京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18173号 / 医博第3893号 / 新制||医||1003(附属図書館) / 31031 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 木原 正博, 教授 一山 智 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Nepakankama mityba iki nėštumo ir per nėštumą gali lemti palikuonio svorio pokyčius, vėlesnę brandą ar lėtines neinfekcines ligas suaugus. Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti mitybos iki nėštumo ir per nėštumą įtaką žiurkių palikuonių fizinei būklei. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti žiurkių palikuonių svorio kitimo tendencijas tarp pirmos ir antros palikuonių kartų. 2. Įvertinti morfologinius pirmos ir antros kartos palikuonių išvaizdos ir elgsenos pokyčius. Tyrime naudotos 12 motininių žiurkių patelių ir 121 palikuonis. Žiurkių maitinimas vyko nustatytomis eksperimento sąlygomis: I eksperimentinės grupės (N=5) žiurkės buvo 50 proc. ribotos maisto 1 mėnesį iki nėštumo ir per visą nėštumo laikotarpį, II eksperimentinės grupės (N=5) žiurkės buvo ribotos 50 proc. maisto 1 mėnesį iki nėštumo, III eksperimentinė grupė (N=2) – kontrolinė, buvo maitinama ad libitum (apie 20 g/p). Vėliau visų grupių žiurkės šertos ad libitum. Palikuonys sverti kartą per savaitę, vertinta metabolinį stresą patyrusių ir nepatyrusių žiurkių palikuonių išvaizda, elgsena ir kiti metabolinio streso požymiai: domėjimasis aplinka, bailumas, agresyvumas, nervingumas. Rezultatai: 1. ▪ Suaugę pirmos kartos iki nėštumo ir per nėštumą maisto medžiagų ribojimą patyrusių žiurkių vyriškos lyties palikuonys sveria reikšmingai daugiau už kitas grupes; ▪ Suaugę antros kartos tik iki nėštumo maisto medžiagų ribojimą patyrusių žiurkių vyriškos lyties palikuonys sveria reikšmingai daugiau nei kitų grupių palikuonys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Unsufficient diet before pregnancy or in time of pregnancy can lead to inadequate weight of offspring, delayed maturation as well as obesity and greater risk of noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. The main objective of this study was to explore if there is a change in rat offspring’s body weight that can be attributed to maternal nutrition. Materials and methods. The animals were housed under standard conditions in the vivarium of the Institute of Biochemistry. All animal procedures are in accordance with the The State Food and Veterinary Service. The cohort of 12 mature female Wistar rats was divided into 3 groups with respect to nutritional restriction. The rats were fed either a control (1 group) or restricted diet (2 groups): one experimental group was food-restricted prior to pregnancy and the other - one month prior and through the pregnancy period. Both food-restricted rat groups received 50 percent less of the feed eaten in the control group. After 1 month maternal rats were mated. After weaning all pups were fed with control diet ad libitum. Pups were weighted weekly with the same, calibrated scales. After 4 months female offspring were mated following a standard above mentioned procedure. 2nd offspring generation was kept and weighted under the same standardized conditions. We also observed and evaluated offspring appearance, behavior and other signs of metabolic stress: interest in the environment, fear, aggressiveness, nervousness. Results show that 1... [to full text]

Afin de poursuivre une cible en mouvement, le système nerveux central (SNC) utilise deux types de mouvements oculaires: la poursuite et les saccades. Les saccades sont des mouvements rapides et brefs de redirection de l’axe visuel d’un centre d’intérêt à un autre. La poursuite est un mouvement lent qui tend à maintenir la cible d’intérêt sur la fovéa. La vitesse de l’œil étant toujours inférieure à celle de la cible, une erreur positionnelle entre l’œil et la cible va croître en l’absence de mouvement correctif. Des saccades de rattrapage sont déclenchées par le SNC pour corriger cette erreur. Alors qu’il est largement reconnu que le système de la poursuite utilise un modèle interne du mouvement de la cible pour améliorer ses capacités, la modalité de contrôle de l’amplitude des saccades de rattrapage est sujette à controverse quant au rôle direct d’afférences sensorielles ou d’un modèle interne de la cible en mouvement. Nous avons développé un nouveau paradigme de transition de poursuite oculaire appliqué à l’Homme sain, dans lequel la cible change de manière imprévisible d’un profil de vitesse non constant périodique à un profil de vitesse non constant apériodique. Nos résultats confirment que le SNC utilise un modèle interne de la cible en mouvement pour contrôler l’amplitude des saccades de rattrapage. Ce modèle se construit progressivement à partir de 168 millisecondes après le changement de profil de vitesse et est utilisé conjointement par les systèmes de la poursuite et saccadique. Le substrat neuronal potentiel de ce modèle interne sera discuté à la lumière des connaissances issues de la littérature concernant le contrôle moteur et oculomoteur. / Two types of eye movements are combined while tracking a moving object: smooth pursuit and saccades. Saccades are rapid redirections of the visual axis between two centers of interest. Because pursuit gain is smaller than one, the eye would increasingly lag behind the target without any correcting movements. Thus, “catch-up saccades” are triggered by the central nervous system (CNS) to cancel this growing position error between the eye and the target. It is widely accepted that an internal model of target motion is used by the CNS to cancel inherent delays between visual input and smooth pursuit motor output, ensuring accurate tracking of moving targets. The amplitude of catch-up saccades triggered during smooth pursuit could be corrected by a delayed sensory signal to account for the ongoing target displacement during catch-up saccades. Yet, recent studies suggested that the correction of catch-up saccade amplitude must also be done through an internal model of target motion. We developed a new paradigm in which the target switches unexpectedly from one target with a non-constant periodic velocity profile to another with a non-constant aperiodic velocity profile. Our results in healthy humans confirm that the CNS uses an internal model of target motion to correct catch-up saccade amplitude. Internal model is being built gradually from 168 ms after the target switch. We show that a common internal model of target motion is shared within the CNS to control smooth pursuit and to correct catch-up saccade amplitude. The potential neuronal substrate of such an internal model will be discussed in the light of the knowledge from the literature on motor and oculomotor control.

Neurologinių sutrikimų nustatymui dažnai naudojamas sekamųjų akių judesių tyrimas. Tačiau mokslinėje literatūroje nėra detaliai išnagrinėtas vienas sekamųjų akių judesių parametras – pasivejančių sakadų tarpsakadinis laiko intervalas. Taip pat, pasivejančių sakadų parametrų priklausomybė nuo sekamo objekto trajektorijos ir greičio nėra aiški. Šio darbo tikslas - ištirti sekimo paklaidos, sakadų dažnio aplink okliuzijas ir tarpsakadinių laiko intervalų priklausomybę nuo sekamo objekto trajektorijos tipo ir jo judėjimo greičio. / Human oculomotor system analysis is often used to diagnose neurological disorders by studying tracking eye movements of the patient. However, one of the parameters of tracking eye movements is not thoroughly investigated – the intersaccadic interval of catch up saccades. Also, dependencies of parameters of catch-up saccades on different target trajectories and velocities are not clear. The aim of this paper is to study the dependency of tracking error, frequency distribution around occlusions and intersaccadic interval of catch-up saccades on target trajectory and velocity.

This paper analyses the effects of enhanced trade between Austria and its four neighbouring Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Slovenia) on sectoral production and regional welfare in Austria. The analysis is based on two distinct modelling traditions at the centre of regional science. The first model (a Fischer-Johansson Model of bilateral trade flows) is used to predict the volume and commodity composition of future trade flows based on a long term income scenario. The predicted long-term increases of the trade flows are huge. Exports rise by 190 % and imports by 160 % (compared to 1995). The effects of these trade flows on sectoral production and regional welfare in Austria are simulated by means of a multiregional computable general equilibrium model for the Austrian economy. The model contains the 9 Federal Provinces (NUTS-II). The likely implications of the projected trade flows are measured in terms of real income, which can be expected to rise by 1.2 %. The welfare gains will not necesarily be shared equally by all Federal Provinces. The results indicate a clear East-West pattern with the eastern regions of Austria gaining most. (authors' abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

This thesis has three self-contained articles. Economic growth and trade in human capital: A salient empirical pattern in the East Asian “miracle” is a large increase in output and factor accumulation despite  only a modest increase in TFP. I develop and calibrate a model of growth and catch-up to provide a possible explanation. A novel element of the model is a globalized education market allowing human capital transfer from frontier to developing economies – an assumption motivated by the experience of countries like Korea and Taiwan where domestic universities employed graduates of Western universities to provide advanced training. The political economy of urban bias in dictatorial regimes. In many developing countries, public resource allocation is often biased against the rural population – a policy that hurts the vast majority of the poor living in rural areas. This paper develops a dynamic political economy model of urban bias in a dictatorial regime. A novel result of the model is that urban bias can emerge in predominantly agrarian economies even if there is no bias  in political power toward urban residents. The empirical evidence from a recently compiled country-level panel dataset on agricultural taxes/subsidies is consistent with the prediction of the model. Does agricultural growth cause manufacturing growth? Empirically assessing the impact of agricultural growth on manufacturing growth is challenging because of endogeneity concerns. This paper attempts to circumvent the identification challenge by using weather variations to instrument for agricultural growth. The IV estimations show that agricultural growth has a significant positive impact on manufacturing growth, and it is larger than the OLS estimates. I discuss the empirical implications for agricultural policies, efficiency of the manufacturing sector, and for the role of agricultural growth in Africa's industrialization.

This study investigates the impacts of regional characteristics on the early-stage performance of New Technology-Based Firms (NTBFs) in catch-up regions where a mature industrial cluster has yet to be formed. It hypothesized that the average NTBF performance in a region is a function of its scientist job market conditions, cultural diversity, venture capital, academic research, industrial structure, and local entrepreneurial climate. Using the events of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) and Merger & Acquisitions (M&A) as an indicator of early-stage success of NTBFs, this study constructs a set of Zero-Inflated-Negative-Binomial (ZINB) models to predict the spatial distribution of such events in the U.S. biopharmaceutical and Information Technology (IT) service industries during the period from 1996 to 2005. Several empirical findings emerge from this study. First, the local entrepreneurial climate plays a significant and positive role on NTBF performance in both industries. Second, the positive impact of cultural diversity is more significant in the IT service industry than in the biopharmaceutical industry. Third, the scientist job market size and absolute salary level have positive impacts on NTBF performance, but the effect of relative salary level is negative. Fourth, proximity to venture capital firms has positive but non-linear effects, but the adverse effect of excess venture capital is stronger in the IT service industry. Fifth, there is little evidence of the direct effects of academic research in determining the NTBF performance in both industries. Finally, industrial specialization is significant and positive only in the IT service industry. The results suggest that promoting local entrepreneurial climate and cultural diversity are two effective policy instruments for catch-up regions to foster their NTBF growth.

abstract: The development of advanced, anthropomorphic artificial hands aims to provide upper extremity amputees with improved functionality for activities of daily living. However, many state-of-the-art hands have a large number of degrees of freedom that can be challenging to control in an intuitive manner. Automated grip responses could be built into artificial hands in order to enhance grasp stability and reduce the cognitive burden on the user. To this end, three studies were conducted to understand how human hands respond, passively and actively, to unexpected perturbations of a grasped object along and about different axes relative to the hand. The first study investigated the effect of magnitude, direction, and axis of rotation on precision grip responses to unexpected rotational perturbations of a grasped object. A robust "catch-up response" (a rapid, pulse-like increase in grip force rate previously reported only for translational perturbations) was observed whose strength scaled with the axis of rotation. Using two haptic robots, we then investigated the effects of grip surface friction, axis, and direction of perturbation on precision grip responses for unexpected translational and rotational perturbations for three different hand-centric axes. A robust catch-up response was observed for all axes and directions for both translational and rotational perturbations. Grip surface friction had no effect on the stereotypical catch-up response. Finally, we characterized the passive properties of the precision grip-object system via robot-imposed impulse perturbations. The hand-centric axis associated with the greatest translational stiffness was different than that for rotational stiffness. This work expands our understanding of the passive and active features of precision grip, a hallmark of human dexterous manipulation. Biological insights such as these could be used to enhance the functionality of artificial hands and the quality of life for upper extremity amputees. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2013

Indian IT companies have garnered a good market share in the global IT servicesmarket. Research has been emerging on the competitiveness of the Indian IT industryand the opportunities which led to the success of the Indian IT industry. However,considering the current challenges posed to the Indian IT industry, Indian IT companieshave to move up in the value chain and achieve technology led catch-up with theincumbents to maintain the market share in a highly competitive market. The first part of this study investigates the windows of opportunities created by technoeconomic paradigm shifts and discontinuities that will help the Indian IT companies tomove up in the value chain. To capitalize on the opportunities, Indian IT companieshave to improve their innovation efforts. In the second part of this study, certaindeterminants which improve the ideation capability of the organization are investigatedin the Indian IT companies and its effects are discussed. The report also discussesvarious strategies that can be employed by the Indian IT companies to capitalize on theopportunities and to achieve technology led catch-up.

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled 'Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries', funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation. / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T22:11:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version.pdf: 2457125 bytes, checksum: 159e5ecfb2ba7a58c8f0bf57741590b7 (MD5) / Rejected by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br), reason: Aluna irá submeter novamente com o arquivo certo. Márcia Bacha on 2016-05-04T13:07:55Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-04T22:38:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version.pdf: 2754297 bytes, checksum: 00edcb7f67f2dec68188195feee49ba2 (MD5) / Rejected by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br), reason: A aluna irá submeter novamente. on 2016-05-05T18:36:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marne Santos de Melo (marne.melo@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T21:20:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T14:38:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-16T17:05:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T17:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PhD Dissertation_MarneMelo_Final_Version_05052016.pdf: 2534725 bytes, checksum: f6d42a161060acc546b6d30458d2a77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / This study aims to investigate the theory of catch-up cycles in the setting of developing countries. We chose the Brazilian seeds sector as the locus of investigation. In order to explain catching up and industrial leadership, as suggested by the authors, we confront changes at the global level and windows of opportunities that emerged with responses from the main company of the sector - Embrapa. In our empirical study, we made use of in-depth interviews with historical and longitudinal analysis. We found evidence that changes in key dimensions alter in importance over time, but that institutions/public policy seem to be the forces that most contribute to strong dominance of transnational companies nowadays. Moreover, differently than suggested by some authors (although they are mainly focused in the Argentinean seeds sector), we find evidence that transnational companies – particularly the Gene Giants – do are driven the process of seeds innovation in the industry. In addition, the highest amount of launching of new varieties each year is not synonymous of more (or bigger) innovation; dominant positions in the market is not directly associated with higher levels of technological innovation. In fact, market innovation – e. g., commercial approach of transnational companies, which includes financing of producers and sales distribution - seems to be, at least, as relevant as technological innovation in the setting of seeds industry. / Esse estudo busca investigar a teoria de ciclos de 'catch-up' no contexto de países em desenvolvimento. O setor de sementes agrícolas brasileiro foi escolhido como locus de investigação. A fim de explicar catching up e lideranças na indústria, foram confrontadas mudanças e janelas de oportunidades ocorridas no nível global com as respostas da principal empresa do setor – Embrapa. No estudo empírico, fizemos uso de entrevistas em profundidade e análise histórica e longitudinal. Foram encontradas evidências de que mudanças em dimensões-chave alteram em importância ao longo do tempo, mas que instituições/políticas públicas parecem ser as forças que mais tem contribuído para a forte dominância das empresas transnacionais atualmente. Além disso, diferentemente do que tem sido sugerido por alguns autores (embora eles estivessem focados principalmente no setor de sementes da Argentina), encontramos evidências de que as empresas transnacionais - em particular as 'Gene Giants' - realmente tem direcionado o processo de inovação na indústria de sementes. Além disso, a maior quantidade de lançamento de novas variedades a cada ano não é sinónimo de mais (ou de maior) inovação; posições dominantes no mercado também não estão diretamente associadas a níveis mais elevados de inovação tecnológica. Na verdade, a inovação no mercado - e. g, abordagem comercial das empresas transnacionais, o que inclui o financiamento de produtores e de distribuição de vendas - parecem ser, pelo menos, tão relevantes quanto a inovação tecnológica no cenário da indústria de sementes. RESUMO 2 - UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF NETWORK STRUCTURES: ALLYING THE GROUNDED-THEORY TO SOCIAL NETWORK APPROACH APPLIED TO THE BRAZILIAN SEEDS SECTOR O objetivo deste trabalho é lançar luz sobre uma lacuna previamente identificada em Powell et al. (2005) e posteriormente explorada em Ahuja, Soda e Zaheer (2012): a compreensão das origens e evolução das estruturas de rede intensivas em conhecimento; em outras palavras, seu dinamismo. Especificamente, essa pesquisa examinou como e por que redes centradas em uma empresa pública de P&D de um país em desenvolvimento têm evoluído para assumir as formas que elas possuem. No processo de examinar a questão de pesquisa, especial atenção foi dada para as várias razões pelas quais os setores público e privado buscam estabelecer parcerias. O contexto empírico escolhido foi o setor de sementes agrícolas do Brasil, mas nos focamos especificamente no programa de melhoramento de soja da Embrapa, a principal empresa representativa do setor. A lógica subjacente utilizada para desenvolver nosso arcabouço teórico foi a 'grounded theory'. O desenho de pesquisa é um estudo de caso único longitudinal, estudo indutivo, mas também foi feito uso da abordagem de rede social. Com base nos achados de pesquisa, nós desenvolvemos um arcabouço teórico para compreender o dinamismo das redes. Nós constatamos diferentes interesses entre as empresas, que mudaram ao longo do tempo, e diferentes efeitos para cada tipo de rede. Além disso, foi confirmada a crescente relevância da interação entre atores organizacionais e importantes 'trade-offs' entre organizações públicas e privadas. RESUMO 3 - TECHNOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY OF EMBRAPA AND THE CONQUEST OF CERRADO Apesar da existência de inúmeros estudos dedicados a investigar a trajetória tecnológica das empresas, pouca atenção tem sido dada a algumas características dessa trajetória. Como exemplo, podem ser citados o tempo que as empresas levam para avançar tecnologicamente e a influência de fatores, tais como as redes de conhecimento e mecanismos de aprendizagem na capacidade tecnológica das firmas. Na verdade, a relação redes-capacidades é considerada por muitos autores uma das mais importantes interações, que tem sido negligenciada. Esse artigo busca minimizar esses 'gaps' na literatura. Especificamente, nós examinamos a trajetória tecnológica da principal empresa brasileira do setor de sementes agrícolas – Embrapa – incluindo o tempo para avançar tecnologicamente e a relação redes de conhecimento-capacidades tecnológicas. No processo de examinar a trajetória tecnológica da Embrapa, nós examinamos como a Embrapa conquistou o Cerrado e mensuramos alguns importantes resultados de inovações tecnológicas – produção e exportação. Por meio de um estudo de caso longitudinal, nós concluímos que a Embrapa adotou diferentes trajetórias ao longo do tempo. Inicialmente a empresa adotou a trajetória 'path-following', em seguida a trajetória 'path-skipping' e, posteriormente, a trajetória 'path-creating'. A Embrapa também mudou seus parceiros ao longo do tempo (ou eles tiveram seus papeis adaptados às condições da época). Com a ajuda de parceiros, a Embrapa foi capaz de rapidamente alcançar o nível de liderança mundial. Ademais, indicadores de produção e exportação provaram ser relevantes para mensurar resultados de esforços de inovação.