brain of fish as the protein carbonyl levels in the liver after exposure to both insecticides tested. Liver CAT activity remained unaltered, as GST in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran fipronil. The antioxidant enzymatic system showed an increase of GSH in the liver after exposure to both insecticides, whereas in the brain and muscle are not altered. Acid ascorbic levels demonstrated increased in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran. After exposure to fipronil this parameter were increased only in the brain. The AChE activity was inhibited in brain and muscle of fish after exposure to both insecticides. The results from these studies show that carbofuran and fipronil cause disturbances in biochemical parameters of fish exposed in rice field as in laboratory condition. These studies revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress, without affecting the survival of fish, but can be harmful to your health. / Os pesticidas são substâncias amplamente usadas na agricultura, pois os mesmos possibilitam o aumento da produtividade. Entretanto, seu uso desordenado e excessivo vem provocando diversos impactos sobre o meio ambiente. Em razão disso neste estudo investigaram-se os efeitos da exposição de carpas (Cyprinus carpio) aos inseticidas carbofuran (2 anos agrícolas) e fipronil (1 ano agrícola) em condição de lavoura de arroz irrigado por 7, 30 e 90 dias, bem como em condição de laboratório por 30 dias. Além de avaliações de parâmetros de crescimento e de resíduos dos pesticidas na água. A atividade SOD em fígado aumentou após 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição a 50,0 μg/L de carbofuran sob condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado nos anos 1 e 2. Uma diminuição na atividade da CAT hepática foi observada após 30 dias de exposição em ambos os anos experimentais. Na atividade da GST em fígado ocorreu um aumento significativo após 30 dias de exposição, e uma diminuição após 7 e 90 dias em ambos os anos experimentais. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuíram após 90 dias no primeiro ano experimental. Durante o segundo ano experimental, os níveis de proteína carbonil foram reduzidos em todos os períodos de exposição. Em ambos os anos experimentais, os níveis de TBARS aumentaram significativamente em cérebro após todos os períodos analisados, enquanto que no fígado e músculo um aumento significativo ocorreu apenas após 30 e 90 dias de exposição. O carbofuran não influenciou significativamente o crescimento dos peixes quando comparado ao grupo controle em ambos os anos experimentais. A atividade da SOD em fígado aumentou enquanto a atividade hepática da CAT foi inibida nos períodos de 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição ao fipronil em condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado. Não foram observadas alterações na atividade da GST em todos os períodos experimentais. O conteúdo de proteína carbonil aumentou após 30 e 90 dias de exposição, ao passo que, os níveis TBARS aumentaram em todos os tecidos analisados (músculo, fígado e cérebro) e períodos analisados. Em relação ao crescimento das carpas durante o período experimental, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos peixes tratados com fipronil em relação ao grupo controle. Em um terceiro estudo realizaram-se avaliações em carpas expostas aos inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil por 30 dias em condições de laboratório. Ocorreu um aumento nos níveis de TBARS em fígado, músculo e cérebro dos peixes, assim como da carbonilação de proteínas em fígado após exposição a ambos os inseticidas testados. A atividade da CAT hepática permaneceu inalterada assim como a GST em fígado, músculo e cérebro tanto na exposição ao carbofuran como ao fipronil. O sistema antioxidante não enzimático apresentou aumento dos níveis de GSH em fígado após exposição a ambos inseticidas, enquanto que, em músculo e cérebro não se alteraram. Assim como, demonstrou aumento nos níveis de ácido ascórbico em fígado, músculo e cérebro após exposição ao inseticida carbofuran. Após exposição ao fipronil somente ocorreu aumento dos níveis deste parâmetro em cérebro. A atividade da enzima AChE mostrou-se inibida em cérebro e músculo dos peixes após exposição a ambos os inseticidas. Os resultados obtidos nestes estudos mostram que os inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil provocam desordens em parâmetros bioquímicos nos peixes expostos em condições de campo bem como, em condições de laboratório. Evidenciou-se a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo, sem afetar na sobrevivência dos peixes, mas podendo ser prejudicial para a saúde destes.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the performance parameters of the breeds of common carp and its crossbreds by using the top-crossing. On the maternal position the Hungarian synthetic mirror carp line (HSM) was used. On this line, males of HSM, Telč mirror carp (TeL), Northern mirror carp (M72) and Amur mirror carp (AL) were crossed and a hybrid of Ropsha carp (ROP) and Tata carp (TAT) was used as their control group. Rearing of the tested groups was monitored from larval stage until their market size in ponds with a semi-intensive way of management in three localities (2 organisations). In the first year, each tested group was bred individually with internal control group of a different scaly covering phenotype in order to correct the influence of the environment on the weight achieved. In the second and the third year, all the groups were group-labelled and bred together in triplicate (three ponds) localities. In the individual stages of testing, the weight and the survival rate were recorded. Moreover, in the market size stage the biometric measurement and slaughtering value were evaluated. In the overall assessment of the results from all the localities carried out by the ANCOVA procedure, the highest weight at the K3 age was achieved by the hybrid HSM x AL (1413 {$\pm$} 31.5 g; Last square means {$\pm$} S.E.), whose weight was statistically comparable to the other hybrids (HSM x M72 a HSM x TeL). However, it was the only noticeably higher weight in comparison with the HSM (1257 {$\pm$} 31.5 g) with its ordinary heterosis effect of growth on the level of 12.4%. During the third year of testing, the survival ranged from 69.0 % in HSM x Tel to 73.4% in HSM x AL and the values were statistically comparable. The yield parameters (the proportion of the processed body, the proportion of filets with skin and the skinless ones) were similar in all the groups. In the previous periods of testing the results reflected the situation in the market size. As a result, it is concluded that preferably the hybrid HSM x AL could be exploitable in commercial breeding.

Different cryoprotectant media for cryopreservation of embryos has been tested on model species, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and common tench (Tinca tinca). The aim of the study was to obtain such cryoprotectants, which will be acceptable for freezing embryos up to the temperature {--}196 oC. Cryoprotectants of 10 % and 20 % methanol or 10 % and 20 % glycerin have been tested on the tench for 21 minutes of incubation on embryos of four stages, meaning at 11, 17, 23 and 29-hrs after activation of gametes. The results showed that the tench embryos were most resistant either to low temperature and or to the application of cryoprotectants in the stage of 29-hrs post gametes activation. On the other hand lower resistances were obtained in the stage of 11-hrs post gamete activation. Embryos of carp 2, 6, 22, 24 and 42-hrs after gametes activation at temperature 18 and 22 oC have been used for testing of concentration series of cryoprotectant methanol and two solutions marked VS1 and VS2 after previous disruption of egg envelope in enzyme alcalaze solution. Results showed linear decreasing resistance of embryos depending on increasing concentration of cryoprotectant methanol. Hatching success even at highest concentration of solution VS1 and VS2 has not declined below 70 %. Achieved results with solution VS2 have been subsequently used for freezing of carp embryos by special methods in cryobiology {--} vitrification. First results showed up to 4 % success of survival after freezing of embryos at {$-$}196 oC.

Pond management in the Czech Republic uses semi-intensive methods to produce market carp in fishing ponds. Natural food complemented with cereals play an important role in this economical and environment-friendly method of fish breeding. The system makes it possible to increase weight gains of carps in comparison with natural production. At this level of production the market carp maintains high quality meat and therefore it is highly valued also on markets abroad. Every year approximately one half of the market carp production is exported from the Czech Republic and the rest is sold in this country. The purpose of my work is to assess the existing technology of additional feeding of market carp in Fishery Chlum u Třeboně, where I have monitored the stock, spring and , losses, individual weights, weight increases, used feed and feed coefficients. I have also cooperated on monitoring of pilot plant tests in the system of Humlenské ponds where the carps were fed with various cereals

Influence of triazine based pesticide (Sencor 70 WG - active substance metribuzine) was assessed via biochemical and hematological blood profile determination of experimental fish. As experimental fish we used common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Before rating the Sencor 70 WG pesticide influence on biochemical and hematological blood profile we accomplished a preliminary test to determine a concentration range and after that a basic acute toxicity test to determine 96hLC50 value. Both fish samples fingerlings were used for performing the tests. After 96hLC50 determination two groups of experimental fish (aged 1-2 years) were under this concentration and one control group without the substance. The test was processed according to the OECD methodology No. 203. Fish dissection was performed after the test. The increased amount of phlegm of water consistency on the body surface was found out. The fish were of dark colour in contrast with the control group. The ventricle was larger and containing transudate. An outstanding vascular profusion of internal organs in the ventricle was found out. Biochemical profile of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) experimental group under 96 hour acute operation of pesticide Sencor 70 WG (89,3mg.kg-1) proved significant lowering (p<0,01) of total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRIG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), amonnia (NH3), alcaline phosphatase (ALP) and Ca2+ in the blood plasma in contrast with the control group. Hematological profile of the same group proved significant lowering (p<0,05) of the number of erythrocytes (Er), haematocrit (PCV), and significant increase (p<0,05) of erythrocyte haemoglobin (MCH) value in contrast with the control group. Biochemical profile of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) experimental group under 96 hour acute operation of pesticide Sencor 70 WG (250,2 mg.l-1) proved significant lowering (p<0,01) of total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRIG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ca2+ and inorganic phosphate (PHOS) and significant increase (p<0,01) of glukose (GLU) and amonnia (NH3) concentration in the blood plasma in contrast with the control group. Hematological profile of the same group proved significant lowering (p<0,01) of the haematocrit (PCV), erytrocyte haemoglobin (MCH), mean erytrocyte volume (MCV) and number of leukocytes (Leuko) in contrast with the control group.

Práce je založena na pokusech, ve kterých se srovnával rozsah poškození a mortality kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio, L.) ponechaného v klasickém vezírku (zpevněném i nezpevněném) a speciálním saku {--} "tunelu". Hlavním cílem práce je jednak rozšířit poznatky pro rekreační (sportovní) rybolov a především přispět k poznání správného způsobu uchovávání ulovených živých ryb, které si rybář rozhodl ponechat v živém stavu tak, aby byly minimalizovány negativní důsledky jejich držení před usmrcením a poukázat na šetrnější zacházení s rybou, ne-li zamezit jejich týrání.

120 day feeding experiment was executed on the Trebon fishponds in the area of feeding the market carp. The aim was to determine what way of cereals processing will have favorable effects in terms of production efficiency in the mechanical processed cereal by grinding and mashing in comparison with cereal without processing. The theoretical part focuses on the characteristics of natural food, technology feeding, feed distribution and appropriate processing to achieve high growth results in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The practical part includes the methodology and results of the production parameters of carp fed by triticale without processing, by grinding and mashing. The highest feed efficiency was observed in carps under supplementary by triticale mashed feeding with FCR 0.83; 1.21 kg of FCE and FCR / SGR; 1.05; the highest growth rate was achieved in carp under supplementary by grinded triticale (1,2 mm) feeding with SGR: 0.86 %.d-1.; worse results were observed in carp feeding by triticale without processing: FCR: 1.27; FCE: 0.79 kg; FCR / SGR: 1.61; SGR: 0.79 %.d-1.