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The research performed aims to develop a deeper understanding and prediction of behaviour of complex chemical and physical systems using density functional theory (DFT) modelling complemented by experimental techniques. We focus on phenomena relevant to practical applications of semiconducting materials. Semiconductor nanowires, produced by the vapor-liquid-solid method are being considered for applications in photo sensors, field effect transistors, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and energy harvesting devices. In particular, semiconductor nanowire based photovoltaic devices show potential for lower cost due to less material utilization and greater energy conversion efficiency arising from enhanced photovoltage or photocurrent due to hot carrier or multiexciton phenomena enhanced light absorption, compared to conventional thin film devices. Further, freedom from lattice matching requirements due to strain accommodation at the nanowire surfaces enable compatibility with a wide variety of substrates including Silicon. Thus understanding and improving the optoelectronic properties of nanowires is of great interest. In the first paper, we study the effect of planar defects on optoelectronic properties of nanowire based semiconductor devices. Specifically, we were interested in investing the origin of various features observed in the photoluminisence (PL) spectrum of GaP nanowire using density functional modelling, which are not well understood. In the second paper, we work to model bonding characteristics during a chemical synthesis. We focus on the synthesis of nanoparticles for supercapacitor application. In the past decade, comprehensive research has been emphasized on manganese oxides for electrochemical supercapacitor (ECS) applications. Mn3O4 has gained significant interest due to its compatibility with capping agents and the unique spinel structure allows for potential modifications with other cations. Many metal oxide synthesis techniques are based on aqueous processing. The synthesized particles are usually dried and redispersed in organic solvents to incorporate water-insoluble additives such as binders to fabricate films and devices. However, during the drying step nano-structures are highly susceptible to agglomeration, which can be attributed to the condensation reactions occurring between particles and reduction in surface energy. Poor electrolyte access due to agglomeration and low intrinsic conductivity of Mn3O4 are detrimental to the performance of Mn 3O4 electrode especially at high active mass loadings. Numerous attempts have focused on controlling size and morphology of Mn3O4 nanostructures using capping agents, which have strong adhesion to particles surface to inhibit agglomeration. Catechol containing molecules have been used for dispersion of metallic nanoparticles and fabrication of composite thin films, resulted in narrow size distribution of nanoparticles and strong adhesion to substrates. Despite the experimental results showing good adsorption of catechol group to metal atoms, the mechanism is unclear since it is highly influenced by synthesis parameters. We use Infrared spectroscopy in conjugation with density functional modelling to understand the binding mechanism of 3,4 dihydroxy benzaldehyde onto Mn3O4 surface. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer chromophorer Catecholderivate mit ausgeprägten push-pull-pi-Systemen. Die solvatochromen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen werden in Abhängigkeit der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsdonor- und -akzeptorfähigkeit sowie Lösungsmitteldipolarität diskutiert. Mit entsprechenden methoxy- und dimethoxyfunktionalisierten Catecholderivaten ist es möglich, vergleichende Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen aufzustellen. Durch Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen der chromophoren Catechole mit Schwermetallionen kann gezeigt werden, dass die synthetisierten Verbindungen als Sensoren eingesetzt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird des Weiteren die Adsorption der Catecholderivate an Metalloxide beschrieben. Mit Farbstoffen sensibilisierte Oberflächen stellen derzeit ein interessantes Forschunggebiet dar. Ferner wird über die Umsetzung der Catecholderivate mit Trialkoxysilanen zu zwitterionischen, spirozyklischen, pentakoordinierten lambda5Si-Silicaten sowie mit Tetraalkoxysilanen zu dianionischen, hexakoordinierten lambda6Si-Silicaten berichtet. Besonderes Augenmerk lag dabei auf UV/vis-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer chromophorer Catecholderivate mit ausgeprägten push-pull-pi-Systemen. Die solvatochromen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen werden in Abhängigkeit der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsdonor- und -akzeptorfähigkeit sowie Lösungsmitteldipolarität diskutiert. Mit entsprechenden methoxy- und dimethoxyfunktionalisierten Catecholderivaten ist es möglich, vergleichende Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen aufzustellen. Durch Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen der chromophoren Catechole mit Schwermetallionen kann gezeigt werden, dass die synthetisierten Verbindungen als Sensoren eingesetzt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird des Weiteren die Adsorption der Catecholderivate an Metalloxide beschrieben. Mit Farbstoffen sensibilisierte Oberflächen stellen derzeit ein interessantes Forschunggebiet dar. Ferner wird über die Umsetzung der Catecholderivate mit Trialkoxysilanen zu zwitterionischen, spirozyklischen, pentakoordinierten lambda5Si-Silicaten sowie mit Tetraalkoxysilanen zu dianionischen, hexakoordinierten lambda6Si-Silicaten berichtet. Besonderes Augenmerk lag dabei auf UV/vis-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen.

Fine temporal regulation of dopamine transmission is critical to its effects on behaviour. Dopamine can be cleared from the synapse either by recycling via the dopamine transporter (DAT) or by enzymatic degradation involving catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). DAT recycling predominates in striatum and contributes to dopaminergic regulation of reward-guided behaviour, while COMT degradation predominates in cortex and modulates executive functions. However, human functional imaging studies demonstrate interactive effects of DAT and COMT genotype, suggesting that the traditional division between DAT and COMT is not so clear-cut. Given the interdependence of mesolimbic and mesocortical circuitry and the presence of COMT in the striatum, it is possible that DAT and COMT interact to a greater extent than previously thought. We investigated the contributions of DAT and COMT to regulation of dopamine transmission and reward-guided behaviour by combining in vivo electrochemical recording, pharmacology, and behavioural testing in mice. Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry to record evoked dopamine release in anaesthetised animals, we found that systemic DAT blockade increased the size of dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) but not in the medial frontal cortex (MFC), demonstrating that DAT regulates phasic striatal dopamine release and confirming that DAT makes little contribution to regulation of cortical dopamine transmission. Unexpectedly, COMT inhibition did not affect evoked dopamine transients in either the NAc or the MFC. In agreement with these findings, systemic administration of a DAT blocker, but not of a COMT inhibitor, increased motivation to work for reward in a progressive ratio paradigm. COMT inhibition also had little effect on reinforcement learning (RL) strategies during reward-guided decision making. Intriguingly, however, we found that DAT blockade both decreased the influence of model-free RL and increased the influence of model-based RL on behaviour. Our study confirms that DAT regulates dopamine transmission in striatum but not in cortex and indicates that sub-second changes in dopamine transmission in both regions are largely insensitive to COMT. However, our behavioural data reveal the importance of striatal dopamine in multiple components of reward-guided behaviour, including both motivational aspects traditionally associated with striatum as well as cognitive aspects heretofore mainly associated with cortical function. Together, these findings emphasise that reward processing occurs across corticostriatal circuits and contribute to our understanding of how striatal dopamine transmission regulates reward-guided behaviours.

Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) sont la seconde cause d'invalidité à long terme et de mortalité dans le monde entier qui résulte d'une perte de sang au cerveau. Il y a actuellement peu de médicaments pour traiter les accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Pourtant, il y a un intérêt pour trouver un traitement, ciblant spécifiquement la cascade post-inflammatoire. Il y a une attention particulière pour inhiber les protéines peroxyrédoxines humaines (hPrx) qui sont des initiateurs clés de l'inflammation. Les protéines hPrx sont des enzymes qui dégradent les peroxydes et aussi protègent les cellules du stress oxydatif. Cette thèse est centrée sur l'étude de ligands potentiels des hPrx, dérivés du catéchol, susceptibles de devenir des agents thérapeutiques potentiels pour traiter les AVC. Premièrement, différents ligands potentiels ont été criblés par RMN et modélisation moléculaire pour savoir s'ils pouvaient se lier à différents isoformes des peroxirédoxines. Ces études ont révélé que ces dérivés du catéchol pouvaient se lier à plusieurs hPrx. Deuxièmement, la capacité des dérivés du catéchol à inhiber l'activité des hPrx a été examinée au travers de tests enzymatiques in vitro. Il a été montré que tous les dérivés du catéchol étudiés étaient capables de les inhiber. En utilisant des simulations de dynamique moléculaire, nous avons pu expliquer le mécanisme d'action moléculaire d'inhibition. En général, cette recherche fournit un aperçu des ligands qui pourrait être développés pour devenir un médicament pour aider dans le processus de rétablissement de patients atteints d'attaque cérébrale / Strokes are the second leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide that result from a sudden loss of blood to the brain. Currently, there are limited drugs to treat patients when having a stroke. However, there is now interest focused on treatment after a stroke, specifically the post-inflammation cascade. In particular, there is attention to inhibit human peroxiredoxin proteins, which are key initiators of inflammation. Human peroxiredoxins are enzymes that degrade peroxides and also, protect the cells against oxidative stress. This thesis focuses on studying ligands, catechol derivatives, to bind and inhibit human peroxiredoxin proteins to become potential therapeutic agents for strokes. First, the ligands were screened to identify if they could bind to various human peroxiredoxin isoforms with NMR and computational modeling techniques. This study revealed the catechol derivatives could indeed bind to several human peroxiredoxins. Second, the ability for the catechol derivatives to inhibit human peroxiredoxin peroxidase activity was examined through an in vitro enzymatic assay. All the catechol derivatives were determined to inhibit several human peroxiredoxins. In utilizing molecular dynamic simulations, it assisted in explaining the in vitro inhibition molecular mechanism of action. Overall, this research provides insight of molecules that could be further developed to become possibly a drug to aid in stroke patients recovery process

INTRODUÇÃO: O caráter familial do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) já é bem estabelecido. O gene da catecol O-metiltransferase (COMT) vem sendo objeto de estudo na genética de transtornos mentais, como o TOC. No caso deste transtorno, os resultados de estudos de associação com o gene da COMT são, em sua maioria, contraditórios. Meta-análises prévias, todas elas conduzidas com limitações metodológicas, encontraram achados também divergentes. Nesta tese, foram realizadas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre estudos de associação baseados em famílias envolvendo o polimorfismo Val158Met do gene da COMT e o TOC e duas meta-análises, uma convencional e outra bayesiana, a fim de sintetizar os achados sobre este tema. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho seguiu o protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise da Rede de Epidemiologia Genética Humana (HuGE). A busca por estudos de associação baseados em famílias foi feita em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, assim como foram pesquisados estudos não publicados, dentre os quais um estudo ainda inédito, liderado pela autora desta tese. A meta-análise convencional foi calculada com o auxílio do programa STATA V. 11 e a bayesiana a partir da média das verossimilhanças. Foram investigados os viéses de publicação, heterogeneidade, além de análise de sensibilidade e metarregressão. RESULTADOS: O estudo original, que contou com 83 trios, conduzido pela autora desta tese, não encontrou associação entre COMT e TOC. Este estudo, em conjunto com mais oito estudos (seis estudos publicados e dois não publicados), foram incluídos na meta-análise. As meta-análises com método convencional e bayesiano não encontraram associação entre o polimorfismo Val158Met do COMT e o TOC na amostra total, nem nas amostras separadas por gênero. CONCLUSÕES: Contrariando meta-análises prévias, os achados deste estudo não demonstraram associação entre COMT e TOC. No entanto, a participação do gene da COMT em subgrupos específicos do TOC e em seus endofenótipos de risco ainda merece ser investigada / BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been considered a familial disorder. The catechol-O-methyltransferase gene has been studied in several mental disorders, including OCD. Particularly in this disorder, the findings of an association between COMT and OCD are inconclusive. Previous meta-analyses, which were conducted with several methodological limitations, found conflicting results. This work comprises: a systematic literature review regarding family-based association studies involving the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD, and two metaanalyses, a conventional and a Bayesian meta-analysis, to summarize the findings on this subject. METHODS: This study was performed according to the Human Genome Epidemiology network (HuGE) guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. The search for family-based association studies were conducted in five electronic databases and in sources from unpublished studies. An original unpublished study, led by the author of this thesis, was included in the meta-analysis. The conventional meta-analysis was calculated with the STATA V.11 software and the Bayesian meta-analysis through the likelihood mean. Publication bias and heterogeneity were investigated. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed. RESULTS: The original study with 83 OCD trios, conducted by the author of this thesis, found no association between COMT and OCD. This study, together with eight other studies (six studies being published and two unpublished), were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses with the conventional and Bayesian method found no association between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD in the total, female-only or male-only samples. CONCLUSIONS: Different from previous meta-analyses, this study does not support the association between COMT and OCD. However, the involvement of the COMT gene in specific subgroups of OCD or endophenotypes associated with a risk for OCD should be further investigated

INTRODUÇÃO: O caráter familial do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) já é bem estabelecido. O gene da catecol O-metiltransferase (COMT) vem sendo objeto de estudo na genética de transtornos mentais, como o TOC. No caso deste transtorno, os resultados de estudos de associação com o gene da COMT são, em sua maioria, contraditórios. Meta-análises prévias, todas elas conduzidas com limitações metodológicas, encontraram achados também divergentes. Nesta tese, foram realizadas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre estudos de associação baseados em famílias envolvendo o polimorfismo Val158Met do gene da COMT e o TOC e duas meta-análises, uma convencional e outra bayesiana, a fim de sintetizar os achados sobre este tema. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho seguiu o protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise da Rede de Epidemiologia Genética Humana (HuGE). A busca por estudos de associação baseados em famílias foi feita em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, assim como foram pesquisados estudos não publicados, dentre os quais um estudo ainda inédito, liderado pela autora desta tese. A meta-análise convencional foi calculada com o auxílio do programa STATA V. 11 e a bayesiana a partir da média das verossimilhanças. Foram investigados os viéses de publicação, heterogeneidade, além de análise de sensibilidade e metarregressão. RESULTADOS: O estudo original, que contou com 83 trios, conduzido pela autora desta tese, não encontrou associação entre COMT e TOC. Este estudo, em conjunto com mais oito estudos (seis estudos publicados e dois não publicados), foram incluídos na meta-análise. As meta-análises com método convencional e bayesiano não encontraram associação entre o polimorfismo Val158Met do COMT e o TOC na amostra total, nem nas amostras separadas por gênero. CONCLUSÕES: Contrariando meta-análises prévias, os achados deste estudo não demonstraram associação entre COMT e TOC. No entanto, a participação do gene da COMT em subgrupos específicos do TOC e em seus endofenótipos de risco ainda merece ser investigada / BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been considered a familial disorder. The catechol-O-methyltransferase gene has been studied in several mental disorders, including OCD. Particularly in this disorder, the findings of an association between COMT and OCD are inconclusive. Previous meta-analyses, which were conducted with several methodological limitations, found conflicting results. This work comprises: a systematic literature review regarding family-based association studies involving the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD, and two metaanalyses, a conventional and a Bayesian meta-analysis, to summarize the findings on this subject. METHODS: This study was performed according to the Human Genome Epidemiology network (HuGE) guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. The search for family-based association studies were conducted in five electronic databases and in sources from unpublished studies. An original unpublished study, led by the author of this thesis, was included in the meta-analysis. The conventional meta-analysis was calculated with the STATA V.11 software and the Bayesian meta-analysis through the likelihood mean. Publication bias and heterogeneity were investigated. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed. RESULTS: The original study with 83 OCD trios, conducted by the author of this thesis, found no association between COMT and OCD. This study, together with eight other studies (six studies being published and two unpublished), were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses with the conventional and Bayesian method found no association between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD in the total, female-only or male-only samples. CONCLUSIONS: Different from previous meta-analyses, this study does not support the association between COMT and OCD. However, the involvement of the COMT gene in specific subgroups of OCD or endophenotypes associated with a risk for OCD should be further investigated