Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Sebastiao Fagundes Cunha Filho.pdf: 688119 bytes, checksum: d462f08cc68c6184e7735c3a443e1c0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-10 / The present dissertation has the objective of examining the access to justice in the Brazilian civil case haw and therefore, extends for two chapters. The first deals with the fundamental institutes for the comprehension of access to justice. The study begins with the conception of the state and it s relation with politic and after with law. Afterwards philosophical theories are exposed about the concept of justices throughout history. So, a proposal of access to justice is created as access to fair juridical to order with the receiving of justice. The second chapter begins with the examination of juridical case concepts and of case law. The matters that involve juridical case relationship are analysed, under the focus the correct legal process, presenting some other constitutional principles that relate with it, such as, the contrary principle, the free motivating convincement, the agreement or the reduction and, finally, the study of the elements of action: parts, cause of ordering and order, and as they link the justice activity always with en phases on the effectiveness of justice guard under it s characteristic of making of the entity responsible for pacifying of social conflicts / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo examinar o acesso à justiça no direito processual civil brasileiro e, para tanto, estende-se por dois capítulos. O primeiro aborda os institutos fundamentais para compreensão do acesso à justiça. O estudo se inicia com a concepção de Estado e sua relação com a política e depois com o Direito. Em seguida são expostas teorias filosóficas sobre o conceito de justiça no decorrer da história. Formula-se, então, proposta de acesso à justiça como acesso à ordem jurídica justa com o recebimento de justiça. O segundo capítulo começa pelo exame dos conceitos jurídicos de processo e de direito processual. São então analisados os pontos que envolvem a relação jurídica processual, sob o enfoque do devido processo legal, vislumbrando alguns outros princípios constitucionais que com ele se relacionam, como o princípio do contraditório, do livre convencimento motivado e da congruência ou da adstrição da sentença. E, por derradeiro, o estudo dos elementos da ação: partes, causa de pedir e pedido, e como os mesmos vinculam a atividade jurisdicional, sempre com ênfase na efetividade da tutela jurisdicional, sob o seu caráter de instrumentalidade, de entidade responsável pela pacificação dos conflitos sociais

A substituição tributária progressiva foi instituída tendo como fundamento facilitar a fiscalização, de forma a incrementar a arrecadação de ICMS, na medida em que tende a reduzir a sonegação fiscal. Nessa sistemática, o imposto é calculado antecipadamente pelo substituto tributário, o qual utiliza valores presumidos, definidos pelo próprio Estado, e recolhe o valor devido em relação ao restante da cadeia produtiva. A partir da definição antecipada do montante pelo qual as operações futuras serão realizadas, configura-se a intervenção do Estado na ordem econômica. Contudo, a Constituição Federal de 1988 impõe limites que devem ser respeitados para evitar que a atuação estatal efetive-se de maneira exagerada. Nesse sentido, serão examinados os aspectos atuais e controvertidos que gravitam em torno desse instituto de tributação, tais como: os critérios para a definição da base de cálculo presumida, a inclusão do ICMS/ST na sua própria base de cálculo, a possibilidade de equiparação à pauta fiscal, a violação ao equilíbrio concorrencial em decorrência do instituto, além da combatida questão concernente à restituição dos valores recolhidos a maior, assim como a possibilidade de o fisco exigir o imposto recolhido a menor, a inexistência de responsabilidade do substituído tributário e, por fim, a questionável criminalização da conduta do substituto tributário na hipótese de não recolhimento do ICMS/ST, tendo como plano de fundo as decisões mais relevantes proferidas a respeito dos assuntos abordados. / The progressive tax substitution was instituted based on facilitating inspection, in order to increase ICMS tax collection, since it tends to reduce fiscal evasion. In this system, the tax is calculated in advance by the tax substitute taxpayer, who uses presumed values, defined by the State itself, and collects the amount owed in relation to the rest of the production chain. From the early definition of the amount by which future operations will be carried out, the intervention of the State in the economic order is configured. However, the Federal Constitution of 1988 imposes limits that must be respected in order to avoid that the state performance is exaggerated. In this sense, the current and controversial aspects surrounding this taxation institute will be examined, such as the criteria for the definition of the presumed basis of calculation, the inclusion of ICMS/ST in its own calculation basis, the comparison with the fiscal agenda, the violation of the competitive balance as a result of the institute, and combat the question concerning the restitution of the amounts collected the greater, as well as the possibility of the tax requiring the tax collected at the minor, the inexistence of responsibility of the substituted tax and, finally, the questionable criminalization of the conduct of the tax substitute in the hypothesis of non-payment of the ICMS/ST, having as background the most relevant decisions made regarding the issues addressed.

Il est reconnu, en droit, qu'un juge est fondé de s'appuyer sur les règles jurisprudentielles. En fait, il peut s'y appuyer et doit même s'y conformer: ces règles qui sont définies dans des décisions font autorité. Il doit respecter la règle du précédent et rester sur la décision (« stare decisis »). Selon cette conception, la jurisprudence s'accumule au fil du temps: de plus en plus de décisions peuvent être citées à l'appui d'un point de droit. Mais en pratique, le résultat est différent. La jurisprudence citée change. Le droit évolue. Et les jugements, un jour importants, finissent par être oubliés. Éventuellement, ils sont remplacés par la jurisprudence plus jeune. Dans ce mémoire, une approche jurimétrique est utilisée pour évaluer le rythme auquel le droit évolue. C'est-à-dire que des calculs statistiques sont effectués à l'aide de programmes informatiques afin de comparer, d'un échantillon à un autre, le rythme auquel le droit change. De façon générale, ils permettent de comptabiliser l'âge des citations dans les jugements et établissent des moyennes. Ils permettent d'établir l'âge de demi-vie des jugements et offrent, ainsi, une mesure du rythme auquel le droit évolue. / It is widely known, in law, that a judge uses mIes established in precedents for argumentation. In fact, he relies on it and has to respect the mIes that are already defined : case law materials are authoritative. He is to respect precedent law and stay on the decision (« stare decisis »). According to this conception, the available case law collection grows through time : more and more decisions can be cited to interpret a particular point of law. But reality shows a different picture. The case law that gets cited changes. Law evolves. And the judgments that were once important are, eventually, forgotten. In the end, they are replaced by recent developpements. In this thesis, jurimetrics is used to evaluate the rythm to which law evolves. Statistics are computed by using automated software in order to compare, from one sample to another, the rythm to which cited decisions change. Software is used to compute the age of citations in judgments and establish averages. It is thus possible to evaluate the half-life of case law judgments and, therefore, provide with an idea of the rythm to which law evolves. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit option Droit des technologies de l'information"

The main goal of this master’s writing is to analyze the impact European Court of Human Rights case law to contemporary civil procedure law. This work consists of three parts. The creativity of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzing in the first part of work. Rights of access to the court and restrictions on access are analyzing in the second part of the work. Right to a fair hearing is analyzing in the last part of the work. The main attention is concentrated to these fair hearing principles, wish has been developed by the Court – right to an independent and impartial court, right to a public hearing, right to a hearing in a reasonable time.

This article deals with Cultural, Social and Economic Rights established in the Constitution and in Constitutional Case Law. So, after explaining its nature, state’s role according preservation and enforceability,relationship with other fundamental rights, among other key points, it isi ntended to answer, dealing with those rights, which of two scenarios have prevailed: internationalization of constitutional law or constitutionalization of international law. / El presente artículo versa sobre la presencia de los derechos económicos sociales y culturales (DESC) en la Constitución y en la jurisprudencia constitucional. Así, tras abordar su naturaleza, el rol estatal respecto de su preservación, su exigibilidad y su relación con otros derechos fundamentales, entre otros importantes aspectos, intenta responder si en el tratamiento de los DESC en nuestro país se ha producido una internacionalización del derecho constitucional o más bien una constitucionalización del derecho internacional.

The article sets out that argentinean municipalities are legally banned from raising taxes, but are allowed to levy user charges for specific services. Nevertheless, such limitation is overlooked by the municipalities by means of introducing the “ability top ay” principle within the structure of the taxable base of said user charges. The author concludes that such mechanism distorts the user charge, altering its essence, with the result of transforming it into a mere tax, with the resulting violation of the current legislation.The author critically reviews argentinean case law that has given grounds to such a fiscal deviation and –in order to make his point- compares it with jurisprudence registered on this issue by the Supreme Courts of Peru, Brazil and Uruguay. Such comparison evidences that, if argentinean courts were to apply the criteria said of those Supreme Courts, almost every user charge in Argentina would have to be declared unconstitutional. / El artículo expone que los municipios argentinos están legalmente vedados de cobrar impuestos, viendo limitado su poder tributario al cobro de tasas. Sin embargo, en la práctica eluden esa prohibición mediante la maniobra de introducir en su base imponible criterios puros de capacidad contributiva (vgr. el monto de ventas), con total prescindencia del costo de los servicios retribuidos.El autor reseña críticamente la jurisprudencia de los tribunales argentinos, los cuales han convalidado el uso del principio de capacidad contributiva en materia de tasas. También efectúa una comparación con el tratamiento que esta cuestión ha tenido en los máximos tribunales de Perú, Brasil y Uruguay. Dicha comparación deja en evidencia que, de aplicarse en Argentina los criterios uniformemente sostenidos por los tribunales de estos tres países, una parte sustancial de las tasas hoy vigentes en este último país debería ser declarada inconstitucional.

Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-03T16:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação RODRIGO ANDRES JOPIA SALAZAR.pdf: 1265343 bytes, checksum: 5f3ad4ab2f387b029e2f8cf4bd1d99ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-03T16:36:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação RODRIGO ANDRES JOPIA SALAZAR.pdf: 1265343 bytes, checksum: 5f3ad4ab2f387b029e2f8cf4bd1d99ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação RODRIGO ANDRES JOPIA SALAZAR.pdf: 1265343 bytes, checksum: 5f3ad4ab2f387b029e2f8cf4bd1d99ce (MD5) / A presente dissertação, valendo-se da metodologia exploratória, tem como objetivo analisar a existência de normas, no Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, que instituam uma metodologia decisória que utilize os precedentes judiciais como parâmetros para obtenção da coerência sistêmica. A hipótese apresentada é da existência de um método de decidir com base em precedentes judiciais, decorrência da organização sistêmica dos ordenamentos jurídicos, que se caracteriza por um compromisso com o passado, obrigando a observância dos precedentes sobre um determinado tema. Para a investigação da hipótese a dissertação foi dividida em quatro capítulos, cada um tendo o precedente como foco, mas em perspectivas distintas. O primeiro capitulo foi erigido sob uma preocupação conceitual sobre o precedente judicial. No segundo capítulo, o foco foi analisar o papel dos precedentes na argumentação jurídica e explicar as características de um método de decidir com base em precedente. O terceiro capítulo teve a análise do precedente judicial frente à teoria do fato jurídico. Por fim, o quarto capítulo faz o enfrentamento das disposições normativas com a hipótese adotada, utilizando-se das bases construídas ao longo dos três primeiros capítulos de forma a traçar as diretrizes para a compreensão do método de decidir com base em precedentes e da observância obrigatória dos precedentes judiciais no Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro. / The present thesis aims to analyze, on the grounds of exploratory research, the presence of norms that establish a methodology of adjudication on the basis of judicial precedents in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure, parameterizing systemic coherence. The presented hypothesis is that a precedent-based decisional method exists as a result of the organization of legal systems, which is characterized by a commitment to the past, entailing authoritative effects on particular topics. For the investigation of the hypothesis the thesis is divided into four chapters, each focusing on precedents under different perspectives. The first chapter is erected over the conceptual framework of the judicial precedent. The second chapter analyzes the role of precedents in legal argumentation and explains the characteristics of a precedent-based decisional method. The third chapter assess the judicial precedent in light of the theory of the juridical fact. Finally, the fourth chapter confronts the statutory provisions with the hypothesis, building upon the analysis of the first three chapters in order to present guidelines for understanding the method of adjudicating on the basis of precedents and its binding effects in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure.

Analisa o impacto da convergência tecnológica na atual classificação do setor de comunicação do GATS e, em que medida tal impacto altera os compromissos assumidos pelos Membros da OMC nos serviços de telecomunicação e audiovisual, e em particular no que respeita ao conteúdo audiovisual. Ademais, investiga os interesses brasileiros na questão diante das iniciativas governamentais para a regulação do conteúdo audiovisual. Com base na experiência profissional da autora na OMC e no setor de comunicação no Brasil, da leitura de doutrina nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema proposto e de conversas com negociadores brasileiros na OMC, o trabalho verifica primeiramente a estrutura básica do GATS, seu histórico de negociações, indicando as motivações para a inclusão no Acordo do setor de comunicação, bem como sua arquitetura organizacional que é fundamental para a flexibilidade conferida aos Membros. Trata, ainda, do controle pela OMC na aplicação das obrigações concernentes ao GATS. Posteriormente, discute o tratamento dado ao setor de comunicação e, em particular, aos subsetores de telecomunicação e audiovisual, bem como suas diferenças e inter-relações, verificando exemplos práticos do impacto da convergência, bem como da internet. Na sequência, aborda dispositivos do GATS que preservam a capacidade dos Membros de eleger políticas regulatórias, examinando o artigo VI(4), pois garante um equilíbrio entre a premissa de liberalização comercial da OMC e o direito à preservação da capacidade regulatória dos Membros. Verifica, também, o conceito de regulamentação doméstica no GATS e nos direitos brasileiro e comparado, vislumbrando o alcance da regulação de conteúdo audiovisual no Acordo, e se, dada a natureza especial que a ele se atribui, deve ou não ser tratado de modo especial. Para tanto, analisa a distinção entre os enfoques cultural e econômico protagonizados, respectivamente, por União Europeia e Estados Unidos, e a influência da Convenção da UNESCO sobre a Proteção e Promoção da Diversidade das Expressões Culturais nos compromissos em audiovisual, mesmo sem ser parte integrante do GATS. Mostra, também, o atual cenário sobre conteúdo audiovisual no GATS, examinando os marcos regulatórios norte-americano e europeu, inclusive no tocante às cotas de conteúdo nacional, bem como a influência desses marcos nas negociações, inclusive no âmbito de propostas apresentadas na Rodada Doha. Verifica, ainda, que há poucos compromissos e muitas isenções à cláusula de nação mais favorecida inseridas nas Listas Nacionais, o que leva ao exame da Lista brasileira para o setor de comunicação. Examina, na sequência, as decisões do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC que poderão ser utilizadas em futuras controvérsias sobre o setor. Por fim, trata do marco regulatório sobre conteúdo audiovisual no direito brasileiro, observando os efeitos da convergência, além de estudar se a legislação atual comporta as mudanças por ela provocadas. Para tanto, analisa a atuação das agências reguladoras e Ministérios que disciplinam o setor da comunicação face às garantias constitucionais da liberdade de expressão e acesso à informação para entender a relação entre conteúdo e regulação e verificar quais situações justificam a regulação. No contexto, verifica a iniciativa brasileira quanto à criação de cotas de conteúdo nacional. / This thesis analyses the impact of technological convergence at the current classification of the communications sector at the GATS and to which extent it changes the commitments made by the WTO Members at the telecommunications and audiovisual services, in particular regarding audiovisual content. In addition, it examines the Brazilian interests regarding governmental initiatives for audiovisual content regulation. Based on the professional experience of the author at the WTO and the communications sector in Brazil, a considerable amount of foreign and Brazilian literature about the proposed subject and conversations with Brazilian negotiators at the WTO, the thesis firstly analyses the basic structure of the GATS, contextualizes its negotiations, pointing out the motivations to include the communications sector and verifies its organizational architecture, which is fundamental to preserve the flexibility granted to WTO Members. Secondly, it discusses the treatment given to the communications sector, mainly to the subsectors of telecommunications and audiovisual, as well as the differences and correlations among those subsectors. It also verifies practical examples of the impact of technological convergence and the internet at the sector. Thirdly, it addresses GATS provisions preserving Members capacity to choose regulatory policies. The work analyses article VI (4) which guarantees the balance between WTO commercial liberalization and the right to preserve Members regulatory capacity. Also, it addresses the domestic regulation concept at the GATS and at Brazilian and foreign laws in order to understand the extent of audiovisual content regulation at the referred agreement and whether audiovisual content should be treated in a special way. In this sense, it studies the distinction between cultural and economic approaches defended respectively by the European Union and the USA and the influence of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions on the commitments made for audiovisual services, even without being part of the GATS. Fourthly, it shows the current GATS scenario on audiovisual content by examining the European and the US legal frameworks, including content quotas, and the influence of said frameworks at the negotiations, including as per the Members proposals submitted at the Doha Round. It also verifies that there are few commitments and many exemptions to the MNF clause listed in the National Schedules of specific commitments, therein included the Brazilian schedule for the communications sector. The thesis also discusses certain decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body which could be used in future disputes related to the sector. Finally, it addresses the Brazilian legal framework on audiovisual content, identifying the effects of convergence, and examines whether the current legal framework supports the changes caused by convergence. In this sense, the work analyses the role of regulatory agencies and ministries ruling on the communications sector in Brazil vis à vis the constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression and access to information so as to understand the relation between content and regulation and to verify which situations justify content regulation. In this context, it verifies the Brazilian content quotas initiative.

This diploma thesis concerns the theme of criminal liability of entrepreneurs relation to their business activity. It is focused on the criminal liability only in the Czech Republic. The first chapters descripe the criminal liability of natural persons, the criminal liability of legal entities, the comparison of the criminal liabilities of the two types of subjects and the analysis of selected criminal offences. The second part of this diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of selected case-law. Propositions de lege ferenda are included in this diploma thesis.

This thesis deals with the topic of liability for damage caused by a defect in a product, i.e. liability of a producer (but also of another entity, such as the supplier or importer) for damage caused by the defective product to the health or property of the user (consumer) or other third persons. The primary area of this issue that the thesis has examined is the legal regulation in the UK (liability for damage caused by a defect in a product is in the UK usually expressed as "Product liability"). The main reason why I have chosen to describe the British legal regulation is my study experience in the UK at Northumbria University, where I studied within the program Erasmus+. In the UK, I had the opportunity to find all the resources, experience and incentives necessary in order to analyze the topic of Product liability and therefore, to write this thesis. The aim of this thesis is not only the description of the British Product liability, but also its comparison with the Czech regulation. This thesis then draws a clear conclusion that Product liability in the UK is as compared to the Czech Republic an institute much more frequently used and British regulation is compared to the Czech one more sophisticated and detailed. On the other hand, for the British consumers the British regulation may be, due...