A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.

The goal of the thesis was to analyse the fishing pressure, number of visits and number of catches in sport fisheries managed by Czech Angling Union (CAU). The selected data, mainly concerning the sport fisheries managed by South Bohemian Board of CAU, were graphically presented. At the trophy fishery Vltava 24, daily data were evaluated and the behaviour of fishermen was compared during the first two years of the new management (2010 and 2011). The second part of the thesis is aimed at the analysis of the united system of fishing management within the whole CAU and suggests a new system of financial flow. CAU is composed by 7 regional boards; however, it is possible to buy united fishing permit valid in all the fisheries of CAU. The financial budget coming from these permits is redistributed only according to the weight of killed and recorded fish. This system is advantageous mainly for regional boards with a big amount of fishermen and high fishing pressure at their fisheries; it is less advantageous for regional boards managing large areas. Within the thesis, a new model for redistribution of the financial budget was created. Except for the weight of killed fish, it includes other expenses connected with the management (fishing guards, lease of fishing waters, etc.) and the number of fishing visits. The model was provided to CAU for future negotiation.

A pesca artesanal de pequena escala representa a principal fonte de proteína animal e tem um importante papel na atividade econômica das populações que dela dependem. Entretanto, a pesca de pequena escala também pode levar à diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros. Estratégias de manejo da pesca de pequena escala costumam se dar em diferentes níveis de organização: individual, comunitário e regional. Devido à limitação logística e financeira que as instituições de manejo da pesca enfrentam, é necessário direcionar os esforços para aprimorar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar em qual escala espacial de manejo o desembarque pesqueiro no Rio Tapajós (Amazônia brasileira) é mais influenciado. Onze comunidades ribeirinhas pertencentes a diferentes categorias de unidades de conservação de uso sustentável tiveram seus pescadores entrevistados. Os desembarques foram avaliados por meio da biomassa capturada, da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE) e do rendimento econômico potencial. No total, 2013 desembarques pesqueiros, de 51 pescadores, durante 12 meses foram analisados. As variáveis com mais importância sobre a biomassa de peixes, a CPUE e o rendimento potencial foram aquelas correspondentes a escala espacial de manejo individual ligadas ao comportamento do pescador, juntamente com variáveis ambientais. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o manejo da pesca deve priorizar regras que influenciam o comportamento do pescador em face das características ambientais locais. / Small-scale artisanal fisheries represent the main source of animal protein and play an important role in the economic activity of the populations that depend on it. However, small-scale fisheries can also lead to decline of fish stocks. Small-scale fisheries management strategies tend to occur at different levels of organization: individual, communitarian and regional (groups of interest). Due to the logistical and financial limitations of fisheries management institutions, it is necessary to direct the efforts to improve management. The objective of this research is to determine in which spatial scale of management influence most the fish landings in the Tapajós River (Brazilian Amazon). Eleven riverine communities belonging to different categories of conservation units were sampled. Landings were assessed using the biomass of fish caught, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and potential economic yield. In total, 2013 fish landings of 51 fishermen during 12 months were analyzed. The variables with more importance on fish biomass, CPUE and potential yield were those corresponding to the spatial scale of individual linked to the fisherman’s behavior and environmental variables. Therefore, the results obtained in this study indicate that fisheries management should prioritize rules that influence the fisher’s behavior related to the local environmental characteristics.

The thesis was focused on the application of theorethical knowledge about catch crops and their influence on water erosion in practice. Its task is to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of catch crops in crop rotation in light of occurance and extent of water erosion on the example of agricultural enterprise ZEPHYR Františkovy Lázně, s.r.o. The task is also assessment of the possible combinations of crops and catch crops and suggestion for their use in middlegrowth period. The universal equation for calculation of erosion wash by Wischmeier and Smith was used to evaluate and calculate an erosion parameters for a given locality. The result of this thesis is reduction of soil loss by 26 % on lands with catch crop usage as a stabilizing element, compared to the classic conservative rotation of crops.

The goal of thesis is an analyse of protective functions of fast-growing timber species and a set of theirs part in the total non-energic meaning. The meaning of these timber species is very wide. The analyse is focused on first of all ameliorative function, and on sinking of wind erosion impact, then on insulating function, containing appreciation of impact on sinking of noisiness and catch of dustiness in an environment, and sanitation function which is represented by the production of oxygen.

Theoretical part of the diploma thesis (review) is focused on historical development of the Common Agricultural Policy (reforms from the years 1999 and 2003 are emphasized) and on the comparison of the agri-environment schemes (AES) of the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, and Austria. The aim of the review was to summarize the processes, which led to the recent form of AES. In practical part of the thesis measures, which support maintaining and increasing of populations of ground game and birdlife, i.e. measures Catch Crops, Rich Seed Habitat (Biobelt), and Bird Area on Grasslands were evaluated. Data from Paying Agency SZIF were used. The study covers both, the (shortened) programming period 2004-2006 and the programming period 2007 {--} 2013 (years 2004 {--} 2008). Thesis is focused on region NUTS II Southeast. The following indicators were analysed: interest of the farmers in the selected AES measures, area on which the measures were carried out and amount of the financial support spent to support individual measures. Finally, steps to optimize the use of financial resources are suggested. Catch Crops are used as a measure on arable land. The highest interest of the farmers in Catch Crops was observed in the year 2004, when the largest number of the farmers entered this measure. The interest was decreasing in the following years (especially in the years 2007 and 2008, when the endowment was lowered). Catch Crops cover 6 {--} 8 % of the arable land of the region and the area has been increasing in time. Biobelt is only sporadically used measure (probably because of the underestimation of the costs), but interest in it (albeit low) has been increasing during the whole period. Measure Bird Area on Grasslands is restricted to nesting areas of Corncrake (Crex crex) and Waders (Charadrii). In NUTS III South Bohemian Region, the measure was applied on approximately 27 % of the area where it potentially can be used during the whole observed period. In NUTS III Plzeň Region, the area increased from 26% in the years 2004 {--} 2006 to 60 % in the years 2007 and 2008.

Partido Popular Cristiano (PPC) es un partido peruano de derecha fundado en 1966. Sin embargo, nunca ha ganado ninguno de los cargos más importantes del país pese a que, espe- cialmente en la última década, se lo propuso con gran determinación. La literatura sobre la poca competitividad electoral de los partidos políticos peruanos ha señalado que ello se debería a factores históricos, estructurales, institucionales u organizacionales, difícilmente superables. En esa línea, los pocos autores que han arriesgado hipótesis sobre el PPC han resaltado una supuesta ideologización y poca apertura a sectores populares como los factores que lo han hecho poco competitivo. En cambio, en este trabajo se argumenta que en la última década la poca competitividad del PPC ha sido profundizada por la adopción por parte de sus élites partidarias de una estrategia atrapa-todo, la cual implicó que no se posicionara en el debate político programático existente en el Perú de forma clara y permanente y, por tanto, perdiera identidad política, crucial en un contexto con altos niveles de volatilidad, dificultades para la agregación de intereses y en el que no siempre se necesitan de grandes mayorías para ganar elecciones. La falta de una identidad política enraizada en una parte de la ciudadanía le impidió conservar un voto duro y una logística organizacional, factores que en el Perú brindan una mayor capacidad competitiva.

Introdução - O peso mais baixo ao nascimento (PN<3 kg) pode estar relacionado a modificações na composição corporal na infância e vida adulta, pois a desnutrição intra-utero pode se associar a diminuição de massa magra e muitas vezes ao aumento de massa gorda. O peso mais alto ao nascimento (PN3 kg) e/ou ganho ponderal acima de 2DP em relação ao peso de nascimento nos primeiros dois anos de vida (catch-up growth) também podem se associar ao aumento de massa gorda, IMC, circunferência abdominal e circunferência do pescoço. Objetivos - Verificar a associação entre peso ao nascimento, ganho de peso nos primeiros dois anos de vida e alteração na composição corporal na idade escolar. Materiais e métodos - Estudo transversal avaliando-se 124 crianças escolares com cinco anos de idade, matriculadas no primeiro ano de quatro escolas municipais e uma particular de Capão Bonito, SP. Foram investigados fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos através de questionários e realizadas medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferências abdominal e do pescoço). A bioimpedanciometria foi utilizada para avaliação da composição corporal. O peso ao nascimento (PN) foi transcrito das fichas hospitalares dos recém-nascidos e o ganho de peso nos primeiros dois anos de vida, das carteiras de vacina ou prontuários médicos dos postos de saúde de Capão Bonito. Análise estatística - Para armazenamento e análise dos dados foi utilizado o software Stata versão 10. Foi estabelecido um nível de significância de 5 por cento . Para investigação das relações entre peso ao nascimento, ganho ponderal nos primeiros dois anos de vida e composição corporal aos 5 anos de idade, foi utilizada análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados O PN 3,0 kg, o catch-up growth (>2DP) e a obesidade materna se associaram a aumentos de média de massa gorda (p=0,036; p=0,007; p= 0,018, respectivamente); IMC (p=0,011; p=0,004; p=0,002, respectivamente) e circunferência abdominal (p= 0,002; p=0,001; p= 0,002, respectivamente). O PN 3 kg e catch-up growth se associaram (p=0,003 nos dois casos) ao aumento da média da circunferência do pescoço. Quando avaliados separadamente por sexo tanto o catch-up growth como a obesidade materna apresentaram associação com aumentos na média de massa gorda (p= 0,033 e p=0,014, respectivamente) e circunferência abdominal (0,048; 0,003, respectivamente) em meninos. A obesidade materna teve associação com maior media de IMC (p=0,001) no sexo masculino. O PN 3 kg esteve associado a aumentos de média de IMC (p=0,008), circunferência abdominal (p=0,001) e circunferência do pescoço em meninas (p=0,002). Conclusões Nesta pesquisa as maiores médias de massa gorda, IMC, circunferência abdominal estiveram associadas ao PN 3kg, catch-up growth e à obesidade materna. Maiores médias de circunferência de pescoço estiveram associadas ao PN 3kg e à ocorrência de catch-up. No sexo masculino as maiores médias de massa gorda e circunferência abdominal apresentaram associação positiva com a ocorrência de catch-up growth e obesidade materna. A maior média de IMC esteve associada à obesidade materna. Não houve associação entre a circunferência do pescoço e as variáveis independentes estudadas. No sexo feminino não foi observada associação de massa gorda com estas variáveis, contudo houve associação de maiores médias de IMC, circunferência abdominal e circunferência do pescoço com PN 3kg. Visando a prevenção e controle de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adultos, é importante considerar PN, catch-up growth, historia de obesidade materna e o sexo do individuo / Introduction: Sub nutrition during intra-uterine life may be related to a decrease in lean mass and, quite often, to an increase in fat mass. Therefore, lower birth weight (BW<3kg) may bear a relationship with changes in body composition during childhood and adult life. Heavier birth weight (BW3kg) and/or weight gain during the first two years above 2 DP in relation to birth weight (catch-up growth) may also be associated to increased fat mass, BMI, abdominal and neck circumferences. Objectives: To determine the relationship between birth weight, weight gain during the first two years of life and changes in body composition at school age. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty four children aged five years were included in a cross-sectional study carried out in Capão Bonito, SP, Brazil. A survey was carried out by means of structured questionnaires in order to establish socioeconomic and demographic parameters. In addition, anthropometric data (weight, height, abdominal and neck circumferences) were recorded for each student. Body composition was determined by bioimpedance measurements. Birth weight (BW) was obtained from medical records on file at the local hospital, while weight gain during the first two years was transcribed from the childs vaccination card or from medical files available at public health stations in Capão Bonito. Statistical Analysis: Data storage and analysis was carried out using the Stata statistical package, Version 1.0, using 5 per cent as the significance level. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between birth weight, weight gain during the first two years of life and changes in body composition at school age. Results: BW3.0 kg, catch-up growth (>2DP) and maternal obesity were related to increased fat mass (p=0,036; p=0,007; p= 0,018, respectively), BMI (p=0,011; p=0,004; p=0,002, respectively) and abdominal circumference (p=0,002; p=0,001; p=0,002, respectively). BW 3.0 kg, catch-up growth (>2DP) were associated (p=0,003 in both cases) with increased neck circumference. When the results were considered separately for boys and girls, for boys there was a relationship between the two variables: catch-up growth and maternal obesity with fat mass (p=0,033 and p=0,014, respectively) and abdominal circumference (p=0,048 and p=0,003, respectively). BW 3.0 kg was associated with increases in BMI (p=0,008), abdominal circumference (p=0,001) and neck circumference (p=0,002) in girls. Conclusions This research shows that high averages of fat mass, BMI and abdominal circumference were associated to three main factors: i) BW 3 kg; ii) catch-up growth and, iii) maternal obesity. It also shows that high averages of neck circumference were associated to BW 3 kg and to the occurrence of catch-up growth. For males, high averages of fat mass and high averages of abdominal circumference were positively associated to the occurrence of catch-up growth and maternal obesity; the highest average of BMI was associated to maternal obesity. There was no association between neck circumference and the independent variables studied. In contrast, for females this research did not show associations between fat mass and BW 3kg, catch-up growth or maternal obesity. However, there was a positive association between high averages of BMI, abdominal circumference and neck circumference with BW 3kg.These findings indicate that, in order to prevent and control overweight and obesity in children and adults, it is important to consider BW, catch-up growth, maternal obesity and gender

Os empreendimentos denominados pesque-pague, comuns na bacia hidrográfica do Mogi-Guaçu (região sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais e nordeste do estado de São Paulo), são provenientes, em sua maioria, de infra-estrutura pré-existente e da vontade dos produtores rurais ampliarem a sua atividade econômica. Variam quanto ao porte, estrutura, área hídrica, oferta de serviços, sendo empreendimentos particulares, voltados para pesca amadora em viveiros ou lagos construídos e com várias espécies de peixes. Recebem de 50 a 200 pessoas de diferentes níveis culturais, sociais e financeiros, os quais, por sua vez, tornam-se co-responsáveis pelos aspectos positivos (lazer) e negativos (geração de resíduos) desse tipo de empreendimento. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção ambiental e o perfil socioeconômico desses usuários, bem como a possível relação desse perfil com a freqüência e as diversas categorias do empreendimento. Para isso, foram utilizados alguns instrumentos como a entrevista, a técnica da observação e a análise da percepção ambiental desses usuários. Conclui-se que, em geral, os pesque-pagues são freqüentados em sua maioria (85%) pelos homens, sendo que o menor número de mulheres (15%) pode ser influência da falta de estrutura dos estabelecimentos. O nível de instrução com maior percentual foi para o ensino fundamental incompleto (28%) para os dois gêneros, e mesmo sendo considerado como baixo, não interfere na preferência dos usuários pelos estabelecimentos de categoria C, que oferecem bons serviços aliados a bons preços. Quanto à percepção ambiental, observa-se certo equilíbrio, com 50% do total de entrevistados não conseguindo descrever a paisagem de entorno ou percebendo o cheiro e a cor da água dos lagos de pesca. Na análise dos resíduos gerados, observou-se a parcela significativa da contribuição dos usuários, tendo em vista que tudo que é gerado pelos mesmos durante a pesca é deixado no entorno dos lagos. A desinformação e a falta de conscientização de proprietários e usuários são alguns dos itens principais dos vários problemas ligados aos pesque-pagues. Como instrumento de mudança, tem-se a educação ambiental, que aliada a ações apropriadas levará ao desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. / Most of the fishing enterprises denominated catch-and-pay (pesque-pagues), common in the Mogi-Guaçu river basin (southwest Minas Gerais and northwest São Paulo states), are originated from a former infrastructure and the rural producers desire to diversify their economic activity. Their capacity, structure, hydric area and service offering vary, and they are private enterprises, taking aim at amateur fishing in fishponds or constructed lakes and with many fish species. Daily, these enterprises receive 50 to 200 customers, with different cultural, social and economic standards, which become co-responsible by their positive (leisure) and negative (residue production) aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental perception and the socioeconomic profile of these users, and also the eventual relation between the profiles, the frequency, and the various enterprises categories, through tools such as interviews, observation techniques and environmental perception analysis. It was concluded that, usually, the most of the catch-and-pay enterprises frequenter (85%) are men, and that the low women amount (15%) can be due to the lack of structure of the enterprises. The higher educational level (28%) was incomplete elementary school, for both gender, and although it is considered small, do not contribute to the users preference for the C enterprises category, which offers good services associated to good prices. With regard to the environmental perception, it was observed a balance, whereas 50% of the interviewers could not describe the landscape around the enterprises or perceiving the smell and the color of the fishing ponds water. Analyzing the generated residue, it was observed a significant contribution of the users, since everything generated by them during the fishing process is left around the ponds. The owners and users disinformation and lack of perception are some of the causes of the various problems associated with the catch-and-pay enterprises. Environmental education, associated to adequate actions, could be an instrument for the sustainable development of the sector.

University of Växjö School of Social Sciences Bachelor Thesis in Political Science Title: “Sverigedemokraternas valframgångar 2006 – En ulv i fårakläder?” Author: Emma Haraldsson and Åsa Neuschütz Tutor: Emil Uddhammar The aim of this study is to explain Sverigedemokraterna’s electoral success in 2006 and the essay assumes that some form of change has occurred. To study this change two hypotheses have been constructed. The first hypothesis concerns the change within Sverigedemokraterna and the second hypothesis concerns the change of the Swedish voters attitudes. Kirchheimers catch-all theory is used to explain the change in Sverigedemokraterna. The catch-all theory states that parties have to change their structure to maximise the number of votes. Lipset and Rokkan’s theory about the party system is also used along with Inglehart’s value studies to explain why parties change. The tests of the hypotheses are carried out through a text analysis and a statistical survey. The essay concludes that Sverigedemokraterna has not changed very much and that it is mainly an esthetical and not an ideological change. Therefore the first hypothesis has to be falsified. The second hypothesis can be neither falsified nor verified, because the material is too diverse. Further studies are necessary to explain the electoral success of Sverigedemokraterna.