The feasibility of installing biocidal beads into a catch basin filter insert for simultaneous stormwater disinfection and contaminant removal was tested. The catch basin filter insert (DrainPac®) was tested for its sediment, oil and grease, and coliform bacteria removal efficiency in conjunction with bench-scale testing of biocidal polymer beads. DrainPac® catch basin filters are composed of a metal frame, polypropylene filter fabric, and a high-density polymer support basket, and are installed below storm drains. A 12 x 41 in. DrainPac® filter (United Stormwater, Inc.) insert was set in a flume that simulated a large-scale catchment basin. Pond water was gravity fed to the flume at flow rates up to 200 gpm. The pond water contained fine sediments at concentrations ranging from 30-50 mg/L. The biocidal beads were tested in a small laboratory column for potential application to stormwater treatment. The head loss through the clean filter insert varied from 0.5 cm at 20 gpm to 9.1 cm at 200 gpm. Head loss of 21.5 cm occurred after 625 g of solids were added to the filter at 200 gpm at which point water began bypassing the filter fabric and flowing through the mesh screen. The highest flow rate that could be filtered through the loaded filter was 80 gpm. The DrainPac® filter removed total suspended solids with efficiencies ranging from 83% to 91% at flow rates of 20 to 200 gpm, with higher removal efficiencies at lower flow rates. The oil and grease removal efficiency of the DrainPac® filter ranged from 40% to 82%. The DrainPac® filter exhibited no removal of coliform bacteria under these test conditions. Biocidal brominated polystyrene beads, developed by Dr. S. D. Worley at Auburn University, were tested in a 1-cm diameter laboratory column apparatus for leaching of bromine compounds, which is important for determining if the filters will meet water quality regulations of the receiving waters. Removal efficiencies of coliform bacteria were tested in a companion study by Cal Poly graduate student Alex Bowerman. Pond water was passed through a 1-cm thick bed of beads in an up-flow direction. Leachate was analyzed for bromine, bromide, and bromoform. Leaching from both 0.3-mm and 0.8-mm biocidal beads was tested in the column apparatus. Samples collected for bromoform analysis were quenched with sodium thiosulfate, and the time before samples were quenched had a drastic effect on bromoform concentrations. Samples quenched after the collection of the total sample were assumed to be the most realistic for stormwater conditions since stormwater entering catch basins isn’t immediately discharged into its receiving waters. Effluent from a 1-cm bed of 0.3-mm beads at 0.56 mL/sec contained the following average concentrations: 0.47 mg/L bromine, 2.45 mg/L bromoform, and 0.53 mg/L bromide. The same conditions for 0.8 mm beads resulted in effluent containing the following average concentrations: 0.27 mg/L bromine, 0.06 mg/L bromoform, and 0.50 mg/L bromide. The much lower concentrations of bromine measured in the 0.8-mm bead leachate was likely due to the greater surface area of the smaller beads. The greater leaching of bromoform from the 0.3 mm beads may be partly attributed to the greater surface area of the smaller beads, but also the manufacturer of the beads reported that different production methods were used for the 0.3 mm beads. Higher bromine compound concentrations were found at lower flow rates, due to the longer contact times with the beads. Deionized (DI) water that was used to initially wet the biocidal beads before passing pond water through the column was also analyzed for bromoform. The DI flush water from the 0.3 mm beads contained 1.25 mg/L bromoform at a flow rate of 0.28 mL/sec. Bromoform concentrations in the DI flush water from the 0.8 mm beads at the same flow rate were below detection. Bromoform is expected to be formed as bromine is reduced to bromide by the presence of organics. Since there are no organics present in DI water to form such high concentrations of bromoform as those found from the 0.3-mm bead DI flush water, it appears that bromoform could have leached from the surface of the 0.3 mm beads. The longevity of the bromine treatment of the biocidal beads was tested on one set of 0.3-mm beads by simulating five use cycles, and also by testing another set of beads after dry storage. Each use cycle was simulated by pumping pond water through a 1-cm bed of 0.3 mm beads at 0.56 mL/sec for one hour and then connecting the column to an air pump to dry for 23 hours. After five simulated uses, leachate from the beads showed only a slight reduction in concentrations of bromine and bromide (21% and 4% less than fresh beads, respectively), while the concentration of bromoform was nearly 100 times less. The drastic decrease in bromoform concentration suggests that after five simulated uses, much of the bromoform was exhausted or conditions for the formation of bromoform were no longer present. For the dry storage test, 0.3 mm beads were wetted with 1-L DI water and then stored dry for 162 days. Then pond water was pumped through the column at 0.56 mL/sec and the leachate was analyzed. After dry storage for 162 days, the leachate showed no reduction in bromine concentrations compared to fresh beads, a 97% reduction in bromoform, and a 30% increase in bromide concentrations. This significant reduction in bromoform could be due to the volatilization of bromoform off the surface of the 0.3 mm beads during dry storage. The 0.3 mm beads are no longer being manufactured, and leachate from the 0.8 mm beads contained bromoform at concentrations below the potable drinking water maximum contaminant level of 80 µg/L. Under all tested conditions, bromine, bromide, and bromoform are present in the leachate from the biocidal beads, and thus their applicability for stormwater disinfection depends on the longevity of the bromine compounds in receiving waters, and on the regulations governing these compounds.

Catfishes Ictaluridae are important food fish that are harvested from the New River, Virginia by multiple methods, yet standard creel survey approaches do not accurately sample setline effort, a popular fishing gear for catfish. I characterized the New River setline fishery by estimating setline effort and catch rates of catfish and by-catch in 2011, and by investigating the attitudes and opinions of setline users during 2012. Setline effort was highest during June-August, and declined significantly by mid-September. Several dedicated setline users accounted for a significant portion of total setline effort. Experimental setlines baited with live minnows Cyprinidae proved to be an effective method for catching catfish but caught few walleye Sander vitreus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, and muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Estimated by-catch of these species by setline fishers is small compared to catch by hook-and-line anglers, though walleye experienced high setline hooking mortality, and catch rates increased in autumn months. Setlines appear to be part of a larger "way of life" for some rural individuals, who may also hunt, trap, and garden as part of activities to supplement their diet or income. New River setline fishers strongly believe that setline fishing has declined significantly in the New River Valley due to improving socioeconomic status of the region, changing recreational values (such as focus on catch-and-release fishing and paddle sports), increasing recreational traffic and law enforcement presence, and decreasing participation in setline fishing by younger generation. / Master of Science

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG. / Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG.

Esta tese compara as estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico de Brasil, Argentina, Indonésia, Japão, China e Rússia ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e começos dos anos 2000. Mais especificamente, examina os modos como esses países tentaram desenvolver empresas capazes de projetar, produzir e comercializar aviões civis para o mercado interno e externo. Partindo das noções de sistema tecnoprodutivo, distância da fronteira tecnológica e catch-up industrial, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico dos fatores que explicam o sucesso ou o fracasso de cada um dos casos estudados. À reconstrução histórica segui-se a comparação formal dos casos por meio de um modelo de análise qualitativa comparada (QCA) composto por três dimensões: estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva; fatores institucionais; fator empresarial. Os resultados da reconstrução histórica e do modelo de análise qualitativa comparada indicam que a estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva e os fatores institucionais são aspectos altamente relevantes da explicação do sucesso ou fracasso das estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico. No entanto, apenas os sistemas tecnoprodutivos aeronáuticos que lograram desenvolver o fator empresarial, ou seja, formar uma empresa comercialmente orientada responsável pelo desenvolvimento, produção e comercialização de aviões, obtiveram pleno sucesso em suas tentativas de catch-up. A tese pretende, além de formalizar um modelo das estratégias de catch-up, contribuir para a reflexão mais ampla sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento industrial disponíveis aos países que atualmente se encontram a grande distância da fronteira tecnoprodutiva contemporânea. / This thesis compares aeronautical catch-up strategies in Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, Japan, China and Russia during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 2000s. In particular, it examines the ways in which these countries have tried to develop companies capable of designing, producing and selling civilian aircraft for domestic and foreign markets. Building on the notions of technoproductive system, distance to the technological frontier and industrial catch-up, we develop an analytical model of the factors that explain the success or failure of each of the cases examined. The historical reconstruction of the cases is followed by a formal comparison of cases by means of a model of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) composed of three dimensions: technoproductive learning strategy; institutional factors; firm factor. The results of the historical reconstruction and of the comparative qualitative analysis indicate that technoproductive learning strategy and institutional factors are highly relevant aspects in explaining the success or failure of each aeronautical catch-up strategy. However, it is only the technoproductive aeronautical systems that succeed in developing the firm factor, ie, in forming a commercially oriented firm responsible for the development, production and commercialization of civil aircraft, that achieve full success in their attempts to catch-up. In addition to formalizing a model of catch-up strategies, this thesis contributes to a broader discussion on the possibilities of industrial development available to countries which are currently at a significant distance from the contemporary technoproductive frontier.

Esta tese compara as estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico de Brasil, Argentina, Indonésia, Japão, China e Rússia ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e começos dos anos 2000. Mais especificamente, examina os modos como esses países tentaram desenvolver empresas capazes de projetar, produzir e comercializar aviões civis para o mercado interno e externo. Partindo das noções de sistema tecnoprodutivo, distância da fronteira tecnológica e catch-up industrial, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico dos fatores que explicam o sucesso ou o fracasso de cada um dos casos estudados. À reconstrução histórica segui-se a comparação formal dos casos por meio de um modelo de análise qualitativa comparada (QCA) composto por três dimensões: estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva; fatores institucionais; fator empresarial. Os resultados da reconstrução histórica e do modelo de análise qualitativa comparada indicam que a estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva e os fatores institucionais são aspectos altamente relevantes da explicação do sucesso ou fracasso das estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico. No entanto, apenas os sistemas tecnoprodutivos aeronáuticos que lograram desenvolver o fator empresarial, ou seja, formar uma empresa comercialmente orientada responsável pelo desenvolvimento, produção e comercialização de aviões, obtiveram pleno sucesso em suas tentativas de catch-up. A tese pretende, além de formalizar um modelo das estratégias de catch-up, contribuir para a reflexão mais ampla sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento industrial disponíveis aos países que atualmente se encontram a grande distância da fronteira tecnoprodutiva contemporânea. / This thesis compares aeronautical catch-up strategies in Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, Japan, China and Russia during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 2000s. In particular, it examines the ways in which these countries have tried to develop companies capable of designing, producing and selling civilian aircraft for domestic and foreign markets. Building on the notions of technoproductive system, distance to the technological frontier and industrial catch-up, we develop an analytical model of the factors that explain the success or failure of each of the cases examined. The historical reconstruction of the cases is followed by a formal comparison of cases by means of a model of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) composed of three dimensions: technoproductive learning strategy; institutional factors; firm factor. The results of the historical reconstruction and of the comparative qualitative analysis indicate that technoproductive learning strategy and institutional factors are highly relevant aspects in explaining the success or failure of each aeronautical catch-up strategy. However, it is only the technoproductive aeronautical systems that succeed in developing the firm factor, ie, in forming a commercially oriented firm responsible for the development, production and commercialization of civil aircraft, that achieve full success in their attempts to catch-up. In addition to formalizing a model of catch-up strategies, this thesis contributes to a broader discussion on the possibilities of industrial development available to countries which are currently at a significant distance from the contemporary technoproductive frontier.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG. / Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG.

This thesis describes the impact of World War II on the perception of morality, and how this manifests itself in contemporary literature. Kenneth Payne specifically highlights the novel Catch-22 and how its writing reflects the shift in attitudes towards war. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Orientador: Giovana Bertini / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar a distribuição espaço-temporal de Hepatus pudibundus num intervalo de 20 anos, associado com os fatores ambientais, na Enseada de Ubatuba, SP. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos, de setembro/1995 a agosto/1996 (1º período = 1ºP) e setembro/2016 a agosto/2017 (2º período = 2ºP), em 5 áreas amostrais (5m, 10m e 15m, área exposta e área abrigada), com um barco de pesca camaroeiro. Os fatores ambientais coletados foram: temperatura e salinidade de fundo e superfície, sedimento para análise de phi e teor de matéria orgânica. Após 20 anos do primeiro período de estudo na Enseada de Ubatuba foi possível detectar que houve um aumento na deposição de sedimentos finos em todas as áreas amostradas. Em relação à população de H. pudibundus observou-se que no 1ºP foram coletados 865 caranguejos e no 2ºP 4222. Essa maior abundância de indivíduos no 2ºP pode ser devido a coleta ter sucedido um evento intenso de El Niño, que faz que com a ACAS (Águas Centrais do Atlântico Sul) permaneça mais tempo na região externa da enseada, diminuindo a temperatura da água, e podendo fazer com que os indivíduos se abriguem dentro da enseada. Houve uma alteração da distribuição espacial dos indivíduos, principalmente, dos caranguejos adultos, os quais mudaram da área exposta e 15m no 1ºP para área abrigada no 2ºP. Tal mudança pode estar relacionada ao aumento de sedimentos finos nesta área e por ela ser uma região de exclusão natural de pesca, o que ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the spatio-temporal distribution of Hepatus pudibundus in a 20-year interval, associated with environmental factors, in the Ubatuba Bay, SP. The samples were collected in two sampling periods, from September/1995 to August/1996 (1st period = 1P) and September/2016 to August/2017 (2nd period = 2P), in five areas (5m, 10m, 15m, exposed area and sheltered area) with a shrimp fishing boat. The environmental factors collected were bottom and surface temperature and salinity, sediment for phi analysis and organic matter content. After 20 years of the first study period in the Ubatuba Bay, it was possible to detect that there was an increase in the deposition of fine sediments in all the areas sampled. In relation to the population of H. pudibundus it was observed that in the 1P were collected 865 crabs and in the 2ºP 4222. This greater abundance of individuals in the 2P can be due to the collection to have happened an intense event of El Niño, that causes that with ACAS (Central Waters of the South Atlantic) remain longer in the outer region of the bay, lowering the water temperature, and may cause individuals to shelter within the bay. There was a change in the spatial distribution of the individuals, mainly of the adult crabs, who changed from the exposed area and 15m in the 1P to the sheltered area in the 2P. Such change may be related to the increase of fine sediments in this area and because it is a region of natural exclu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Incidental catch (bycatch) in fisheries is one of the major threats to marine mammal populations worldwide. The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, Linneaus 1758) is one of the most common cetaceans in northern Europe. Previous studies have reported high bycatch numbers of harbour porpoises in gillnet fishing operations in the North Sea and Skagerrak Sea. With the aim of disentangling the driving factors behind bycatch of harbour porpoises, I looked at the relationship between occurrence of harbour porpoise bycatch and properties of fishery and porpoise density. Parameters of fishing effort, gear characteristics and operations of 951 sets of strings of cod and pollack bottom set gillnets were collected by an on-board observer programme in the Swedish Skagerrak and Kattegat Seas during 1995-1997. Porpoise density data was generated from satellite tracking locations of 116 individuals from 1997 to 2016. Generalised linear models with binomial distribution were applied to identify the relationships between the occurrence of porpoise bycatch and seven explanatory variables extracted as soak time, string length, net height, mesh size, net bagginess, water depth and porpoise density. During the observer programme, a total of 21 porpoises were bycaught during 10,174 km*h of observed fishing effort. The total bycatch was estimated to be 2.6% of the population abundance at that time, i.e. above the maximum sustainable total anthropogenic removal (1.7%). Soak time, string length and water depth were identified to be positively related to bycatch occurrence. The findings provide guidance for bycatch mitigation measures in terms of adjusting fishing operations, improving gear and establishing separate management units. Modelling can be used to predict possible spatio-temporal high-risk hot spots for harbour porpoise as well as other marine-living species to optimise future monitoring efforts.