Since the 1950s, more than 6 million dolphins have died as by-catch in the American yellowfin tuna fishery. These deaths were not caused by accidental incidents between fishermen and dolphins but resulted from a method of fishing that purposefully targeted these animals in order to catch yellowfin tuna. Referred to as “fishing on porpoise,” this technique remained an industry secret for decades. By the early 1970s, however, dolphin by-catch had become a major environmental issue in the United States, thanks to the work of William F. Perrin. In the following years, politicians, scientists, environmentalists, and members of the tuna industry struggled with how best to resolve the problem. While the debates that arose from the “tuna-porpoise controversy” helped to dramatically reduce dolphin by-catch, these solutions did not come easily. This thesis looks to bring this forgotten moment in American environmental history to the historical forefront by exploring the origins and early years of the tuna-porpoise controversy. By examining this period, this thesis will show why fishermen first used dolphins to catch tuna in the 1950s, how and why dolphin by-catch became such a major environmental issue in the 1970s, and what various groups and individuals did to ameliorate the problem during the period. / Graduate

A main concern in fisheries science has been to identify an accurate index of fish abundance. An underlying paradigm in the science has been that the amount of effort (calculated in hours and standardized for boat size) spent fishing was the best variable to be used to account for the variation in catches. The use of the ratio, catch per unit of effort (cpue), assumes that variations in fish abundance are due to human-controlled processes above the ocean's surface. It does not account for variation due to oceanographic processes that affect fish behaviour and movement patterns below the ocean's surface. This study investigated the possibility that oceanographic factors such as temperature, salinity and depth could have effects on the variations observed in the apparent abundance of a demersal rockfish, Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus. Gilbert). Simultaneous monitoring of physical variables and fish abundance estimation was achieved by attaching oceanographic equipment to the fishing gear of commercial vessels, monitoring the acoustic equipment and sampling the fish catch. It was found that Perch prefer a temperature range from 6.7 °C, down to at least 4.8 °C and that their movement patterns are linked to the movement of these temperatures by coastal wind patterns. Perch prefer areas with steep bathymetry, characterized by frontal activity due to interactions between the local bathymetry and tidal currents. Concerns that sampling only from highly successful commercial vessels may have biased abundance estimates, prompted the analysis of historical records of fish catch and government research surveys. Analyses between different boat sizes, different areas and different seasons from the original historical data base and a corrected subset revealed that it was mainly differences between areas that was responsible for the biasing of estimates. Deeper areas predictably produced more fish for all sizes of boats, but were fished more often by the larger boats used in the study. Therefore the field abundance estimates are likely to be biased towards areas of larger perch concentrations. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The decline of the world’s fisheries, and the inability of traditional management frameworks to maintain them, has led managers to adopt new, alternative management frameworks. Alternative management frameworks include marine protected areas (MPA) and dedicated access privileges (DAP). The use of such frameworks has often been shown to be quite unpopular, especially with commercial fishers. In this thesis, commercial fishers’ preference for alternative management frameworks is examined in the context of the unique multispecies fisheries of the Florida Keys. By surveying commercial fishers, it was found that the size of operation plays no role in affecting fisher perception of dedicated access privileges. Furthermore, fishers who are organized are less likely to support dedicated access privilege frameworks. Finally, the fishing industry does not support the implementation of dedicated access privileges in the Florida Keys. These findings can provide inputs for managers in developing effective management plans in the region.

Der Anbau von Zwischenfrüchten leistet einen enormen Beitrag zur Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit sowie zur Konservierung von Nährstoffen in der Zeit zwischen Ernte der Hauptfrucht und Aussaat der Folgekultur. Zwischenfrüchte sowohl in Reinsaat als auch im Gemenge wurden diesbezüglich auf Feldversuchsanlagen untersucht und ausgewertet. Im Vordergrund stand im Jahr 2013/14 der Einsatz von organischem und mineralischem Stickstoffdünger zur besseren Bestandsetablierung. Der Bericht dokumentiert die Ergebnisse. Zudem werden verschiedene Aussaattechniken ökonomisch bewertet und Anbauempfehlungen gegeben.

Skillnaden mellan det marknadsförda priset och försäljningspriset är något media under de senaste åren och än idag gärna riktar fokus mot. Fastighetsmäklare påstås använda sig av lockpriser vid marknadsföring av objekt till salu. År 2015 nådde man rekordsiffror för antalet anmälningar till Fastighetsmäklarinspektionen (FMI). Enligt fastighetsmäklarna själva handlar det om att dem gör ett bra arbete. Fastighetsmäklarna kan inte påverka hur den enskilda budgivaren agerar vid en budgivning. I den här studien tittade jag därför på hur budgivningen påverkar skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris. Sex olika kommuner i Stockholm undersöktes, vardera med 156 observationer från år 2011-2015. Med hjälp av multipla regressionsanalyser försökte jag se ett samband mellan prisskillnaden och budgivningen i de olika kommunerna. De faktorer jag valde att titta på inom budgivningen var "kontraktsdatum", "antal bud" och "antal budgivare". Statistik framställdes även för att se den genomsnittliga skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris i respektive kommun. Detta för att kunna diskutera förekomsten av lockpriser. Studien visade att ett svagt samband råder mellan prisskillnaden och valda faktorer. Slutsatsen som drogs var att antal bud och antal budgivare inte på egen hand utgör en anledning till skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris. Dessa faktorer kan istället tillsammans med andra faktorer förklara slutpriset bra. I samtliga kommuner var skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris dessutom för liten för att kunna klassas som lockpris. / The difference between the marketed price and the selling price is something the media has been focusing on during the last few years and the focus is still the same today. Real estate agents are said to use too low prices in order to attract customers when marketing their listings. The amount of reports to FMI (the authority that supervise real estate agents in Sweden) reached record levels during 2015. According to the real estate agents themselves, this is due to the good work they do. The real estate agents cannot influence how the individual bidder will act during bidding. I therefore looked at how bidding affects the difference between the listed price and the selling price in this study. Six different municipalities in Stockholm are examined, each with 156 observations from year 2011-2015. I tried to see the relationship between the difference in price and bidding in each of the municipalities with the help of multiple regression models. The factors I selected within bidding was the "contract date", "amount of bids" and "amount of bidders". Statistics were also generated to see the average difference between the listed price and the selling price in each municipality. This was done to discuss the occurrences of too low prices. The study shows a weak relationship between the difference in price and the chosen factors. The conclusion was that the amount of bids and the amount of bidders did not single-handedly cause the difference between the listing price and selling price. These factors could instead, alongside with other factors, account for the selling price. The difference between the listing price and selling price in all of the municipalities was too insignificant to be classified as "price to catch customers".

Indian IT companies have garnered a good market share in the global IT servicesmarket. Research has been emerging on the competitiveness of the Indian IT industryand the opportunities which led to the success of the Indian IT industry. However,considering the current challenges posed to the Indian IT industry, Indian IT companieshave to move up in the value chain and achieve technology led catch-up with theincumbents to maintain the market share in a highly competitive market. The first part of this study investigates the windows of opportunities created by technoeconomic paradigm shifts and discontinuities that will help the Indian IT companies tomove up in the value chain. To capitalize on the opportunities, Indian IT companieshave to improve their innovation efforts. In the second part of this study, certaindeterminants which improve the ideation capability of the organization are investigatedin the Indian IT companies and its effects are discussed. The report also discussesvarious strategies that can be employed by the Indian IT companies to capitalize on theopportunities and to achieve technology led catch-up.

Mit dem Anbau von Zwischenfrüchten kann die Nitratbelastung des Grundwassers reduziert oder niedrig gehalten werden. Zwischenfrüchte verbessern und erhalten die Bodenfruchtbarkeit, erhöhen die biologische Bodenaktivität und bieten Schutz vor Erosion. Auf Feldversuchsanlagen wurden Biomasseertrag, Stickstoffaufnahme und Stickstoffdynamik im Boden verschiedener Zwischenfruchtvarianten untersucht und ausgewertet. Eine Beschreibung der einzelnen Pflanzenarten und Hinweise zur Bestandesführung soll helfen, mit einer geeigneten Zwischenfruchtmischung gute Bestände zu etablieren.

The bus route survey technique is a new on-site angler survey technique that was developed for small rivers, with remote access points and low angler use. The technique employs vehicle counts to collect angler effort information. Interviews are conducted at access points to collect user characteristic and catch data from arriving, mid-trip, or departing anglers. This technique was modified to sample total recreational use on 306 km of the James River from Glen Wilton to Richmond, Virginia. The river was spatially stratified into 6 areas, two urban areas (Areas 5 and 6), and four rural areas (Areas 1-4). The two-year study was conducted from March through November, in 1988 and 1989. In order to compare the bus route technique in a large riverine system, I conducted four 4-day intensive sampling days, two weekend and two week days, in Areas 1 and 4 during each year. During these periods a complete as possible access-point survey was conducted simultaneously with the bus route survey. Surveyors for both techniques collected effort, user characteristic, and catch data from several user groups. Aerial flights were also conducted to estimate effort during the 4-day intensive sampling periods. Effort estimates of the bus route and complete access-point surveys were similar in both areas, however aerial surveys collected 205 (29%) more hours of effort per sample because it included users accessing the river through undefined or private access points. Data collected on most user characteristics were not significantly different among methods. In three of four sampling periods catch was not significantly different between the bus route and complete access-point techniques, but in 1988, Area 4, catch was statistically higher for the complete access-point surveys. To solve this problem of underestimating case with the bus route survey more afternoon samples must be conducted to intercept departing anglers. In areas with more than 15 access points or driving time between access points is longer than half the survey day, the bus route can be extended over a two-day period, or a sub-sample of a number of access points can be surveyed. A 4-day intensive sampling period was conducted in 1989, Area 1 during the summer season to compare effort, user characteristics, and catch data between two-day, sub-sampling, and complete access-point surveys. Also, 26 sampling days were conducted in 1989, Area 1 during the summer season to compare effort, user characteristics, and catch between two-day and sub-sampling bus route techniques. No significant difference in effort, and certain (9) user characteristics, or angler catch data was detected between bus route modifications or the complete access-point survey. Also, no significant differences in effort, user characteristics (11), and angler catch variables (2) were detected between the two-day and sub-sampling methods that were conducted throughout the entire summer period. The bus route survey was designed to have equal daily probabilities. When unequal daily probabilities are used, the daily effort formula becomes complex. Daily effort, user characteristics, and catch data were compared from interviews conducted in morning and afternoon samples in 1989, Area 4 during the summer season. Results showed no statistical difference in effort although a mean of 72 (52%) more hours of effort were collected per afternoon sampling period. Most user characteristics were not significantly different, but a larger proportion of departing users were interviewed in the afternoon period (54%) then the morning period (22%). Because only two departing interviews in the early sampling period were anglers, catch estimates could not be compared between the two periods. If collecting catch data is an important survey objective, then more afternoon bus route sampling periods must be conducted. / Ph. D.

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled 'Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries', funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation. / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T22:11:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version.pdf: 2457125 bytes, checksum: 159e5ecfb2ba7a58c8f0bf57741590b7 (MD5) / Rejected by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br), reason: Aluna irá submeter novamente com o arquivo certo. Márcia Bacha on 2016-05-04T13:07:55Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-04T22:38:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version.pdf: 2754297 bytes, checksum: 00edcb7f67f2dec68188195feee49ba2 (MD5) / Rejected by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br), reason: A aluna irá submeter novamente. on 2016-05-05T18:36:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T21:20:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T14:38:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-16T17:05:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T17:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / This study aims to investigate the theory of catch-up cycles in the setting of developing countries. We chose the Brazilian seeds sector as the locus of investigation. In order to explain catching up and industrial leadership, as suggested by the authors, we confront changes at the global level and windows of opportunities that emerged with responses from the main company of the sector - Embrapa. In our empirical study, we made use of in-depth interviews with historical and longitudinal analysis. We found evidence that changes in key dimensions alter in importance over time, but that institutions/public policy seem to be the forces that most contribute to strong dominance of transnational companies nowadays. Moreover, differently than suggested by some authors (although they are mainly focused in the Argentinean seeds sector), we find evidence that transnational companies – particularly the Gene Giants – do are driven the process of seeds innovation in the industry. In addition, the highest amount of launching of new varieties each year is not synonymous of more (or bigger) innovation; dominant positions in the market is not directly associated with higher levels of technological innovation. In fact, market innovation – e. g., commercial approach of transnational companies, which includes financing of producers and sales distribution - seems to be, at least, as relevant as technological innovation in the setting of seeds industry. / Esse estudo busca investigar a teoria de ciclos de 'catch-up' no contexto de países em desenvolvimento. O setor de sementes agrícolas brasileiro foi escolhido como locus de investigação. A fim de explicar catching up e lideranças na indústria, foram confrontadas mudanças e janelas de oportunidades ocorridas no nível global com as respostas da principal empresa do setor – Embrapa. No estudo empírico, fizemos uso de entrevistas em profundidade e análise histórica e longitudinal. Foram encontradas evidências de que mudanças em dimensões-chave alteram em importância ao longo do tempo, mas que instituições/políticas públicas parecem ser as forças que mais tem contribuído para a forte dominância das empresas transnacionais atualmente. Além disso, diferentemente do que tem sido sugerido por alguns autores (embora eles estivessem focados principalmente no setor de sementes da Argentina), encontramos evidências de que as empresas transnacionais - em particular as 'Gene Giants' - realmente tem direcionado o processo de inovação na indústria de sementes. Além disso, a maior quantidade de lançamento de novas variedades a cada ano não é sinónimo de mais (ou de maior) inovação; posições dominantes no mercado também não estão diretamente associadas a níveis mais elevados de inovação tecnológica. Na verdade, a inovação no mercado - e. g, abordagem comercial das empresas transnacionais, o que inclui o financiamento de produtores e de distribuição de vendas - parecem ser, pelo menos, tão relevantes quanto a inovação tecnológica no cenário da indústria de sementes. RESUMO 2 - UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF NETWORK STRUCTURES: ALLYING THE GROUNDED-THEORY TO SOCIAL NETWORK APPROACH APPLIED TO THE BRAZILIAN SEEDS SECTOR O objetivo deste trabalho é lançar luz sobre uma lacuna previamente identificada em Powell et al. (2005) e posteriormente explorada em Ahuja, Soda e Zaheer (2012): a compreensão das origens e evolução das estruturas de rede intensivas em conhecimento; em outras palavras, seu dinamismo. Especificamente, essa pesquisa examinou como e por que redes centradas em uma empresa pública de P&D de um país em desenvolvimento têm evoluído para assumir as formas que elas possuem. No processo de examinar a questão de pesquisa, especial atenção foi dada para as várias razões pelas quais os setores público e privado buscam estabelecer parcerias. O contexto empírico escolhido foi o setor de sementes agrícolas do Brasil, mas nos focamos especificamente no programa de melhoramento de soja da Embrapa, a principal empresa representativa do setor. A lógica subjacente utilizada para desenvolver nosso arcabouço teórico foi a 'grounded theory'. O desenho de pesquisa é um estudo de caso único longitudinal, estudo indutivo, mas também foi feito uso da abordagem de rede social. Com base nos achados de pesquisa, nós desenvolvemos um arcabouço teórico para compreender o dinamismo das redes. Nós constatamos diferentes interesses entre as empresas, que mudaram ao longo do tempo, e diferentes efeitos para cada tipo de rede. Além disso, foi confirmada a crescente relevância da interação entre atores organizacionais e importantes 'trade-offs' entre organizações públicas e privadas. RESUMO 3 - TECHNOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY OF EMBRAPA AND THE CONQUEST OF CERRADO Apesar da existência de inúmeros estudos dedicados a investigar a trajetória tecnológica das empresas, pouca atenção tem sido dada a algumas características dessa trajetória. Como exemplo, podem ser citados o tempo que as empresas levam para avançar tecnologicamente e a influência de fatores, tais como as redes de conhecimento e mecanismos de aprendizagem na capacidade tecnológica das firmas. Na verdade, a relação redes-capacidades é considerada por muitos autores uma das mais importantes interações, que tem sido negligenciada. Esse artigo busca minimizar esses 'gaps' na literatura. Especificamente, nós examinamos a trajetória tecnológica da principal empresa brasileira do setor de sementes agrícolas – Embrapa – incluindo o tempo para avançar tecnologicamente e a relação redes de conhecimento-capacidades tecnológicas. No processo de examinar a trajetória tecnológica da Embrapa, nós examinamos como a Embrapa conquistou o Cerrado e mensuramos alguns importantes resultados de inovações tecnológicas – produção e exportação. Por meio de um estudo de caso longitudinal, nós concluímos que a Embrapa adotou diferentes trajetórias ao longo do tempo. Inicialmente a empresa adotou a trajetória 'path-following', em seguida a trajetória 'path-skipping' e, posteriormente, a trajetória 'path-creating'. A Embrapa também mudou seus parceiros ao longo do tempo (ou eles tiveram seus papeis adaptados às condições da época). Com a ajuda de parceiros, a Embrapa foi capaz de rapidamente alcançar o nível de liderança mundial. Ademais, indicadores de produção e exportação provaram ser relevantes para mensurar resultados de esforços de inovação.

Os empreendimentos denominados pesque-pague, comuns na bacia hidrográfica do Mogi-Guaçu (região sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais e nordeste do estado de São Paulo), são provenientes, em sua maioria, de infra-estrutura pré-existente e da vontade dos produtores rurais ampliarem a sua atividade econômica. Variam quanto ao porte, estrutura, área hídrica, oferta de serviços, sendo empreendimentos particulares, voltados para pesca amadora em viveiros ou lagos construídos e com várias espécies de peixes. Recebem de 50 a 200 pessoas de diferentes níveis culturais, sociais e financeiros, os quais, por sua vez, tornam-se co-responsáveis pelos aspectos positivos (lazer) e negativos (geração de resíduos) desse tipo de empreendimento. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção ambiental e o perfil socioeconômico desses usuários, bem como a possível relação desse perfil com a freqüência e as diversas categorias do empreendimento. Para isso, foram utilizados alguns instrumentos como a entrevista, a técnica da observação e a análise da percepção ambiental desses usuários. Conclui-se que, em geral, os pesque-pagues são freqüentados em sua maioria (85%) pelos homens, sendo que o menor número de mulheres (15%) pode ser influência da falta de estrutura dos estabelecimentos. O nível de instrução com maior percentual foi para o ensino fundamental incompleto (28%) para os dois gêneros, e mesmo sendo considerado como baixo, não interfere na preferência dos usuários pelos estabelecimentos de categoria C, que oferecem bons serviços aliados a bons preços. Quanto à percepção ambiental, observa-se certo equilíbrio, com 50% do total de entrevistados não conseguindo descrever a paisagem de entorno ou percebendo o cheiro e a cor da água dos lagos de pesca. Na análise dos resíduos gerados, observou-se a parcela significativa da contribuição dos usuários, tendo em vista que tudo que é gerado pelos mesmos durante a pesca é deixado no entorno dos lagos. A desinformação e a falta de conscientização de proprietários e usuários são alguns dos itens principais dos vários problemas ligados aos pesque-pagues. Como instrumento de mudança, tem-se a educação ambiental, que aliada a ações apropriadas levará ao desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. / Most of the fishing enterprises denominated catch-and-pay (pesque-pagues), common in the Mogi-Guaçu river basin (southwest Minas Gerais and northwest São Paulo states), are originated from a former infrastructure and the rural producers desire to diversify their economic activity. Their capacity, structure, hydric area and service offering vary, and they are private enterprises, taking aim at amateur fishing in fishponds or constructed lakes and with many fish species. Daily, these enterprises receive 50 to 200 customers, with different cultural, social and economic standards, which become co-responsible by their positive (leisure) and negative (residue production) aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental perception and the socioeconomic profile of these users, and also the eventual relation between the profiles, the frequency, and the various enterprises categories, through tools such as interviews, observation techniques and environmental perception analysis. It was concluded that, usually, the most of the catch-and-pay enterprises frequenter (85%) are men, and that the low women amount (15%) can be due to the lack of structure of the enterprises. The higher educational level (28%) was incomplete elementary school, for both gender, and although it is considered small, do not contribute to the users preference for the C enterprises category, which offers good services associated to good prices. With regard to the environmental perception, it was observed a balance, whereas 50% of the interviewers could not describe the landscape around the enterprises or perceiving the smell and the color of the fishing ponds water. Analyzing the generated residue, it was observed a significant contribution of the users, since everything generated by them during the fishing process is left around the ponds. The owners and users disinformation and lack of perception are some of the causes of the various problems associated with the catch-and-pay enterprises. Environmental education, associated to adequate actions, could be an instrument for the sustainable development of the sector.