Este estudo se propôs a avaliar o efeito do gás sulfídrico (H2S), produzido endogenamente em mamíferos, na sinovite induzida pela injeção intra-articular de carragenina (CGN) no joelho de ratos Wistar (250 g). Ratos foram tratados (-60 min) com indometacina, o inibidor da cistationina <font face=\"Symbol\">g-liase DL-propargilglicine (PGly) ou doador de H2S reagente de Lawesson ( LR).Os parâmetros funcionais e bioquímicos foram avaliados 4h após. Ratos com sinovite exibiram dor, alodinia e edema articular. Na cavidade articular foram mensurados níveis elevados de neutrófilos (> MPO), nitração de resíduos protéicos (3-NT), atividade da iNOS, NOx-, caspase-1, IL-1<font face=\"Symbol\">&#946 e via NF-<font face=\"Symbol\">kB. O LR ou indometacina, mas não PGly, reduziu significativamente a nocicepção, edema e marcadores inflamatórios, exceto iNOS, NOx-, 3-NT e NF-<font face=\"Symbol\">kB. A PGly não modificou a dor e inflamação, mas aumentou o numero de macrófagos e atividade da iNOS (NOx-) e AP-1. Conclui-se que, enquanto a administração exógena do LR produz efeitos antiinflamatórios e anti-nociceptivos, o H2S endógeno exerce pouco efeito anti-sinovite. / In this study we evaluated the effects of exogenous and endogenous H2S on Wistar rat knee synovitis induced by the intra-articular injection of carrageenan (CGN). One hour prior to CGN injection, Rats were pre-treated with indomethacin, an inhibitor of H2S formation (DL-propargylglycine) or an H2S donor Lawessons reagent (LR). CGN evoked knee inflammation, as characterized by impaired gait, secondary allodynia of the hindpaw, joint swelling, neutrophil infiltration, increased MPO, 3-NT residues, inducible NOS (iNOS) activity and NOx-, caspase-1 and NF-<font face=\"Symbol\">kB activation. Pretreatment with LR or indomethacin significantly attenuated the pain and all the inflammatory / biochemical changes, except for the increased iNOS activity, NOx- and 3-NT. PGly potentiated synovial iNOS activity (and NOx-), enhanced macrophage infiltration and AP-1 activation, but had no effect on oedema and pain. Whereas exogenous H2S delivered to the knee joint can produce a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect, locally produced H2S exerts little immunomodulatory effect.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doris Oliveira Gregianin.pdf: 1718205 bytes, checksum: 59a8cb966255e87e0fa3f347f2a191cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / The increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and various cancers have been the cause of searching for changing habits in a large portion of the population, seeking the physical activity in conjunction with the consumption of healthier foods with higher nutritional content. Considering the high biological value of the proteins of sweet whey and the recognized effect in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease of soy protein, the aim of this study was to develop a mixed chocolate-soluble soybean extract dissolved in sweet whey. The different proportions of carrageenan stabilizers, pectin and tapioca starch were defined by the experimental design of mixtures simplex centroid. By optimizing the response surface was definitely the best formulation in relation to the physic-chemical and sensory parameters. The simultaneous optimization of response variables indicated that the optimal formulation should contain 46% carrageenan and 54% pectin and 0% starch, with a desirability index of 0.929. The formulation indicated for the desirability function was made with water soluble soy extract dissolved in sweet whey and; on sweet whey with reduced lactose content. Serum was hydrolyzed by the action of lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis yeast enzyme at a concentration of 2500 NLU / L in reaction 4 hr at 37 ° C. The sensory attributes were evaluated by nine points hedonic scale and attitude scale in purchase intent. For overall impression, the formulations presented average value of 7.11 ±1.09, while purchase intent the average value was 3.99 ± 1.28, and the multiple regression models proved to be predictive. The most widely accepted formulations were those who had lower viscosity and instrumental containing pectin in its constitution. The results obtained indicate that the combination of sweet whey and soy aqueous extract is a viable option for the preparation of a chocolate beverage. It was also observed that the use of cassava starch as a thickener does not interfere negatively on the rheological and sensory characteristics and; that the combined carrageenan and pectin concentrations defined predictive model ensures greater acceptability of the product. / O aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares e diversos tipos de câncer tem sido a causa da procura por mudanças de hábitos em grande parte da população, buscando-se a prática de atividades físicas em conjunto com o consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, com maior valor nutricional. Considerando o alto valor biológico das proteínas do soro de leite doce e o reconhecido efeito na diminuição de risco de doenças cardiovasculares da proteína de soja, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um achocolatado misto de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja dissolvido em soro de leite doce. As diferentes proporções dos estabilizantes carragena, pectina e amido de mandioca foram definidas pelo planejamento experimental de misturas simplex centróide. Através da otimização da Superfície de Resposta foi definida a melhor formulação em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais. A otimização simultânea das variáveis de resposta indicou que a formulação ideal deveria conter 46% de carragena e 54% de pectina e 0% de amido, com um índice de desejabilidade de 0,929. A formulação indicada pela função de desejabilidade foi elaborada com extrato hidrossolúvel de soja dissolvido em soro de leite doce e; em soro doce com teor de lactose reduzido. O soro foi hidrolisado pela ação da enzima lactase proveniente da levedura Kluyveromyces lactis, na concentração de 2.500 NLU/L numa reação de 4 horas à temperatura de 37°C. Os atributos sensoriais foram avaliados pela escala hedônica de nove pontos e escala de atitude na intenção de compra. Para impressão global as formulações apresentaram valor médio 7,11 ±1,09, enquanto que para intenção de compra o valor médio foi de 3,99 ±1,28, sendo que os modelos de regressão múltipla mostraram-se preditivos. As formulações mais aceitas foram aquelas que apresentaram menor viscosidade instrumental e que continham pectina em sua constituição. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a combinação do soro doce de leite e extrato aquoso de soja é uma opção viável para a elaboração de uma bebida achocolatada. Também foi possível observar que o uso do amido de mandioca como espessante não interfere negativamente nas características reológicas e sensoriais do produto e; que a carragena e pectinas combinadas, nas concentrações definidas pelo modelo preditivo, garantem maior aceitabilidade ao produto.

The existence of hydrodynamically developed, laminar Viscoelastic Secondary Flows (VSFs) of non-Newtonian fluids in straight ducts of non-circular cross-section was proposed in the 1950's. VSFs have since been observed sporadically, and only once with a velocimetric technique. Using axial and transverse full flow-field velocity-position raster maps made with Rheological Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Rheo-NMR), Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows were quantified in Hagen-Poiseuille and Power Law contexts, over more than two orders of magnitude of flow rate, in ducts of circle, square, triangle, and pentagon cross-section. VSF was reliably and repeatedly observed to occur at between one part in 130 and one part in 600 of the primary axial flow velocity. Velocity measurements ranged from <10 µm/s to approximately 30 cm/s, suggesting a velocity dynamic range >3E4 without optimization. To obtain VSF flow direction information, a novel flow directional phantom was developed and characterized. Aqueous solutions of Polyethylene Oxide (PEO), Viscarin GP-109NF, Viscarin GP-209NF (V209), Hyaluronan (HA) in a Phosphate-Buffered Saline-like solvent, and an aqueous Polyethylene Glycol/PEO-based Boger fluid were investigated. Axial data was corroborated with related data gathered by an independent method. Basic simulations corroborated the VSF observations. Duct hydraulic diameters (>= 1.6 mm) approached the micro-channel regime. VSF detections in HA --- synovial fluid's principal component --- and V209 were novel, as were observations of some artifacts which were subsequently characterized and corrected. The detection of VSF in HA represents the first experimental evidence suggesting that its second normal stress (N_2) is comparable to that of better-characterized fluids. In the first application of a new VSF-based method, a particular Boger fluid's constant viscosity and, in the square duct, its lack of VSF were used with established criteria to suggest that the fluid's N_2 approached zero. The development of a rudimentary, but versatile and inexpensive home-built velocimetric spectrometer is detailed, as are several new components. An exhaustive VSF literature review is included. The remarkable transverse velocimetric ability of Rheo-NMR in both optically opaque and transparent system is highlighted, suggesting that perhaps the technique might represent, in both micro-channels and conventional ducts, the gold-standard in flow velocimetry.