The Right to a Favourable Environment in Case-law of the Czech Courts Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the right to a favourable environment as it is contained in the decisions of the Czech courts. The main objective was to provide a complete overview of the development of case-law in this area, with an emphasis on some related problems. Presented diploma thesis points out especially on the unclear conception of the holders of the substantive right to a favourable environment in contrast to the substantive rights belonging to participants in environmental protection proceedings and strives for illustrating the interpretative difficulties associated with this double-track which occurs actually in the Czech legal order. Apart from other things, this thesis aims to point out to the current question, which was submitted to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, i.e. whether the amendment to the Act of the Czech National Council no. 114/1992 Coll. on Nature and Landscape Protection is consistent with constitutional principles on the protection of public interests and assumptions of international law, especially whether it complies with the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (hereinafter also referred to as...

The purpose of the diploma thesis "Duty of care, skill and dilligence in Czech court case law" is to analyze the approach of Czech courts case law to the selected issues related to the duty of care, skill and dilligence and to evaluate it with regard to the interpretation of legal regulation, doctrinal interpretation, theoretical and historical knowledge. The thesis consists of two main chapters which deals with research of two actual questions selected to the purpose of the thesis. The first chapter deals with the question whether the duty of care, skill and dilligence can be considered as an objective or subjective standard, i.e. according to which standard should the actions of persons who are obliged to act with the duty of care should be measured. Based on the performed analysis, the author's own opinion on the issue is expressed and subsequently the approach of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in its individual decisions is evaluated. The concept of care as a subjective sharpening of the objective standard is critically evaluated. The second chapter is devoted to the issue of the nature of the duty of care, specifically the question of whether it can be considered lawful or contractual with regard to changes in the law of liability after the recodification of civil law. Its solution...

Transfer of Undertakings Abstract This thesis elaborates on the transfer of undertakings safeguarding employees, rooted in the European legislation in the Council Directive 77/187/EEC of 19 February 1977, replaced by the Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses. Firstly, the European legislation on the transfer of undertakings is briefly analyzed, including its historical transposition into the Czech legal system and an analysis of its interpretation in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The analysis of this legislation focuses in particular on the general nature of this institute of transfer of undertakings and on its basic pillars, such as the automaticity of the transfer, the economic unit preserving its identity, the preservation of working conditions and others. The next part of the thesis analyses the Czech regulation anchored in Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour Code, as amended until 29 July 2020, which is gradually compared with the regulation at the European level, highlighting the fundamental differences caused by the somewhat loose transposition of the European regulation...

In the light of almost daily media reports of accidents and incidents of violence in South African schools, it can be assumed that most South African schools are unsafe. This study investigates the manner in which rural public schools implement the school safety regulations prescribed by the South African Schools Act to ensure learner safety. This qualitative study investigates the implementation of the Schools Act’s safety regulations at four public schools situated in the rural areas east of Pretoria in Gauteng. Data was gathered using interviews with the principals of these schools as well as by the observation and recording of the normal day-to-day activities at the school and by an analysis of each school’s school safety policy. The interviews with the principals focused on the manner in which each school implements the regulations for school safety in areas such as access to the school and the conducting of searches, the arranging of trips and excursion and the planning and managing water-based activities and the early release of learners. Observation at each of the four schools focused on the physical condition of the school and the schools’ procedures for playground duty, fire fighting and emergency drills. The analysis of each school’s safety policy aimed to determine the compliance of these policies with the Schools Act regulations and to determine the practicability and effectiveness of each policy. The researcher’s conclusions include the fact that none of four schools had an effective and practicable school safety policy in place and were not implementing their inadequate policies effectively. He suggests among other things a comprehensive compulsory school safety training programme including aspects such as information on the intent, content and aims of the school safety regulations, the concepts of liability and negligence and methods for drafting, adopting and implementing effective school safety policies. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

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SANTRAUKA Šiame darbe analizuojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir Lietuvos teismų praktika, siekiant identifikuoti prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymui reikšmingus kriterijus, šių kriterijų taikymo sąlygas bei įtaką vertinant bendrą prekių ženklų įspūdį, taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į teorinius ir praktinius probleminius prekių ženklų tapatumo ir panašumo nustatymo klausimus ir siūlomi jų sprendimai. Pirmojoje dalyje labai koncentruotai nurodomas su prekių ženklų tapatumu ir panašumu susijęs teisinis reglamentavimas. Antrojoje dalyje atskleidžiama prekių ženklų tapatumo sąvoka bei prekių ženklų tapatumo vertinimas buvusio Pirmosios Instancijos Teismo, dabartinio Bendrojo Teismo ir ETT praktikoje, taip pat, siekiant tapatumo klausimą išnagrinėti visapusiškai, pasiremiant pavyzdžiais ir iš Vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo tarnybos praktikos. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta aptarti prekių ženklų panašumą bei išnagrinėti jam nustatyti reikšmingus kriterijus. Šioje dalyje Bendrijos ir Lietuvos teismų sprendimų analizė atlikta pagal bendriausius prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo kriterijus: skiriamuosius ir dominuojančius elementus, vaizdinį, fonetinį bei konceptualų lyginimą. Darbo pabaigoje atskirai aptariama netradicinių prekių ženklų panašumo nustatymo specifika. / SUMMARY Establishment of Identity and Similarity of Trade Marks in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian Courts This master thesis is dedicated to analyze case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts, with the aim to identify criteria significant for establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks, conditions for application of those criteria as well as influence upon evaluation of the general impression created by trade marks. In addition, attention is drawn to theoretical and practical problem issues in establishment of identity and similarity of trade marks and suggestions on their solution are made. In the first part, a list of condensed references is made to laws pertinent to the identity and similarity of trade marks. The second part reveals the concept of identity of trade marks and judgment of identity of trade marks in the case law of the former Court of First Instance, currently the General Court, and the European Court of Justice, supplemented by additional illustrations from the practice of the OHIM, in attempt of painting the full picture of the identity issue. The third part of the thesis focuses on the discussion of the similarity of trade marks and analysis of criteria for establishment of similarity of trade marks. Herein the analysis of case law of the European Court of Justice and Lithuanian courts has been carried out based on general criteria of similarity of trade marks: distinguishing and dominating... [to full text]

L’analyse de la jurisprudence de l’Union Européenne a trop longtemps fait l’objet de la seule attention des juristes. Mais, si des analyses jurisprudentielles successives ont jusqu’à présent appréhendé les principes structurant de cette jurisprudence et se sont tentés à des conceptualisations, il sera avancé que ces entreprises n’ont été que partielles. En effet, le principe principal, quoiqu’implicite, de l’évolution de la jurisprudence de l’Union Européenne est le principe d’efficience économique. Cette carence, ne rendant l’effort de conceptualisation de la jurisprudence européenne qu’imparfait, est due à l’absence d’analyse économique méthodique et systémique du droit européen et, plus particulièrement, de la jurisprudence européenne. Cette thèse entend combler cette lacune. Au-delà d’entreprendre une analyse économique approfondie de la jurisprudence européenne permettant une conceptualisation renouvelée et précisée de la figure du juge européen, notre étude permettra de s’inscrire dans le débat de la supériorité alléguée des systèmes de Common Law en termes d’efficience économique. De plus, notre thèse, par une grille d’analyse originale renouvelant l’analyse du droit (européen), mettra en exergue les points de convergence et de divergence entre lignes de jurisprudence. La systématisation de notre analyse jurisprudentielle par la perspective du principe d’efficience économique nous permettra, ainsi, d’élaborer une 10 véritable hypothèse scientifique falsifiable et falsifiée. Nous formulerons une hypothèse de l’efficience économique de la jurisprudence européenne. / For too long, lawyers were the only scholars scrutinizing the ECJ case-law. Consequently, numerous jurisprudential analyses have scarcely portrayed the complexity of the underpinning concepts beneath the ECJ case-law. These approaches to the ECJ case-law have only been partial, it will be argued, due to the neglect of the fundamental principle driving the ECJ case-law’s evolution – meaning, the principle of economic efficiency. This neglect can be explained from the absence of thoroughly in-depth economic analyses of European law, and especially of the ECJ case-law. This thesis aims at filling up this gap. Beyond the economic analysis of the ECJ case-law allowing for an original, updated and renewed perspective of the EU judicial reasoning, this thesis shall pave the way for a better grasping of the academic debate pertaining to the alleged economic efficiency of the Common law over civil law traditions. Moreover, this thesis, from this original viewpoint that is an overtly economic perspective of the EU judicial reasoning, shall draw new conclusions on some specific stances of the EU judges. The systemic approach undertaken here from the perspective of the principle of economic efficiency shall lead us to formulate the scientific hypothesis that is falsifiable and falsified. Indeed, the hypothesis of the economic efficiency of the ECJ case-law shall be advanced.

General and individual exemptions in the provision of state aid under European law This diploma thesis refers to the European regulation of the provision of state aid by member states. Because of the fact that under certain circumstances state aid can affect the economic competition among concurrents both within a member state and within the internal market of the EU and thus have a significant bad influence on it, art. 107 subsection 1 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) states a general interdiction of providing state aid by the memeber states. It defines state aid as financial aid in any form (direct grant, soft loan, tax allowance, interest subsidy etc.), payed out of financial ressources belonging to the state ("state" defined in a large sense as both the central state sphere and local government sphere), which give preferential treatment to certain companies or certain production sectors and thereby affects or may affect competition, and lastly which have an influence on business between the member states (have an effect on the internal market). Of course there have to be exemptions from this general interdiction. The exemptions are regulated in art. 107 subsection 2 TFEU (general exemptions) and 3 TFEU (individual exemptions). There are three general exemptions:...

The primary aim of this Master thesis entitled "Freedom of the Media versus Public Figures' Right to Privacy" is to investigate and analyse the conflict between freedom of the media and right to privacy of public persons. The thesis is formally structured into eight thematical chapters and two parts- theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part of the thesis provides legal, philosophical and media background for further analysis in the special part of the thesis. The analytical part deals with selected case studies of media photography conflicting with right to privacy of public figures. First chapter focuses on the freedom of speech and freedom of the media in historical, legal and philosophical perspective, deals also with the problem of censorship and technological challenges in the postmodern electronic age of the internet. Second chapter critically examines the concept of watchdog journalism in democratic system with special interest in the debate on the current affairs of the British media system. Third chapter deals with right to privacy and reflects also on the fluid concept of privacy in the era of social networking. Fourth chapter analyzes so-called public figure doctrine, celebritization and mediatization of politics and also discusses the collision between free speech and privacy....

La réparation internationale de dommages individuels est un sujet assez nouveau et peu réglementé en droit des gens. Chapitre manquant du droit de la responsabilité internationale de l’État tel qu’il a été codifié par la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies dans son Projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’État pour fait internationalement illicite (2001), la responsabilité internationale de l’État à l’égard de l’individu trouve dans la jurisprudence de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme un environnement salutaire à son développement. Jouissant d’une compétence large en matière de réparations conférée par l’article 63§1 de la Convention américaine des droits de l’homme, la Cour interaméricaine a développé une jurisprudence très riche et originale qui fournit un ensemble coordonné de règles et principes permettant de dégager un régime juridique de la réparation de dommages individuels dans le cadre de rapports transétatiques. L’étude du régime de réparations interaméricain permet d’identifier que ses spécificités – liées à la nature transétatique du rapport de responsabilité et à la nature grave des violations qu’on retrouve dans le contentieux régional – n’impliquent pas un détournement des règles classiques de la responsabilité internationale mais plutôt leur complétion : le régime juridique de la réparation qui se dégage de la jurisprudence de la Cour interaméricaine contribue définitivement à combler les lacunes du droit des gens ayant trait à la discipline de la réparation internationale de dommages soufferts par des personnes privées. / The international reparation of damages suffered by individuals is a relatively new subject that hasn´t received the amount of attention it deserves from international law. The international responsibility of the State towards individuals is indeed a topic missing from the Draft articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts adopted in 2001 by the United Nations International Law Commission, which was mainly featured to discipline the responsibility of a State towards another State. The jurisprudence of the Inter - American Court of Human Rights might considerably contribute to filling this important gap in the law of international responsibility. Taking advantage of its large competence to order reparation measures according to article 63§1 of the American Convention of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court has developed a substantial and original jurisprudence leading to the establishment of a legal regime on the reparation of individual damages on the basis of the international responsibility of the State. From the study of the inter -american regime on reparations, it can be inferred that its specificities – deriving from the particular character of the State responsibility towards the individual and from the seriousness of the human rights violations brought to the Court – do not lead to a diversion from the general rules on State responsibility, but rather to their completion: the legal regime of reparation that comes out from the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court definitely contributes in filling the lacunas of international law with regards to the discipline of the international reparation of damages caused to private persons.