O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da variação do teor de umidade no valor do índice de suporte CBR de uma brita estabilizada granulometricamente e de seis solos coletados em rodovias do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os seis solos estudados foram divididos em três pares, com curvas granulométricas próximas, mesma classificação HRB e USCS, sendo cada par formado por um solo de comportamento laterítico e um solo de comportamento não-laterítico. Os corpos-de-prova foram moldados na umidade ótima e massa específica seca máxima obtidos com os resultados do ensaio de Proctor normal. Os materiais foram analisados sob quatro condições de umidade: sem imersão, após alcançar metade da umidade de estabilização, após quatro e oito dias de imersão. Observou-se a distribuição da umidade interna dos corpos-de-prova para cada uma das situações. Foi analisada a influência do envelhecimento dos materiais solto e compactado por quatro dias e sem imersão, nos resultados dos ensaios de CBR. Com os resultados pôde-se correlacionar a influência da granulometria e da gênese dos materiais nos resultados dos ensaios de índice de suporte CBR nas diversas condições de umidade avaliadas. / The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the variation influence of the moisture content on the value of the CBR support index of a granulometrically stabilized crushed stone and six soils. The soils studied were divided into three pairs with similar particle size distribution curves and same HRB and USCS classification. Each pair is formed by a soil of lateritic and non-lateritic behaviors. The specimens were moulded in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density obtained from the results of the standard Proctor tests. The materials were analysed under four moisture conditions: without immersion, after reaching half of the stabilization moisture, and after four and eight days of immersion. The internal moisture distribution of the specimens was observed for each situation. The internal distribution moisture was observed for each situation. The influence of the aging of the loose and compacted materials was analysed for four days without immersion in the test results of CBR. According to the results it was possible to correlate the influence of both granulometry and genesis of the materials on test results of CBR support index in the diverse moisture conditions evaluated.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da variação do teor de umidade no valor do índice de suporte CBR de uma brita estabilizada granulometricamente e de seis solos coletados em rodovias do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os seis solos estudados foram divididos em três pares, com curvas granulométricas próximas, mesma classificação HRB e USCS, sendo cada par formado por um solo de comportamento laterítico e um solo de comportamento não-laterítico. Os corpos-de-prova foram moldados na umidade ótima e massa específica seca máxima obtidos com os resultados do ensaio de Proctor normal. Os materiais foram analisados sob quatro condições de umidade: sem imersão, após alcançar metade da umidade de estabilização, após quatro e oito dias de imersão. Observou-se a distribuição da umidade interna dos corpos-de-prova para cada uma das situações. Foi analisada a influência do envelhecimento dos materiais solto e compactado por quatro dias e sem imersão, nos resultados dos ensaios de CBR. Com os resultados pôde-se correlacionar a influência da granulometria e da gênese dos materiais nos resultados dos ensaios de índice de suporte CBR nas diversas condições de umidade avaliadas. / The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the variation influence of the moisture content on the value of the CBR support index of a granulometrically stabilized crushed stone and six soils. The soils studied were divided into three pairs with similar particle size distribution curves and same HRB and USCS classification. Each pair is formed by a soil of lateritic and non-lateritic behaviors. The specimens were moulded in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density obtained from the results of the standard Proctor tests. The materials were analysed under four moisture conditions: without immersion, after reaching half of the stabilization moisture, and after four and eight days of immersion. The internal moisture distribution of the specimens was observed for each situation. The internal distribution moisture was observed for each situation. The influence of the aging of the loose and compacted materials was analysed for four days without immersion in the test results of CBR. According to the results it was possible to correlate the influence of both granulometry and genesis of the materials on test results of CBR support index in the diverse moisture conditions evaluated.

This thesis is about symptom-based troubleshooting of heavy vehicles. The existing troubleshooting system at Scania is adapted to handle errors based on electronic fault codes. This means that some faults, such as mechanical faults when sensors are missing, are difficult to troubleshoot. In the thesis, a method is developed that will be a part of a symptom-based troubleshooting system which can handle all types of errors. The main objectives of the thesis are both to develop a method that can link customer symptoms with system reactions and also to develop formats for both customer symptoms and FMEA for the developed method. In the thesis, a literature study was first conducted in which troubleshooting methods and principles for the formalization of customer data were identified. The identified troubleshooting methods were Bayesian Network, Case-Based-Reasoning and Fault tree analysis. A case study was then conducted which was based on several documents for troubleshooting in gas engines and gas tanks. In the case study, data from the literature study and the empirically collected data were used to develop the final concept of the method. The case study included, among other things, semi-structured interviews to map out the existing troubleshooting process, and a workshop to choose the final concept. In order to meet the objectives of the thesis two research questions and one question linked to the case study were formulated: Research Questions: • RQ1: How is the troubleshooting process affected by the methods that can be used to link customer symptoms with system reactions in heavy vehicles? • RQ2: How can customer data and FMEA be formalized in order to be useful in the troubleshooting process of heavy vehicles? Case Study: • What kind of data is missing from Scania’s existing documentation to link customer symptoms with system reactions? The thesis resulted in a method based on two troubleshooting methods Bayesian network and Case-Based-Reasoning. The method links customer symptoms with system reactions by excluding human considerations and instead relying on previously documented cases and probabilities. A requirement for using this method is a cooperation between customer support, mechanics and development engineers. The formalization of customer symptoms in the developed method is based on what good data is for mechanics in troubleshooting contexts and what customers are capable of communicating; deviation – the customer’s description of the vehicle’s unexpected condition, position – where the customer considers the deviation to be present, context – what happened before, during and after the deviation was discovered. The conclusions that can be drawn is that it is not necessary to link customer symptoms with system reactions since the developed method allows the customer symptoms to be linked directly to the corrective actions needed. In addition, it was noted that the existing documentation at Scania on customer symptoms and system reactions is insufficient. However, this is not problematic as it was shown that FMEA is redundant for the method developed. In order for customer data to be useful, the formalization should include deviation, position and context. Further conclusions are that the role of the customer support becomes less critical when data driven troubleshooting methods are used, and that the accuracy of the developed method will improve over time as more data will be collected. / Detta arbete behandlar symptombaserad felsökning av tunga fordon. Scanias befintliga felsökningssystem är anpassat för att hantera fel som grundas i elektroniska felkoder. Detta innebär att vissa typer av fel, såsom mekaniska fel när sensorer saknas, är svåra att felsöka. I detta arbete utvecklas en metod som ska ingå i ett symptombaserat felsökningssystem eftersom ett sådant system kan hantera alla typer av fel. Målen med arbetet är att utveckla en metod som kan sammankoppla kundsymptom med systemreaktioner, och utveckla format för kundsymptom och FMEA för den framtagna metoden. I arbetet utfördes först en litteraturstudie där felsökningsmetoder och principer för formaliseringen av kunddata identifierades. Felsökningsmetoderna som identifierades var Bayesiska nätvkerk, Case-Based-Reasoning och Felträdsanalys. Därefter utfördes en fallstudie som grundades på underlag om felsökning inom gasmotorer och gastankar. I fallstudien användes data från litteraturstudien och den empiriskt insamlade data för att utveckla det slutgiltiga konceptet. I fallstudien utfördes bland annat semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kartlägga den befintliga felsökningsprocessen, och en workshop för att kunna välja det slutgiltiga konceptet. För att kunna uppfylla arbetets mål formulerades två forskningsfrågor och en frågeställning kopplad till fallstudien: Forskningsfrågor: • F1: Hur påverkas felsökningsprocessen utifrån de metoder som kan användas för att sammankoppla kundsymptom med systemreaktioner inom tunga fordon? • F2: Hur kan kunddata och FMEA formaliseras för att vara användbara inom felsökningsprocessen av tunga fordon? Fallstudie: • Vilken data saknas i Scanias befintliga dokumentation för att kunna sammankoppla kundsymptom med systemreaktioner? Arbetet resulterade i en metod som baseras på de två felsökningsmetoderna Bayesiska nätverk och Case-Based-Reasoning. Metoden sammankopplar kundsymptom med systemreaktioner genom att exkludera mänskligt avvägande och istället förlita sig på tidigare dokumenterade fall och sannolikhet. En förutsättning för att metoden ska kunna användas är ett samarbete mellan kundmottagare, mekaniker och utvecklingsingenjörer. Formaliseringen av kundsymptom i den framtagna metoden bygger på vad bra data är för mekaniker i felsökningssammanhang och vad kunderna är kapabla att förmedla; avvikelse – kundens beskrivning av fordonets oväntade tillstånd, position – var anser kunden att avvikelsen förekommer, kontext – vad hände innan, under och efter att avvikelsen upptäcktes. Slutsatserna som kan dras utifrån arbetet är att det inte är nödvändigt att sammankoppla kundsymptom med systemreaktioner, utan kundsymptom kan sammankopplas direkt med åtgärder med den framtagna metoden. Dessutom noterades det att den befintliga dokumentationen hos Scania angående kundsymptom och systemreaktioner är bristfällig. Detta är inte problematiskt då det påvisades att FMEA inte är nödvändig för att metoden ska fungera. För att kunddata ska vara användbart bör formaliseringen ske med avvikelse, position och kontext. Ytterligare slutsatser är att kundmottagarrollen blir mindre kritisk när datadrivna felsökningsmetoder används, och att den framtagna metodens träffsäkerhet kommer att förbättras över tid allt eftersom mer data har samlats in.

Planning for teaching imposes a significant burden on teachers, as teachers need to prepare different lesson plans for different classes according to various constraints. Statistical evidence shows that lesson planning in the Malaysian context is done in isolation and lesson plan sharing is limited. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether a case-based system can reduce the time teachers spend on constructing lesson plans. A case-based system was designed SmartLP. In this system, a case consists of a problem description and solution pair and an attributevalue representation for the case is used. SmartLP is a synthesis type of CBR system which attempts to create a new solution by combining parts of previous solutions in the adaptation. Five activities in the CBR cycle retrieve, reuse, revise, review and retain are created via three types of design: application, architectural and user interface. The inputs are the requirements and constraints of the curriculum and the student facilities available, and the output is the solution, i.e. appropriate elements of a lesson plan. The retrieval module consists of five types of search advanced search, hierarchical, Boolean, basic and browsing. Solving a problem in this system involves obtaining a problem description, measuring the similarity of the current problem to previous problems stored in a database, retrieving one or more similar cases and attempting to reuse the solution of the retrieved cases, possibly after adaptation. Case adaptation for multiple lesson plans helps teachers to customise the retrieved plan to suit their constraints. This is followed by case revision, which allows users to access and revise their constructed lesson plans in the system. Validation mechanisms, through case verification, ensure that the retained cases are of quality. A formative study was conducted to investigate the effects of SmartLP on performance. The study revealed that all the lesson plans constructed with SmartLP assistance took significantly less time than the control lesson plans constructed without SmartLP assistance, although they might have access to computers and other tools. No significant difference in writing quality, measured by a scoring system, was noticed for the control group, who constructed lesson plans on the same tasks without receiving any assistance. The limitations of SmartLP are indicated and the focus of further research is proposed. Keywords: Case-based system, CBR approach, knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, case representation, evaluation, lesson planning.

Esta investigación comprende el potencial de resistencia y la expansión que presenta el suelo, dicha evaluación es realizada mediante ensayos CBR. Se utiliza la técnica de suelo cemento para mejorar las características físicas y mecánicas, este proceso consiste en mezclar al material con cemento Portland Tipo I formando suelo cemento 10%, 15% y 20%, los cuales presentan un incremento del CBR (máximo: 138.7% y mínimo: 91.9%) logrando un tipo de subrasante extraordinaria para resistir la estructura del pavimento y una reducción de 7.18% en la expansión de las muestras. / This research includes the potential for resistance and the expansion that the soil presents, this evaluation is carried out through CBR tests. The soil cement technique is used to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics, this process consists in mixing the material with Portland cement type I. That combination forms soil cement 10%, 15% y 20%, which present an increase of the CBR (max: 138.7% y min: 91.9%) achieving a type of extraordinary subgrade to resist the structure of the pavement and a reduction of 7.18% in the expansion of the samples. / Tesis

La presente investigación propone la alternativa de uso de caucho reciclado con el fin de mejorar el diseño de la mezcla para pavimento a nivel de base granular del material de la planta de Chupuro , con el propósito predominante de estabilizar la base del material estudiado , para así minimizar el deterioro del pavimento causado por cargas de tránsito y los permanentes y continuos mantenimientos que en la actualidad se vienen dando a los pavimentos , es por ello que se analizó la incidencia el material en el valor de CBR . El objetivo de esta investigación es darle uso al caucho reciclado obtenido de los neumáticos, cámaras de bicicletas, recortándolos de manera manual y rustica en pequeñas dimensiones de tamaño de una fibra para facilitar su posterior incorporación en el material de la base granular en pavimentos.

Europe is currently in a stage of increased military spending due to greater insecurity in the region. Previous studies claim that one consequence of such an increase may be greater reliance on the military in matters that had previously been handled by civil agencies. Are societies in Europe facing a change in which the military will be more involved in crisis incident response? The purpose of this study is to examine if the role of the military in a society depends on the level of militarization of the country. With the foundational question of why the military has different roles within different societies, this study focuses on civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) dealing with CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radioactive and Nuclear)-related issues, in order to investigate the possible relationship between CIMIC and militarization. Empirical data from countries with high- and low levels of militarization are collected, and thereafter analyzed and categorized into “ideal types” of CIMIC. The forms of each country are then compared and put in the context of militarization in order to answer the foundational question. This study initiates the closing of a research gap regarding examination and analysis of the relationship between militarization and CIMIC during CBRN incident response. Additionally, this study marks the initial development of a method, including new “ideal types”, that enables the comparison of CIMIC, opening new doors for analysis of civil-military cooperation.

<p>With the Internet expansion, real-time transmission over Internet is becoming a new promising application. Successful real-time communication over IP networks requires reasonably reliable, low delay, low loss date transport. Since Internet is a non-synchronous packet switching network, high load and lack of guarantees on data delivery make real-time communication such as Voice and Video over IP a challenging application to become realistic on the Internet. </p><p>This thesis work is composed of two parts within real-time voice and video communication: network simulation and measurement on the real Internet. In the network simulation, I investigate the requirement for the network"overprovisioning"in order to reach certain quality-of-service. In the experiments on the real Internet, I simulate real-time transmission with UDP packets along two different traffic routes and analyze the quality-of- service I get in each case. </p><p>The overall contribution of this work is: To create scenarios to understand the concept of overprovisioning and how it affects the quality-of-service. To develop a mechanism to measure the quality-of-service for real-time traffic provided by the current best-effort network.</p>

Now a days where technological advancements are growing at a rapid pace, it has become a common norm for all the manufacturing companies to be abreast with these advancements for being competitive in market. This thesis deals with development of one such common norm for one of the products (Roof rack component) for company Thule. The main aim of the thesis is to curtail the products lead time to market and this was achieved by using an artificial intelligence technique i.e., Case-based reasoning (CBR). Roof rack component which is mounted on car roof is mainly constituted by two parts foot pad and bracket, this thesis main interest was concerned with only brackets and its geometry. This thesis is based on contemplating the already implemented concepts in this context, designer requirements and exploring better solutions. The methods of implementation adopted here was using CBR concept which is based on indexing , retrieve, adapt, review, retain and employing these concepts in form of an algorithm. The concept for developing the algorithm was based on Iterative closest point (ICP) approach which emphasise on assigning lower weight to pairs with greater point to point distance. The results portrayed are with respect to geometry and also with respect to application interface developed, which both together provides us a better solution.

Diagnosis of stress is important because it can cause many diseases e.g., heart disease, headache, migraine, sleep problems, irritability etc. Diagnosis of stress in patients often involves acquisition of biological signals for example heart rate, finger temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyography signal (EMG), skin conductance signal (SC) etc. followed up by a careful analysis of the acquired signals. The accuracy is totally dependent on the experience of an expert. Again the number of such experts is also very limited. Heart rate is considered as an important parameter in determining stress. It reflects status of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and thus is very effective in monitoring any imbalance in patient’s stress level. Therefore, a computer-aided system is useful to determine stress level based on various features that can be extracted from a patient’s heart rate signals. Stress diagnosis using biomedical signals is difficult and since the biomedical signals are too complex to generate any rule an experienced person or expert is needed to determine stress levels. Also, it is not feasible to use all the features that are available or possible to extract from the signal. So, relevant features should be chosen from the extracted features that are capable to diagnose stress. Again, ECG signal is frequently contaminated by outliers produced by the loose conduction of the electrode due to sneezing, itching etcetera that hampers the value of the features. A Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) System is helpful when it is really hard to formulate rule and the knowledge on the domain is also weak. A CBR system is developed to evaluate how closely it can diagnose stress levels compare to an expert. A study is done to find out mostly used features to reduce the number of features used in the system and in case library. A software prototype is developed that can collect ECG signal from a patient through ECG sensor and calculate Inter Beat Interval (IBI) signal and features from it. Instead of doing manual visual inspection a new way to remove outliers from the IBI signal is also proposed and implemented here. The case base has been initiated with 22 reference cases classified by an expert. A performance analysis has been done and the result considering how close the system can perform compare to the expert is presented. On the basis of the evaluations an accuracy of 86% is obtained compare to an expert. However, the correctly classified case for stressed group (Sensitivity) was 57% and it is quite important to increase as it is related to the safety issue of health. The reasons of relatively lower sensitivity and possible ways to improve it are also investigated and explained.