Innerhalb des Vorhabens wurde ein ATHLET-CD-Eingabedatensatz für einen generischen deutschen DWR vom Typ KONVOI entwickelt. Das ATHLET-CD-Modell wurde für die Simulation schwerer Störfälle aus den Störfallkategorien Station Blackout (SBO) und Kühlmittelverluststörfällen mit kleinen Lecks (SBLOCA) eingesetzt. Dabei ist die vollständige Störfalltransiente für den Zeitbereich zwischen dem einleitenden Ereignis bis zum Versagen des Reaktordruckbehälters (RDB) abgedeckt und alle wesentli-chen Phänomene schwerer Störfällen werden abgebildet: Beginn der Kernaufheizung, Spaltproduktfrei-setzung, Aufschmelzen von Brennstoff- und Absorbermaterialien, Oxidationsprozesse mit Freisetzung von Wasserstoff, Verlagerung von geschmolzenem Material, Verlagerung in das untere Plenum, Schä-digung und Versagen des RDB. Das Modell wurde für die Analyse möglicher präventiver und mitigativer Notfallmaßnahmen für SBO und SBLOCA angewandt. Dafür wurden die Notfallmaßnahmen primärseitige Druckentlastung (PDE), primärseitiges Einspeisen mit mobilen Pumpensystemen sowie für SBLOCA das verzögerte Einspeisen der kaltseitigen Druckspeicher untersucht und die Eigenschaften und Einleitekriterien der Maßnahmen variiert. Es wurden die Zeitverläufe der Unfallszenarien analysiert und die verbleibenden Zeitspannen für die Einleitung zusätzlicher Maßnahmen ermittelt. Für ein SBO-Szenario mit PDE wurde für die Frühphase der Transiente (bis zum Beginn der Kernschmelze) eine Unsicherheits- und Sensititvitätsanalyse durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde für ein SBLOCA-Szenario ein Code-zu-Code-Vergleich zwischen ATHLET-CD und dem Störfallcode MELCOR erarbeitet.

The purpose of this study was to compare four different methods of bibliographic instruction in order to determine which method would have the most effect on student learning.

The focus of this study is on examining when employees in the IT industry experience that it is more favorable to use automated tests and manual tests, respectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate how different companies in practice, use, work with and think about the two different test methods. Four factors that influence the choice of test method have been developed as a workframe based on five articles, all of which discuss the requirements and criteria for the two different test methods. By conducting an interview study with semi-structured interviews, data has been retrieved from two different companies. The data has in turn been analyzed based on the four factors that have been developed, namely: the number of test cases/test runs, technical aspects, what functions that are to be tested and resources. Based on the analyzes, it has been clear that the opinions from the different respondents and from previous research often remain on the same track. Thus, the various criteria could be discussed and the motivation for when the respondents use each method could be outlined. However, it also becomes clear that in the end it is mainly resources, often the number of working hours and the monetary cost, that determines what practice of testing is to be used. / Denna studie riktar in sig på att undersöka när anställda inom IT-branschen upplever att det är mer gynnsamt att använda sig av automatiserade tester respektive manuella tester. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika företag använder sig, arbetar med och ser på de två olika testmetoderna i praktiken. Fyra stycken faktorer som påverkar valet av testmetod har tagits fram som ramverk som är baserad på fem artiklar där samtliga diskuterar krav och kriterier för de två olika testmetoderna. Genom att utföra en intervjustudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer har data samlats in från två olika företag. Den insamlade datan har i sin tur analyserats utifrån de olika faktorerna som tagits fram nämligen: Antalet testfall/testkörningar, tekniska aspekter, funktioner som ska testas samt resurser. Utifrån analysen har det varit tydligt att åsikterna från de olika respondenterna samt från tidigare forskning ofta är på samma spår. Därmed har de olika kriterierna kunnat diskuterats och motiveringarna till när respondenterna använder sig av respektive metod kunnat benas ut. Dock blir det också tydligt att i slutändan är det resurser, oftast antalet arbetstimmar och den monetära kostnaden, som styr vad som borde väljas.

It is well-known that the large diversity of protein functions and structures derives from the broad spectrum of physicochemical properties of the 20 canonical amino acids that constitute modern proteins. According to the generally accepted coevolution theory of the genetic code, evolution of protein structures and functions was continuously associated with enrichment of the genetic code, with aromatic amino acids being considered the latest addition to the genetic code to increase structural stability of proteins and diversification of their catalytic functions. The main objective of this master thesis was to test whether enzymatic catalysis could precede the appearance of aromatic amino acids in the standard genetic code. For that purpose, the effect of amino acid alphabet reduction on structure and function of dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (DPCK) was studied. Dephosphocoenzyme A kinase catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, a very conserved cofactor. Two aromatic amino acid-lacking mutants of DPCK from a thermophilic bacterium, Aquifex aeolicus, were designed by substituting aromatic amino acid residues by (i) leucines and (ii) various non-aromatic amino acids to best preserve the structural stability of the protein. Wild type protein and the two mutants were cloned and...

The goal of this thesis is to explore the possibility on if it is possible to automate regression testing for a SaaS application with a serverless approach. The thesis covers the fundamentals of the software development lifecycle, cloud concepts, different types of testing frameworks, and SaaS applications. The report researches various testing tools that can be used in accordance with Polestar’s needs. The testing framework must run the existing tests and deliver the results of the tests. The system must be able to coexist with the testing strategy that is in place today. The result is a testing framework that can run a number of selected tests on the SaaS application Salesforce. The system was deployed with serverless docker containers through Amazon Web Services. The report also covers what a future implementation can look like and potential improvements. / Målet med denna avhandling är att undersöka om det går att automatisera regression testning för en SaaS-applikation med hjälp av ett serverlöst tillvägagångsätt. Avhandlingen täcker grunderna inom molnkoncept, mjukvaruutveckling, olika typer av testramverk och SaaS-applikationer. Avhandlingen går även igenom gamla arbeten som har gjorts inom området. Rapporten behandlar val av verktyg med åtanke på vad företaget Polestar har för    behov. Testramverket ska kunna utföra automatiska regressionstester på SaaS-applikationen Salesforce. Resultatet är ett testramverk som kan köra ett antal utvalda tester på Salesforce. Systemet driftsattes med hjälp av serverlösa Docker containrar på Amazon Web Services. Avhandlingen täcker även alternativa verktyg som kan användas för testautomation och även potentiella förbättringsmöjligheter.

Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) are automated processes that form a vital part of the software development lifecycle. However, CI/CD entails unique security challenges, as demonstrated by cyber attacks in recent years. This thesis presents a method for diminishing the risks of CI/CD through the dynamic access control patterns of zero trust. The impact of the method is evaluated by threat modeling popular open-source CI/CD pipelines on GitHub using STRIDE and examining the effect on the found threats. This evaluation shows that a significant subset of the found threats are impacted by the method, which suggests that monitoring dynamic CI/CD attributes have the potential to improve the security of CI/CD systems. Furthermore, the current use of existing mitigations against threats by popular GitHub repositories is investigated. / En allt viktigare del av utveckling av mjukvara utgörs av så kallade CI/CDpipelines, vilka möjliggör kontinuerlig integration och leverans av mjukvara. Dessa medför stora förtjänster i utvecklingseffektivitet, men även unika säkerhetsutmaningar, vilket har poängterats av cyberattacker mot pipelines under senare år. Denna uppsats uppsats syftar till att minska riskerna i CI/CD-pipelines. Detta görs genom att presentera en ny modell för åtkomstkontroll i CI/CD-pipelines på webbplattformet GitHub. Modellens prestanda evalueras genom att undersöka dess effekt på pipeline-hot som hittas genom hotmodellering av populära projekt på GitHub. Evalueringen visar att en betydande delmängd av de funna hoten påverkas av modellen, vilket antyder att övervakning av dynamiska attribut i CI/CD-system kan förbättra säkerheten i dessa. Dessutom så undersöks hur existerande GitHub-projekt jobbar med lindringar av hot mot säkerheten i pipelines.

This thesis deals with the history records and charts its development through history to the present. It shows readers the first attempts of recording and reproducing apparatus , describes the history of the devices to play music and invented the phonograph . It outlines the creation of packaging design as a separate art disciplines and maps it over time to the present. The conclusion is devoted to contemporary music media. It outlines the emergence of followers technical revolution , cassettes and compact discs.

<p>Испитиван је утицај повећаних концентрација тешких метала, кадмијума, никла и<br />олова, на метаболизам и биопродукцију различитих генотипова (фамилија)<br />багрема <em>(Robinia pseudoacacia</em> L. 1753) у циљу дефинисања њиховог физиолошког и биохемијског одговора на различити степен загађења. Биолошки ефекат тешких метала испитиван је на биљкама гајеним на воденим хранљивим растворима и у земљишним културама. Истраживања су обухватила одређивања степена биопродукције (свежа маса корена, изданака и листова; висина биљака; укупна лисна површина), интензитет размене гасова (фотосинтеза и транспирација), садржаја фотосинтетичких пигмената (каротеноиди, хлорофил а и б), садржаја макроелемената у биљном ткиву (N, P и К) и акумулираних тешких метала, биохемијске физиолошке параметре (активност ензима нитрат-редуктазе, каталазе, аскорбат-пероксидазе, гвајакол-пероксидазе, интензитет липидне пероксидације (садржај MDA), садржај пролина) у ткивима коренова, изданака и листова.</p><p>Токсични ефекти примењених метала су зависили од испитиване фамилије багрема (генотипа) и врсте метала, а испољили су се у редукцији интензитета фотосинтезе и транспирације, као и у променама активности ензима укључених у антиоксидативне механизме заштите. Изразитити симптоми токсичности били су евидентни код биљака гајених методом водених култура, где је присуство метала у раствору довело до значајних поремећаја водног биланса у виду смањенетранспирације и проводљивости стома. Регистровано је такође&nbsp; сигнификантно смањење интензитета фотосинтезе биљака гајених на третману никлом. Активност ензима укључених у антиоксидативне механизме заштите показала се као поуздан индикатор стреса изазваног тешким металима. Хидропоним тестовима утврђен потенцијал испитиваних фамилија багрема за фитоекстракцију метала класификује их у категорију хиперакумулатора. Поред тога, значајна акумулација тешких метала у корену биљака указује на велики потенцијал ових фамилија у процесу фитостабилизације полутаната у земљишту. Поред наведеног, третмани са EDTA су указали на велики значај овог синтетског хелатора приликом фитоекстракције никла и кадмијума у земљиштима слабо базне реакције и ниске биодоступности метала.</p> / <p>Ispitivan je uticaj povećanih koncentracija teških metala, kadmijuma, nikla i<br />olova, na metabolizam i bioprodukciju različitih genotipova (familija)<br />bagrema <em>(Robinia pseudoacacia</em> L. 1753) u cilju definisanja njihovog fiziološkog i biohemijskog odgovora na različiti stepen zagađenja. Biološki efekat teških metala ispitivan je na biljkama gajenim na vodenim hranljivim rastvorima i u zemljišnim kulturama. Istraživanja su obuhvatila određivanja stepena bioprodukcije (sveža masa korena, izdanaka i listova; visina biljaka; ukupna lisna površina), intenzitet razmene gasova (fotosinteza i transpiracija), sadržaja fotosintetičkih pigmenata (karotenoidi, hlorofil a i b), sadržaja makroelemenata u biljnom tkivu (N, P i K) i akumuliranih teških metala, biohemijske fiziološke parametre (aktivnost enzima nitrat-reduktaze, katalaze, askorbat-peroksidaze, gvajakol-peroksidaze, intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije (sadržaj MDA), sadržaj prolina) u tkivima korenova, izdanaka i listova.</p><p>Toksični efekti primenjenih metala su zavisili od ispitivane familije bagrema (genotipa) i vrste metala, a ispoljili su se u redukciji intenziteta fotosinteze i transpiracije, kao i u promenama aktivnosti enzima uključenih u antioksidativne mehanizme zaštite. Izrazititi simptomi toksičnosti bili su evidentni kod biljaka gajenih metodom vodenih kultura, gde je prisustvo metala u rastvoru dovelo do značajnih poremećaja vodnog bilansa u vidu smanjenetranspiracije i provodljivosti stoma. Registrovano je takođe&nbsp; signifikantno smanjenje intenziteta fotosinteze biljaka gajenih na tretmanu niklom. Aktivnost enzima uključenih u antioksidativne mehanizme zaštite pokazala se kao pouzdan indikator stresa izazvanog teškim metalima. Hidroponim testovima utvrđen potencijal ispitivanih familija bagrema za fitoekstrakciju metala klasifikuje ih u kategoriju hiperakumulatora. Pored toga, značajna akumulacija teških metala u korenu biljaka ukazuje na veliki potencijal ovih familija u procesu fitostabilizacije polutanata u zemljištu. Pored navedenog, tretmani sa EDTA su ukazali na veliki značaj ovog sintetskog helatora prilikom fitoekstrakcije nikla i kadmijuma u zemljištima slabo bazne reakcije i niske biodostupnosti metala.</p> / <p>The influence of increased concentrations of heavy metals, cadmium, nickel and lead on the metabolism and bioproduction of different genotypes (half-siblings) of black locust (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> L. 1753) was investigated in order to define their physiological and biochemical responses to different pollution levels. The biological effect of heavy metals was tested on plants grown in aquatic nutrient solutions and in soil cultures. Тhe investigations included determination of biological production degree (fresh weight of roots, stems and leaves, plant height, total leaf area), the rate of gas exchange (photosynthesis and transpiration), the photosynthetic pigments content (carotenoids, chlorophyll a and b), the contents of major macronutrients in plant tissue (N, P and K) and the accumulated heavy metals, physiological biochemical parameters (activity of the enzymes: nitrate reductase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, lipid peroxidation (MDA content), the content of proline) in tissues of roots, stems and leaves. Toxic effects of applied treatments differed between tested plant genotypes and applied metal, resulting with depletion of the photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and further altering the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Major influence of applied metals were observed on plants grown in nutrient solution where the presence of heavy metals had caused water status disbalance, resulting with decrease in transpiration rate and stomatal conduction. Results related to the activity of enzymes involved in antioxidative protection indicated significance and relevance of these metabolic parametars in research of heavy metals stress in plants. Besides aforementioned , the potential forphytoextraction purposes was confirmed through hydroponic trials. Obtained results for heavy metal accumulation in plant tisuess have determined these families as heavy metal hyperaccumulators. Likewise, significant accumulation of metals in root tissues might be very promising for phytostabilization purposes. In addition, supplementation of EDTA have shown a great potential for phytoextraction of nickel and cadmium in soils with high pH and lower bioavailability of metals.</p>

Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe, but we are still learning about fundamental aspects of their formation. In particular, we would like to understand how galaxies acquire their stars, and where and when these stars were born. In this thesis, we investigate these questions by the study of the dynamical and chemical abundances of galaxies in the local universe. Extending previous works in the field, we have developed a Bayesian framework to obtain luminosity-weighted ages, metallicities and alpha-element abundances. In our initial study, we have surveyed six galaxy groups to understand how this particular environment may be related to morphological transformations. We have obtained a sample of 59 group members with a wide range of dynamical masses, which have been used to demonstrate that the mass-metallicity relation extends to low-mass galaxies. We then proceeded to the study of NGC 3311, a cD galaxy at the center of the Hydra I cluster. We have confirmed previous observations of the velocity dispersion profile of the system, which indicates the presence of a large photometric substructure which illustrates the ongoing accretion of the diffuse stellar halo. We performed a study of the stellar populations of the system, which indicated that stars in the diffuse stellar halo have been accreted from past merger events of large elliptical galaxies, whereas the central region of the galaxy is most probably the remnant of a rapid dissipative collapse. Moreover, the metallicity of the stars in the photometric substructure suggest an ongoing disruption of dwarf galaxies possibly related to the presence of an infalling group. These results are consistent with the two-phase model for the mass assembly of galaxies, in which massive ellipticals are formed by dissipative processes at high-redshifts, but continue to build-up their halos by the continuous accretion of satellite systems. / Galáxias são os principais blocos de construção do universo, mas ainda estamos aprendendo sobre aspectos fundamentais da sua formação. Em particular, gostaríamos de entender como as galáxias adquirem suas estrelas, e onde e quando essas estrelas nasceram. Nesta tese, investigamos estas questões pelo estudo da dinâmica e das abundâncias químicas de galáxias no universo local. Estendendo trabalhos anteriores na área, desenvolvemos um método Bayesiano para a obtenção de idades, metalicidades e abundância de elementos alfa ponderados pela luminosidade. Em nosso estudo inicial, pesquisamos seis grupos de galáxias para compreender como esse ambiente em particular pode estar relacionado às transformações morfológicas. Obtivemos uma amostra de 59 membros de grupos com uma vasta gama de massas dinâmicas, que foram utilizados para demonstrar que a relação massa-metalicidade se estende para galáxias de baixa massa. Então, procedemos ao estudo de NGC 3311, uma galáxia cD no centro do aglomerado Hydra I. Confirmamos as observações anteriores do perfil de dispersão da velocidades do sistema, que indicam a presença de uma grande subestrutura fotométrica que ilustra a acreção atual de estrelas no halo estelar difuso. Foi realizado um estudo das populações estelares do sistema, que indica que as estrelas no halo estelar difuso foram obtidas em eventos passados de fusão de grandes galáxias elípticas, enquanto que a região central da galáxia é provavelmente o remanescente de uma rápido colapso dissipativo. Além disso, a metalicidade das estrelas na subestrutura fotométrica sugere a ruptura atual de galáxias anãs relacionadas com a presença de um grupo se movimentando em direção ao centro do aglomerado. Estes resultados são consistentes com o modelo de duas fases para a acumulação da massa de galáxias, no qual galáxias elípticas gigantes são formadas por processos dissipativos em altos redshifts, mas continuam a acrescentar estrelas em seus halos pelo deposição de sistemas satélite.

Líquidos iônicos (LIs) são sais que se encontram no estado líquido em temperaturas menores que 100ºC e que vêm ganhando protagonismo na área chamada química verde, prometendo: substituir solventes nocivos ao meio ambiente, aprimorar componentes eletrônicos, favorecer biocatálises dentre outros. Sua alta estabilidade e baixa toxicidade são frequentemente afirmadas, porém, devem ainda ser melhor investigadas. Com o objetivo de implementar o entendimento da interação dos líquidos iônicos com sistemas de relevância biológica, realizamos um estudo sistemático acerca da interação de 3 diferentes líquidos iônicos anfifílicos de mesma cabeça polar e diferentes caudas carbônicas ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] e [C14mim][Cl]) com 3 diferentes proteínas modelo, através das técnicas de absorção óptica, fluorescência, dicroísmo circular (CD) e espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS). Para Tanto, utilizamos as proteínas BSA e HSA (Albuminas de Soro Bovino e Humano, respectivamente) além da lisozima. Observamos a supressão da fluorescência das proteínas em todos os casos analisados, onde a diminuição da intensidade correspondeu a, para as proteínas BSA, HSA e lisozima, respectivamente, (55±3)%, (16.1±0.8)% e (4.1±0.2)%, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], (38±2)%, (13.2±0.7)% e (0.6±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C12mim][Cl] e (11.0±0.5)%, (9.2±0.5)% e (0.0±0.1)% em presença de 0.6mM de [C10mim][Cl]. Os espectros de absorbância e fluorescência de todos os sistemas nos indicam uma interação de contato entre as proteínas e os líquidos iônicos. Constatamos também o deslocamento do pico de fluorescência, das proteínas BSA e HSA, para menores comprimentos de onda (blue-shift), na medida em que a concentração de LI era aumentada. O máximo deslocamento () alcançado correspondeu a (21±1)nm para ambas albuminas, enquanto que a lisozima não apresentou deslocamento significativo. O blue-shift pode ser explicado pela aproximação das cadeias carbônicas e formações de pontes de hidrogênio nas proximidades dos triptofanos. De acordo com a técnica de SAXS, evidenciamos o aumento do raio de giro das proteínas, na medida em que adicionamos LIs. O raio de giro da BSA, da HSA e lisozima em ausência de LI são (29±1)Å, (30±1)Å e (15±1)Å, respectivamente, e passam para (46±1)Å, (44±1)Å e (20±1)Å respectivamente, em presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl]. As curvas de SAXS também apresentaram o indício da formação de estruturas micelares a partir de uma dada concentração. Além da alteração em sua estrutura terciária, os dados de CD indicam uma leve perda de estrutura secundária de ambas as albuminas (BSA e HSA), passando de 80 para 65% de -hélice em ausência e presença de 0.6mM de [C14mim][Cl], respectivamente. Sugerimos que as interações das proteínas com os líquidos iônicos, embora inicialmente movidas por forças eletroestática, possuem como principal fator o efeito hidrofóbico, portanto quanto maior a cadeia carbônica do LI maior é sua interação com a proteína. Tal interação causa o desenovelamento das proteínas e formação de um complexo e estruturas micelares a altas concentrações de LI. Acreditamos que este trabalho traz novas informações acerca da interação dos LIs com proteínas modelo, indicando sua capacidade de alterar a conformação das mesmas. / Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at temperatures smaller than 100 ° C and are gaining prominence in the so-called green chemistry, promising: replace harmful solvents to the environment, improve electronic components, and favor biocatalysis, among others. Its high stability and low toxicity are often asserted; nevertheless, they are ascribed to ILs due to its small volatility. With the aim of improving the understanding of the interaction of ILs with biological relevant systems, we conducted a systematic study of the interaction of three different ionic liquids of the same polar head and different paraffinic tails ([C10mim][Cl], [C12mim][Cl] and [C14mim][Cl]) with three different model proteins, through the techniques of optical absorption, fluorescence, circular dicrhoism (CD) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). To do so, we use BSA and HSA proteins (Bovine Serum Albumin and the Human Serum Albumin, respectively) and lysozyme. We observed fluorescence quenching, of all studied proteins, where the decrease in the fluorescence was (for BSA, HAS and lysozyme, respectively): (55 ± 3)%, (16.1 ± 0.8)% to (4.1 ± 0.2 )% in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], (38 ± 2)%, (13.2 ± 0.7)% to (0.6 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C12mim][Cl] and ( 11.0 ± 0.5)% (9.2 ± 0.5)% and (0.0 ± 0.1)% in the presence of 0.6mm [C10mim][Cl]. UV-vis absorbance spectra and fluorescence indicate all systems in a contact interaction between proteins and ionic liquids. We also note the shift of the fluorescent peak of BSA and HSA proteins for shorter wavelengths (blue-shift), as the IL content was increased. The maximum shift () achieved corresponded to (21 ± 1) nm for both albumins, whereas no significant displacement was observed for lysozyme. The blue-shift can be explained by the approach of carbon chains and formation of hydrogen bonds in the vicinity of tryptophan. SAXS data indicate an increasing in the proteins radius of gyration value as ILs was added in the solution. The turning radius of BSA, HSA and lysozyme in the absence of IL are (29 ± 1) Å, (30 ± 1) Å and (15 ± 1) Å, respectively, and go to (46 ± 1) Å, ( 44 ± 1) Å and (20 ± 1) Å, respectively, in the presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl]. The SAXS curves also show evidence of the formation of micellar structures from a given concentration. Besides the change in its tertiary structure, the CD data indicates a slight loss of secondary structure of both albumins (BSA and HSA), from 80 to 65% of -helix in the absence and presence of 0.6mm [C14mim][Cl], respectively. We suggest that the interactions of the protein with the ionic liquid, although initially driven by electrostatic forces, have a major factor hydrophobic effect and thus the higher the carbon chain of greater IL is its interaction with the protein. This interaction causes unfolding of the protein and formation of a micellar structures at high concentrations of IL. We believe this work provides new information about the interaction of ILs with model proteins, indicating its ability to alter the conformation of the same.