M.Sc. / Sperm, eggs, free embryos and larvae of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were used in a series of experiments conducted with zinc and copper salts in a flow-through exposure system. Metal concentrations ranged between 0 to 9mg/1 water. The aim of the study was to determine which of these early life stages was the most sensitive towards these metals and to determine whether the early life stages of the sharptooth catfish could be used for rapid bioassesment studies. Parameters investigated were sperm quality, egg hatchibility, free embryo and larval survival and growth. Within all the parameters tested sperm quality proved to be the least sensitive, with no significant changes noted at the metal concentrations used. There are notable reductions on hatching success embryonic and larval survival and growth as metal concentrations increased. Results revealed that the most sensitive was the free embryo stage directly after, and up to 48 hours after hatching. 48 hour old free embryo displayed 48th L.C.50 values as low as 1.98mg/l for zinc and 0. 0.13mg/l for copper, which indicated that this stage was very sensitive and susceptible to environmental stressors. Since C. gariepinus is an indigeniuos species that is widespread throughout the African continent and considering the sensitivity of the early life stages it is a succesfull candidade for use in rapid bioassessment tests throughout the continent.

The main objective of this study was the application and comparison of different assays in assessing toxicity of cyanobacterial samples, and also characterizing toxicity of the field samples. Therefore, toxicity of purified microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cyanobacterial samples collected from the Hartbeespoort (HBP) Dam (winter and summer seasons of 2005/2006) and Kruger National Park (KNP) were investigated and compared using the ELISA, mouse bioassay, catfish primary hepatocytes (in vitro assay) and protein phosphatase inhibition (PPi) assays. During sampling in the summer season at the HBP Dam, the dam surface was covered with a thick-green layer of cyanobacterial scum and a foul smell coming from the water surface was always present. Only blue-green streaks of cyanobacteria covered the dam surface during the winter season. All HBP Dam samples (winter and summer samples) and KNP samples (Nhlanhanzwani Dam, Mpanama Dam and Sunset Dam) were dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa with the exception of Makhohlola Dam samples which were found to have no cyanobacteria. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a guideline value for human use of 1.0 µg/L (0.001 mg/L) for MC-LR, the most common microcystin (MC) variant, in drinking water (WHO 1998), whereas 2 000 Microcystis cells/mL have been recommended as the limit of cyanobacteria in drinking water for animals (DWAF 1996). Cyanotoxin concentrations exceeding the prescribed guideline value were detected in all HBP Dam samples (ELISA results ranging between 3.67 to 86.08 mg/L; PPi results ranging between 2.99 to 54.90 mg/L) and KNP samples (ELISA results ranging between 0.1 to 49.41 mg/L; PPi results ranging between 0.006 to 10.95 mg/L) using both the ELISA and PPi assays. In the current study, a dose of about 175 µg/kg of purified MC-LR was demonstrated to be lethal in male CD-1 SPF mice. The HBP Dam summer samples and Nhlanganzwani Dam samples were the only cyanobacterial samples that resulted in death (acute toxicity) of mice. In order to be able to investigate further the in vivo effects of cyanotoxins, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to complement results obtained from the in vivo assay. Ultrastructural changes of varying degree were observed in livers of mice exposed to both the HBP Dam winter and summer samples. Early stages of hepatocyte to hepatocyte disassociation, slight vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and swollen mitochondria were the most significant ultrastructural changes produced in mouse hepatocyte tissues by the HBP Dam winter samples. The most significant ultrastructural changes produced in mouse hepatocyte tissues by the HBP Dam summer samples were massive hepatic haemorrhage indicated by the appearance of erythrocytes between hepatocytes and the extensive vesiculation of ER. This is the first time that the African sharptooth catfish primary hepatocyte model has been used to assess the hepatotoxicity of purified MC-LR and cyanotoxin-containing water samples. In this study, the toxicity of cyanobacterial samples and purified MC-LR to cause hepatotoxicity in mice was confirmed in vitro using the catfish primary cell line. A comparison among the cyanobacterial samples using EC50 showed the following hepatotoxicity trend in the catfish primary cell line: HBP Dam summer samples > Nhlanganzwani Dam samples > HBP Dam winter samples > Mpanama Dam samples > Sunset Dam samples > Makhohlola Dam samples. The HBP Dam samples were the most hepatotoxic and Makhohlola Dam samples were the least hepatotoxic. The EC50 for purified MC-LR using the catfish primary hepatocytes was about 91 nM. A statistical comparison of the assays used in this study (i.e. ELISA, PPi, mouse test and cytotoxicity [catfish primary hepatocyte] assays) was performed based on the Kappa coefficient (K). An almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80) was observed between the mouse test and cytotoxicity assay; mouse test and ELISA; cytotoxicity assay and ELISA; and ELISA and PPi assay. In conclusion, field samples collected during the summer season were found to have very high levels of toxins and a higher degree of toxicity when compared to the winter samples. The cytotoxicity assay using African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) primary hepatocytes has been shown for the first time to produce results similar to those observed when using the mouse bioassay in assessing cyanobacterial toxicity. Therefore, this primary cell line may be used as a potential alternative to the mouse assay in toxicity testing of cyanotoxins. Three KNP dams (Nhlanganzwani Dam, Mpanama Dam and Sunset Dam) investigated in this study were found to contain Microcystis aeruginosa. All four KNP dams (Nhlanganzwani Dam, Mpanama Dam, Makhohlola Dam and Sunset Dam) had cyanotoxin levels above the prescribed guideline value, which is of concern and warrants further investigations to the effects on wildlife in the park. Future studies will include use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to investigate the toxin profile of the field samples in order to fully describe the different classes/or types of toxins present in the samples. More validation studies that could give a more comprehensive understanding about the sensitivity of the catfish primary cell line for microcystins will also be undertaken. / Dissertation (MSc (Paraclinical Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

The fate of ring-14C labeled triphenyltin hydroxide was studied in a model ecosystem consisting of soiI, water, and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Two initial levels of triphenyltin hydroxide concentration in soiI, 1.0 and 0.010 ppm, were compared. The soiI showed a gradual loss of 20 to 30% of the total 14C residues. Only about 33% of the remaining soil residues could be extracted and almost all of these were triphenyltin hydroxide. Total residues in the water were very low. Catfish muscle and viscera accumulated 14C residues continually throughout the treatment portion of the experiment. When the catfish were transferred to untreated aquaria the total residues in the catfish remained at a steady plateau. In the catfish muscle, extractable residues accounted for less than 10% of the total residues and essentially all were triphenyltin hydroxide. Approximately 80% of the total residues in the entire model ecosystem remained bound, mainly in the soiI and catfish. Of the extractable residues from the soiI, water, and catfish muscle the greatest percentage was found to be triphenyltin hydroxide.

From June to November 1967, a study on channel catfish, lctalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in Mud Lake, Utah Co., Utah was undertaken. The objectives were (I) to estimate if channel catfish are increasing or decreasing in Mud Lake, (2) to estimate the mean size of adult channel catfish in Mud lake, (3) to determine which environmental factors effect the catch of channel catfish, and (4) to determine if the channel catfish in Mud lake are residents year round. A total of 310 mature channel catfish and 920 carp were collected with four hoop nets. Two fingerling were captured by seining. Ratios between carp and channel catfish over a 17 year period had been established which indicated a possible increase in the channel catfish population. With the exception of the fingerIings all channel catfish captured were at least 36.8 cm long with an average of 50.2 cm. A comparison between environmental factors (water temperture, turbidity, water level, and barometric pressure) and the catch showed that only water temperature changes had a statistically significant influence. Large catches during June, July, August, and September were recorded. In later months the numbers of fish captured decreased and no channel catfish could be seen when tho water cleared. It appears that channel catfish utiIize Mud Lake only during the summer.

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8-9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths with a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads showed hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate and pyruvate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, probably due to a greater fuel supply. Whole-body pyruvate levels in both species did not change from control levels until the last hour of cyanide exposure. / M.S.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M33 / Master of Science

A família de Siluriformes Neotropicais Cetopsidae possui cinco gêneros e 43 espécies válidas, com ampla distribuição nas regiões norte e central da América do Sul, tanto cis- como trans-andina. Cetopsidae é proposta como um grupo monofilético, suportado pela maioria dos estudos morfológicos e moleculares. Os estudos evolutivos sobre o sistema nervoso de bagres neotropicais são bastante escassos, apesar desse complexo apresentarimportantes modificações potencialmente informativas para estudos de inferência filogenética. Para testar a significância dos caracteres neuroanatômicos em filogenias, a morfologia externa das principais subdivisões encefálicas de Cetopsidae foi descrita, ilustrada e interpretada. Além disso, análises comparativas do desenvolvimento desse complexo foram realizadas em Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides com o intuito de estabelecer homologias e compreender suas modificações ontogenéticas. Os caracteres foram delimitados e testados separadamente em análises filogenéticas e posteriormente combinados com caracteres morfológicos e moleculares com diferentes métodos de análise. Para determinar o volume de cada região analisada, um modelo elipsoide foi utilizado. Amplas comparações baseadas no formato, posição relativa e volume das principais regiões encefálicas são apresentadas para a maioria das espécies representativas de todos os gêneros de Cetopsidae. As mesmas comparações também foram realizadas ao longo do desenvolvimento de Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides. Além disso, comparações com integrantes de outras famílias filogeneticamente relacionadas em Siluriformes forneceram um amplo contexto para um maior entendimento das principais modificações evolutivas que moldaram o encéfalo doscetopsídeos. Análises filogenéticas de todos os caracteres morfológicos foram primeiramente conduzidas em separado, e posteriormente em matrizes concatenadas sob o critério da Parcimônia. Análises Bayesianas com sequências alinhadas e concatenadas de três genes mitocondriais (COI, 16S e Cytb) foram implementadas. Por fim, análises filogenéticas com todos os dados combinados foram conduzidas sob os critérios da Parcimônia e Bayesiano. Padrões morfológicos distintos foram definidos para cada uma das duas principais subdivisões de Cetopsidae, as subfamílias Helogeninae e Cetopsinae. Poucas variações intraespecíficas na morfologia externa do encéfalo xii existem entre todas as espécies examinadas aqui. As modificações observadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do encéfalo de Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides foram utilizadas para a formulação correta de caracteres e seus estados. Todos os gêneros foram recuperados como grupos monofiléticos pelos caracteres neuroanatômicos.Mapeamentos filogenéticos revelaram alguns padrões morfológicos sugestivos com especializações alimentares e outras características de história de vida correlacionadas ao sistema nervoso central. Os caracteres morfológicos e moleculares se mostraram bastante congruentes nas hipóteses filogenéticas, comas incongruências restritas à tribo Cetopsini. Todas as análises recuperaram Helogeninae como grupo-irmão dos demais cetopsídeos, seguido por Cetopsidiini, Denticetopsini e Cetopsini como grupos-irmãos sucessivos.Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo suportam a ideia de que análises amplas e concatenadas de dados morfológicos e moleculares resultam em hipóteses de relacionamentos robustas e bem suportadas. Os caracteres neuroanatômicos são altamente informativos para inferências filogenéticas, que podem ser exploradospara uma maior compreensão da evolução de Otophysi. / The Neotropical South American catfish Cetopsidae is a family of Siluriformes that includes five genera and 43valid species distributed over a large portion of northern and central regions of South America, on both sides of the Andean cordilleras. The monophyly of the family is supported by several previous studies, based on both morphological and molecular characters. Despite the scarcity of evolutionary studies on the nervous system of neotropical catfishes, that complex shows great variation potentially informative for phylogenetic inference. In order to test the significance of neurological traits in a phylogenetic framework, the gross morphology of brain subdivisions in the catfish family Cetopsidae is described, illustrated and interpreted. In addition, comparative analyzes of the development of this complex were carried out in Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioidesin order to establish homologies and ontogenetic transformations. Characters were delimited and tested separately in phylogenetic analyzes and later combined with other morphological and molecular characters with different methods of analysis. The volume of major brain subdivision was calculated by an ellipsoid model. A comprehensive comparison based on shape, relative position, and volume of the main brain subdivisions is presented for representative species of all genera and most available species in the family. The same comparisons were also made throughout the development of Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides. Comparisons with other phylogenetically related siluriform families provide a broader context for the understanding of the main evolutionary transformations which shaped the cetopsid brain. Phylogenetic analyzes of all morphological characters were first conducted separately, and later in matrices concatenated under the Parsimony criterion. Bayesian analyzes of three aligned and concatenated mitochondrial gene sequences (COI, 16S and Cytb) were implemented. Analyzes of all the data combined were conducted under both Parsimony and Bayesian criteria. Profoundly distinct morphological patterns are identified for each of the two main cetopsid subdivisions, subfamilies Helogeninae and Cetopsinae. Little intraspecific variation on major subdivisions of the brain exists in species examined herein. The modifications observed throughout the development of the brain inHelogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides were used for the correct delimitation xiv of characters and their states. The monophyly of all genera is supported by putative neuroanatomic characters. Phylogenetic mapping reveals recurrent morphological patterns suggestive of an association with specific feeding specializations and other life-history traits. Morphological and molecular characters were highly congruent in phylogenetic hypotheses, with inconsistencies restricted to the tribe Cetopsini. All analyzes recovered Helogeninae as thesister group toall remaining cetopsids, followed by Cetopsidiini, Denticetopsini and Cetopsini as successive sister groups. Results of the present study support the idea that large and concatenated analyzes of morphological and molecular characters result in robust well-supported hypotheses of relationships. Neuroanatomical characters are highly informative for phylogenetic inferenceand area promising field to be explored in understanding the evolution of Otophysi.

Submitted by Vanessa Nunes (vnunes@unisinos.br) on 2015-03-17T15:44:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 000013CC.pdf: 3069356 bytes, checksum: 1eb2032506601da5a056c92ff6514b27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T15:44:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000013CC.pdf: 3069356 bytes, checksum: 1eb2032506601da5a056c92ff6514b27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Milton Valente / A família Loricariidae compreende o maior número de espécies descritas de cascudinhos com aproximadamente 872 espécies válidas, sendo a maior família da ictiofauna mundial. A subfamília Hypoptopomatinae composta por 20 gêneros e 136 espécies é reconhecida como monofilética. Entretanto, a monofilia do gênero Parotocinclus, (Lehmann, 2006) vem sendo contestada. Estudos filogenéticos afirmam que Parotocinclus ocupa uma posição mais basal dentro tribo Otothyrini. Em uma hipótese mais recente da filogenia da subfamília, não foi encontrado suporte para apoiar o monofiletismo da tribo Otothyrini, e Parotocinclus foi reconhecido como um gênero agrupando um complexo de espécies altamente polifilético. Atualmente, Parotocinclus agrupa 28 espécies válidas. Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) (espécie tipo do gênero) é encontrada nos rios costeiros desde Santa Catarina até o Espírito Santo. Caracteriza-se pela presença de placas ósseas, cintura peitoral exposta suportando odontódeos, nadadeira adiposa presente e nadadeira dorsal e peitoral um pouco avermelhada. Apresenta dimorfismo sexual, machos com papila genital visível e uma projeção de pele na base do espinho na nadadeira pélvica. O esqueleto de P. maculicauda apresenta alto grau de fusão e redução de tamanho em muitas estruturas ósseas. A análise de caracteres externos e internos e, sua comparação entre as diferentes espécies de Loricariideos, assim como a configuração dos ossos e músculos associados à cintura peitoral e ao crânio, são considerados no levantamento de caracteres morfológicos informativos a diferentes níveis dentro da família Loricariidae. / The family Loricariidae comprises the largest number of described species of catfishes with approximately 872 valid species , the largest family of world fish fauna. The Hypoptopomatinae subfamily comprises 20 genera and 136 species are recognized as monophyletic . However , the monophyly of the genus Parotocinclus, is being challenged . Phylogenetic studies claim that Parotocinclus occupies a more basal position within Otothyrini tribe. In a more recent hypothesis of the phylogeny of the subfamily, was not found support for the monophyly of Otothyrini tribe and Parotocinclus was recognized as a genera gathering a complex of highly polyphyletic species. Currently , Parotocinclus joins 28 valid species. Parotocinclus maculicauda (type species of the genus) is found in coastal rivers from Santa Catarina to the Espirito Santo states . It is characterized by the presence of bony plates, pectoral girdle exposed supporting odontodes , the presence of adipose fin and dorsal and pectoral fins slightly reddish . Was sexually dimorphic, males with visible genital papilla, a projection of skin at the base of the spine in the pelvic fin. The skeleton of P. maculicauda presents a high degree of mergers and downsizing in many bony structures. The analysis of external and internal characters and their comparison between different loricaiid species, as well as the configuration of the bones and associated pectoral girdle and skull muscles, are considered in the survey of morphological information at different levels within the family Loricariidae.m

A família de Siluriformes Neotropicais Cetopsidae possui cinco gêneros e 43 espécies válidas, com ampla distribuição nas regiões norte e central da América do Sul, tanto cis- como trans-andina. Cetopsidae é proposta como um grupo monofilético, suportado pela maioria dos estudos morfológicos e moleculares. Os estudos evolutivos sobre o sistema nervoso de bagres neotropicais são bastante escassos, apesar desse complexo apresentarimportantes modificações potencialmente informativas para estudos de inferência filogenética. Para testar a significância dos caracteres neuroanatômicos em filogenias, a morfologia externa das principais subdivisões encefálicas de Cetopsidae foi descrita, ilustrada e interpretada. Além disso, análises comparativas do desenvolvimento desse complexo foram realizadas em Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides com o intuito de estabelecer homologias e compreender suas modificações ontogenéticas. Os caracteres foram delimitados e testados separadamente em análises filogenéticas e posteriormente combinados com caracteres morfológicos e moleculares com diferentes métodos de análise. Para determinar o volume de cada região analisada, um modelo elipsoide foi utilizado. Amplas comparações baseadas no formato, posição relativa e volume das principais regiões encefálicas são apresentadas para a maioria das espécies representativas de todos os gêneros de Cetopsidae. As mesmas comparações também foram realizadas ao longo do desenvolvimento de Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides. Além disso, comparações com integrantes de outras famílias filogeneticamente relacionadas em Siluriformes forneceram um amplo contexto para um maior entendimento das principais modificações evolutivas que moldaram o encéfalo doscetopsídeos. Análises filogenéticas de todos os caracteres morfológicos foram primeiramente conduzidas em separado, e posteriormente em matrizes concatenadas sob o critério da Parcimônia. Análises Bayesianas com sequências alinhadas e concatenadas de três genes mitocondriais (COI, 16S e Cytb) foram implementadas. Por fim, análises filogenéticas com todos os dados combinados foram conduzidas sob os critérios da Parcimônia e Bayesiano. Padrões morfológicos distintos foram definidos para cada uma das duas principais subdivisões de Cetopsidae, as subfamílias Helogeninae e Cetopsinae. Poucas variações intraespecíficas na morfologia externa do encéfalo xii existem entre todas as espécies examinadas aqui. As modificações observadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do encéfalo de Helogenes marmoratus e Cetopsis gobioides foram utilizadas para a formulação correta de caracteres e seus estados. Todos os gêneros foram recuperados como grupos monofiléticos pelos caracteres neuroanatômicos.Mapeamentos filogenéticos revelaram alguns padrões morfológicos sugestivos com especializações alimentares e outras características de história de vida correlacionadas ao sistema nervoso central. Os caracteres morfológicos e moleculares se mostraram bastante congruentes nas hipóteses filogenéticas, comas incongruências restritas à tribo Cetopsini. Todas as análises recuperaram Helogeninae como grupo-irmão dos demais cetopsídeos, seguido por Cetopsidiini, Denticetopsini e Cetopsini como grupos-irmãos sucessivos.Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo suportam a ideia de que análises amplas e concatenadas de dados morfológicos e moleculares resultam em hipóteses de relacionamentos robustas e bem suportadas. Os caracteres neuroanatômicos são altamente informativos para inferências filogenéticas, que podem ser exploradospara uma maior compreensão da evolução de Otophysi. / The Neotropical South American catfish Cetopsidae is a family of Siluriformes that includes five genera and 43valid species distributed over a large portion of northern and central regions of South America, on both sides of the Andean cordilleras. The monophyly of the family is supported by several previous studies, based on both morphological and molecular characters. Despite the scarcity of evolutionary studies on the nervous system of neotropical catfishes, that complex shows great variation potentially informative for phylogenetic inference. In order to test the significance of neurological traits in a phylogenetic framework, the gross morphology of brain subdivisions in the catfish family Cetopsidae is described, illustrated and interpreted. In addition, comparative analyzes of the development of this complex were carried out in Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioidesin order to establish homologies and ontogenetic transformations. Characters were delimited and tested separately in phylogenetic analyzes and later combined with other morphological and molecular characters with different methods of analysis. The volume of major brain subdivision was calculated by an ellipsoid model. A comprehensive comparison based on shape, relative position, and volume of the main brain subdivisions is presented for representative species of all genera and most available species in the family. The same comparisons were also made throughout the development of Helogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides. Comparisons with other phylogenetically related siluriform families provide a broader context for the understanding of the main evolutionary transformations which shaped the cetopsid brain. Phylogenetic analyzes of all morphological characters were first conducted separately, and later in matrices concatenated under the Parsimony criterion. Bayesian analyzes of three aligned and concatenated mitochondrial gene sequences (COI, 16S and Cytb) were implemented. Analyzes of all the data combined were conducted under both Parsimony and Bayesian criteria. Profoundly distinct morphological patterns are identified for each of the two main cetopsid subdivisions, subfamilies Helogeninae and Cetopsinae. Little intraspecific variation on major subdivisions of the brain exists in species examined herein. The modifications observed throughout the development of the brain inHelogenes marmoratus and Cetopsis gobioides were used for the correct delimitation xiv of characters and their states. The monophyly of all genera is supported by putative neuroanatomic characters. Phylogenetic mapping reveals recurrent morphological patterns suggestive of an association with specific feeding specializations and other life-history traits. Morphological and molecular characters were highly congruent in phylogenetic hypotheses, with inconsistencies restricted to the tribe Cetopsini. All analyzes recovered Helogeninae as thesister group toall remaining cetopsids, followed by Cetopsidiini, Denticetopsini and Cetopsini as successive sister groups. Results of the present study support the idea that large and concatenated analyzes of morphological and molecular characters result in robust well-supported hypotheses of relationships. Neuroanatomical characters are highly informative for phylogenetic inferenceand area promising field to be explored in understanding the evolution of Otophysi.

Cette étude a pour objectif principal de décrire et de comparer les aspects principaux de lécologie de six espèces de poissons-chats en ce qui concerne lhabitat, la reproduction, la croissance et la dynamique des populations afin daboutir à des propositions de gestion des pêcheries dans lOuémé, en particulier à la station dAgonlin Lowé. A partir des pêches mensuelles déchantillonnage effectuées entre mai 1999 et mars 2001, 80 espèces (dont 15 dorigine estuarienne) appartenant à 56 genres et 33 familles ont été répertoriées. Les espèces de poissons-chats, au nombre de 16, représentent 70,8 % du nombre total de poissons capturés, soit une biomasse de 69,0 %. Les abondances numérique et pondérale ont variées en fonction des mois, des habitats et des techniques de pêche. Il existe deux pics importants dabondance des poissons, en général, et des poissons-chats, en particulier : novembre et janvier. Chaque mois, une trentaine despèces sont responsables de 95 % des abondances relatives en nombre et en biomasse. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve en tête de liste Synodontis schall (31,9 % en nombre et 27,5 % en biomasse), Schilbe intermedius (23,6 % en nombre et 9,9 % en biomasse), Synodontis nigrita (5,4 % en nombre et 5,7 % en biomasse) et Clarias gariepinus (3,2 % en nombre et 20,6 % en biomasse). Clarias ebriensis (0,6 % en nombre et 0,8 % en biomasse) et Schilbe mystus (0,1 % en nombre et 0,1 % en biomasse) sont peu représentés dans les captures globales. Daprès lévolution conjointe des abondances et de la richesse spécifique au cours des mois, on observe que les valeurs plus élevées de la richesse ne sont pas nécessairement suivies dabondances plus élevées. Lorsque la capture des Mochokidae diminue dans le milieu, celle des Schilbeidae et des Clariidae augmente. Dans les habitats, un petit nombre despèces (une dizaine) ont des abondances relativement élevées. La classification numérique des espèces suivant les méthodes et techniques de pêche permet de distinguer 4 groupes de poissons qui sont pêchés en priorité par celles-ci. Létude des captures aux filets maillants mono-filaments indique que lefficacité de capture diminue avec la maille du filet. La mise en regard de ces résultats avec les précipitations indique que les captures par heure, mois et saison ne montrent pas de corrélation directe significative avec celles-ci (p > 0,05) pour les six espèces de poissons-chats étudiées. Les meilleures corrélations ont été observées chez C. ebriensis (0,43) et C. gariepinus (0,32). Létude de lactivité des poissons, basée sur leur abondance dans les captures, montre que les six espèces de poissons-chats étudiées sont toutes nocturnes. Létude de lâge et de la croissance chez C. gariepinus, C. ebriensis, S. schall et S. intermedius a été réalisée par lanalyse des structures par tailles et lexamen des coupes minces dépines de nageoires. Les tailles obtenues par retrocalcul aux différents âges ont été comparées à celles des structures par tailles. La concordance de lanalyse des structures par taille avec les résultats issus des coupes dépines de nageoires confirme que la méthode de Petersen est tout à fait applicable aux espèces étudiées et, si les conditions déchantillonnage sont bien respectées, peut amener à déterminer avec précision lâge des poissons. Les résultats obtenus, couplés à une analyse des caractéristiques physiques, chimiques et biologiques du milieu, nous révèlent lapparition des marques de croissance sur les pièces osseuses chez les espèces au mois de juillet dans le delta de lOuémé. Le déterminisme de linscription dune marque de croissance a été vérifié en station délevage chez C. gariepinus. La reprise du nourrissage semble être plus directe et favorable à la mise en place rapide dune ligne darrêt et/ou de ralentissement de croissance après une période de jeun plus ou moins longue. La condition K des six espèces considérées a varié différemment entre elles, les deux Mochokidae ayant les conditions les plus élevées. La condition est plus élevée chez C. ebriensis que chez C. gariepinus et plus élevée chez S. nigrita que chez S. schall. Au sein dune même espèce, la condition a varié selon le sexe, les mois et les habitats. Chez S. intermedius les mâles ont une condition significativement plus élevée que les femelles. Les corrélations (r de Pearson) réalisées entre la condition des espèces et les précipitations mensuelles dans le secteur dAdjohoun ne sont pas significatives pour les espèces, à lexception des femelles de C. ebriensis (r = 0,52) et de S. nigrita (r = 0,56) avec p < 0,05. Lanalyse de la répartition mensuelle des stades de maturité sexuelle et des variations de lindice gonado-somatique (IGS) indique que la reproduction des poissons se déroule en période de crue, de juillet à septembre-octobre. Lapparition dans les populations des juvéniles dâge 0+ et létude de la reproduction par le logiciel Fisat viennent en appui à ces résultats. Lexamen des proportions dovules produits par les différentes espèces montre une forte influence des caractéristiques du milieu et des activités de pêche sur S. intermedius et S. schall qui développent une stratégie de type "r" contrairement à lespèce S. nigrita qui, elle, développe une stratégie de type K ; C. ebriensis et C. gariepinus étant intermédiaires avec C. ebriensis plus proche du type r. La différence entre les rendements des différentes méthodes de pêche est liée, dune part, aux conditions du milieu et, dautre part, aux caractéristiques des méthodes ainsi quaux techniques dexploitation qui ne sont pas les mêmes. Les différents résultats liés à la mortalité confirment les observations de terrain où lon note une forte mortalité par pêche pour les six espèces. Toutefois, elle semble plus faible chez C. ebriensis (0,98). Sil est vrai que cette espèce subit une forte pression dans les trous à poissons, il semble, quen dehors de ce système, la pression sur lespèce dans les autres habitats nest pas assez élevée. Aussi, lespèce S. mystus semble ne pas être vulnérable aux engins de pêche utilisés dans le milieu. Enfin, un plan de gestion pour la ressource à Agonlin Lowé prenant en compte les résultats obtenus par cette étude devra considérer les trois principales actions suivantes : - (1) si, pour le moment, rien ne peut être fait pour réduire les captures des Clariidae dans les trous à poissons, la stratégie de gestion des populations devra être axée sur la réduction des captures dans les plaines inondées au début de la crue afin de protéger les reproducteurs pendant le frai, - (2) il est important dencourager les pratiques dexploitation des ressources, types "acadjas" et " whédos" (possibilité éventuelle délevage piscicole), qui permettent à beaucoup despèces de vivre pendant les premiers mois de leur existence et aident donc à conserver au fleuve Ouémé ses réserves de poissons, - (3) il faut étendre cette étude à dautres groupes de poissons-chats dintérêt économique dans le milieu comme par exemple Heterobranchus longifilis qui se fait de plus en plus rare dans les captures, afin denvisager des opérations de repeuplement du milieu.