Les carcinomes mammaires invasifs sont des tumeurs solides, au sein desquelles le fort pouvoir de prolifération des cellules cancéreuses entraîne la formation de zones hypoxiques. Les mécanismes cellulaires d’adaptation à la diminution des apports en oxygène sont principalement déterminés par des facteurs de transcription hétérodimériques induits par l’hypoxie (HIF-1 et HIF-2, hypoxia inducible factor). Le monomère alpha de ces complexes est déstabilisé en situation de normoxie. Les récepteurs aux facteurs de croissance épidermique (EGFR) peuvent également augmenter la traduction de l’ARNm codant ces monomères indépendamment de l’oxygène. La première partie de la thèse repose sur le développement de deux clones cellulaires fluorescents stables et inductibles par l’hypoxie, à partir d’une lignée de carcinome mammaire invasif triple négatif surexprimant le récepteur EGFR (MDA- MB-231). Le modèle CA9-GFP permet de restituer l’activité transcriptionnelle des complexes HIFs et le modèle GFP-P564 traduit la stabilité de leur sous-unité alpha. La fluorescence des deux modèles cellulaires est fortement induite en situation d’hypoxie (1% O2) et en présence d’agents mimétiques de l’hypoxie (cobalt, desferrioxamine et diméthyl-oxalyl glycine). Ces modèles ont ensuite été utilisés pour évaluer l’effet de trois thérapies anti-EGFR sur les voies de réponses à l’hypoxie. Le cétuximab et le lapatinib n’ont aucun effet sur la fluorescence des cellules alors que le géfitinib diminue l’intensité du signal en situation d’hypoxie. Ces différences sont associées à un impact similaire sur la migration et la viabilité cellulaire traduisant ainsi une sensibilité différentielle à ces trois composés anti-EGFR. La deuxième partie de la thèse s’est ensuite orientée vers la quantification par RT-qPCR de 45 gènes inductibles par l’hypoxie et impliqués dans le développement du cancer du sein sur une série rétrospective portant sur 32 exérèses de carcinomes mammaires invasifs précoces. Une analyse comparative des données a été effectuée en fonction des critères anatomo-pathologiques (stade, grade, statut en récepteur HER2, rechute). Une surexpression coordonnée de l’ensemble des gènes est observée dans les tumeurs de haut grade, HER2+ et pour les sujets ayant récidivé. La comparaison des groupes « rechute » versus « non rechute » a permis de sélectionner six marqueurs de référence s’exprimant de manière significative. Elle permet en outre la réalisation d’un algorithme basique de classement des individus en fonction du risque de récidive. Celui-ci a été validé par la construction de courbes de survie (méthode de Kaplan-Meier et test du Mantel-Haenszel). L’utilisation combinée des deux modèles cellulaires fluorescents permet l’identification et la caractérisation dynamique de molécules agissant directement ou indirectement sur les réponses cellulaires à l’hypoxie tumorale. L’analyse de l’expression de gènes connus pour leur profil agressif et régulés par le microenvironnement tumoral, constitue un outil clinique d’aide au pronostic des cancers du sein. / The invasive breast cancers are solid tumors, wherein the proliferation of cells causes the formation of hypoxic zones. Cellular adaptive responses to reduced oxygen concentrations are mainly determined by heterodimeric transcription factors induced by hypoxia (HIF-1 & HIF-2, Hypoxia Inducible Factors). The alpha subunits of HIF are rapidly degraded under normoxic conditions. HIF complexes are also regulated by activation of epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways in an oxygen-independent manner. The first part of this work was to develop stable fluorescent clones for examining responses to hypoxia from a metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cell line overexpressing EGFR (MDA-MB-231). The Ca9-GFP and GFP-P564 cell models allow to assess HIF activity and alpha subunits stability, respectively. In both models, fluorescence signals were strongly increased with hypoxia-mimicking reagents (cobalt, desferrioxamine and dimethyl-oxalyl glycine) and under hypoxia (1% O2). The impact of three EGFR inhibitors on HIF activity and stability was assessed. Cetuximab and lapatinib did not affect the signal induced by hypoxia, whereas gefitinib sharply reduced its intensity in both models. The differential effect of these three EGFR-targeted therapies on hypoxia responses was correlated with a similar impact on viability and cell migration. The second part of this work focused on the relative quantification using qPCR analysis of 45 genes involved in hypoxia responses and in the development of breast cancer, from a retrospective series of 32 tumor samples from patients with early- stage invasive breast cancer. A comparative analysis was performed according to anatomo-pathological criteria (stage, grade, HER2 status, and relapse). A coordinated overexpression of all genes was observed in high-grade and HER2+ tumors and in the group of patients that relapsed. The comparison of gene expression between "relapse" and "no relapse" groups was used to identify six reference markers. It also allowed to develop a basic algorithm to classify patients according to the risk of relapse. This algorithm was validated by constructing survival curves (Kaplan-Meier method and Mantel-Haenszel test). Combined use of two fluorescent cell models allows identification and dynamic characterization of compounds able to directly or indirectly inhibit cellular responses to tumor hypoxia. Analysis of gene expression known for their aggressive character and regulated by the tumor microenvironment is a clinical tool for assessing breast cancer prognosis.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 54 is a rare autosomal recessive neurological gait disorder characterized by paraplegia, muscle spasticity, and intellectual disability. This length-dependent distal axonopathy is caused by mutations in the DDHD2 gene, which encodes the intracellular phospholipase A1 DDHD2. Little is known about the molecular function of the DDHD2 protein, especially in the context of HSP54. Thus, there is a need to further investigate its molecular functions and investigate the impact of DDHD2 deficiency in disease-relevant cells. Here, lipidomic profiling of dermal fibroblasts derived from three unrelated patients has revealed 19 glycerophosphoethanolamine species at differential levels in patients relative to unaffected controls. However, patient cells appear to have an unaffected Golgi apparatus morphology and lipid droplet formation, despite DDHD2’s proposed roles in these processes. To study the gene function in neuronal cells, I transdifferentiated the fibroblasts into induced neuronal precursor cells and found all the patient cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of upon conversion. Given that these cell lines are unsustainable, I generated a stable knockdown cell line in the highly proliferative HEK293A to study the molecular biology of DDHD2. The knockdown cells had a reduced growth, were delayed in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and became multinucleated. I then treated the cells with antineoplastic compounds paclitaxel and nocodazole and found more knockdown cells in G0/G1 than controls, suggesting the possible occurrence of mitotic slippage. Lastly, I report a novel subcellular localization for DDHD2 at the microtubule organization center.

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of diseases that belong to lysosomal storage disorders. A common sign of these monogenic multisystem diseases is a gene mutation leading to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme participating in glycosaminoglycan degradation. It results to their accumulation in the tissues and organs, where they cause a progressive damage. There is no efficient treatment available for most mucopolysaccharidoses. Moreover, the research is complicated because of the low prevalence and type of affected tissues. Animal models of these human diseases are used for an evaluation of newly developed therapeutic approaches. However, they also have many limitations due to the different pathogenesis and catabolic pathways of the accumulated substrates between humans and animals. Therefore, animal models are replaced by human cell models. In this thesis, the development of four mucopolysaccharidoses human cell models is reported (MPS IIID, MPS IVA, MPS IVB, MPS VI). Corresponding genes (GNS, GALNS, GLB1, ARSB) were inactivated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, where plasmids containing specific inserts are delivered to the target human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), using electroporation. Isolated clones, which represent iPSC disease models, were characterized by Sanger sequencing, enzyme...

Le cancer épithélial de l’ovaire (CÉO) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal. Le CÉO de type séreux, la forme la plus commune avec plus de 50% des cas, est souvent diagnostiqué tardivement et associé à un mauvais pronostic. Le CÉO avancé, surtout traité par chimiothérapie, va devenir chimiorésistant chez la majorité des patientes traitées. Bien que des lignées cellulaires du CÉO aient été dérivées à partir de tumeurs solides et d’ascites de patientes ayant ou non subi une chimiothérapie, aucune des lignées cellulaires du CÉO provenant d’une même patiente avant et après ses traitements de chimiothérapie n’ont été établies précédemment. Notre laboratoire est le premier à développer de telles lignées cellulaires. Nos nouvelles lignées cellulaires sont dérivées de trois patientes différentes (1369, 2295 et 3133) et classées selon leur provenance, soit la tumeur solide (TOV) ou l’ascite (OV). Nous avons donc caractérisé ces nouvelles lignées de cellules pré-chimiothérapie (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D et TOV3133G) et post-chimiothérapie (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 et OV3133(2)) par diverses approches. Par immunohistochimie et immunobuvardage de type Western, nous avons caractérisé les niveaux d’expression de marqueurs épithéliaux typiques de kératines (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) pour confirmer l’origine épithéliale et ovarienne des cellules. Nous avons également analysé le niveau d’expression de HER2 et p53, deux marqueurs importants dans le CÉO. Cependant, il ne semble pas y avoir d’expression différentielle évidente de ces marqueurs entre les lignées pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie. Plus encore, nous avons étudié plusieurs caractéristiques tumorigéniques des lignées cellulaires, dont la prolifération cellulaire (par compte cellulaire), la migration cellulaire (par recouvrement de plaie), la capacité à former des sphéroïdes en 3D (par la méthode des gouttelettes inversées), et la formation de tumeurs in vivo dans des souris SCID (xénogreffes sous-cutanées). En général, il ne semble pas y avoir de différences claires entre les cellules pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie au niveau du comportement cellulaire, à l’exception du fait qu’aucune des lignées post-chimiothérapie semblent être en mesure de former des structures tridimensionnelles compactes, contrairement à certaines lignées post-chimiothérapie. Nos résultats pourront servir à mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes régissant les tumeurs malignes du CÉO de type séreux et à mieux comprendre la progression de la maladie à travers les différents traitements, ce qui nous permettra d’acquérir des informations essentielles pour mieux évaluer et traiter différentes patientes. / Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest of all gynecologic cancers. The serous type of EOC is the most common form of the disease, and it accounts for more than 50% of the cases. It is often diagnosed at advanced stages where its prognosis is poor. Advanced EOC is treated mainly with chemotherapy. However, chemoresistance development eventually impedes the success of the treatments for most patients. Researchers have derived cell lines from EOC from solid tumors or from ascites. So far, there has not been EOC cell lines established from samples taken before and after chemotherapy treatments within the same patient. Our laboratory is thus the first to develop a new and powerful model of pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy cell lines. All cell lines were derived sequentially from 3 different patients (1369, 2295 and 3133), from either solid tumors (TOV) or ascites (OV). We therefore characterized these new pre-chemotherapy cell lines (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D and TOV3133G) and post-chemotherapy cell lines (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 and OV3133(2)) through several approaches. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we have characterized the level of expression of typical epithelial keratin markers (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) to confirm the epithelial and ovarian nature of the cells. We have also analysed the expression level of important EOC markers, such as that of HER2 and p53, and found no clear difference between the pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy EOC cells. Moreover, we have studied various tumorigenic features of the cell lines, such as cell proliferation (by cell count), cell migration (by the wound healing assay), 3D spheroid formation (by the hanging drop method), in vivo tumor formation in SCID mice (subcutaneous xenografts). In general, there were no notable differences between the two categories of cell lines at the cellular level, except that post-chemotherapy cell lines seemed to be unable to form compact 3D structures, contrary to some pre-chemotherapy cell lines. The obtained results would aid in better understanding the different mechanisms that malignant serous EOC tumors undergo and the progression of the disease with respect to the different treatments. Such study would allow us to gain valuable insight into the optimal treatment decisions to take for different EOC patients.

Ein nicht-invasiver Atemtest zur Lungenkrebsdetektion setzt Kenntnis über lungenkrebsspezifische Substanzen voraus. Die Identifizierung von Lungenkrebsbiomarkern in der Atemluft war das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Leichtflüchtige organische Substanzen (VOC) wurden als Zielkomponenten ausgewählt. Für die VOC-Analytik wurde eine SPME-GC-MS-Methode entwickelt und sowohl auf Modellsysteme als auch auf Realproben angewendet. Drei Lungenadenokarzinomzelllinien wurden in-vitro untersucht. Die VOC-Analyse wurde mit drei verschiedenen Probenahmestrategien durchgeführt und es war ein deutlicher Hintergrundeinfluss der eingesetzten Einwegzellkulturflaschen auf das analysierte VOC-Profil feststellbar. Trotzdem konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Tumorzellen und zellfreien Nährmedien beobachtet werden: 1-Propanol wurde von den Zellen produziert, während der Gehalt einiger Aldehyde sank. Die eingeschränkte Ähnlichkeit des gewählten Zellkulturmodells mit realen Atemluftproben bedingt eine geringe Eignung dieser Ergebnisse für die Biomarkerableitung. Ein Gasmodell auf Basis angefeuchteter, synthetischer Luft wurde als Grundlage für die qualitätsgesicherte, quantitative VOC-Analyse der realen Atemluftproben konzipiert. Diese Modellluft wurde mit 24 Zielsubstanzen (Alkane, Aromaten, sauerstoffhaltige Spezies) sowie 3 Matrix-VOC mit starker Dominanz in den Atemluftproben (Isopren, Aceton, 2-Propanol) angereichert. In Kooperation mit zwei Berliner Kliniken wurden 37 Atemluftproben von Lungenkrebspatienten und 23 Proben von Gesunden gesammelt. Die Anwendung von 1-Butanol als univariater Marker erlaubt eine Erkennung von Lungenkrebs mit einer Sensitivität von 92% und Spezifität von 78%. Durch lineare Diskriminanzanalyse konnte ein Set aus 4 VOC (1-Butanol, 2-Butanon, 2-Pentanon, n-Hexanal) ermittelt werden, welches ebenfalls eine Sensitivität von 92% und mit 87% eine höhere Spezifität aufwies. Gegebenenfalls handelt es sich bei diesen Substanzen jedoch nur um allgemeine Krankheitsmarker. / A non-invasive breath test for lung cancer detection would be favorable but knowledge on lung cancer specific substances is required. This work aims at the identification of potential lung cancer biomarkers in breath. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were chosen as targets and a SPME-GC-MS method was developed to analyze the VOC profiles of model systems and real samples. Three lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were investigated in-vitro. The VOC analysis, carried out with 3 different sampling strategies, was influenced by the VOC background of the used disposable culture vessels. Changes in the VOC profiles of cell lines compared to cell-free culture media were obvious: 1-propanol was released by the tumor cells whereas the content of some aldehydes was diminished. The similarity of this model system with real breath samples of lung cancer patients was seen to be insignificant. Consequently, these cell cultures were not suitable for biomarker identification. A gaseous model consisting of humidified synthetic air was developed. It was fortified with 24 target VOC (alkanes, aromatics and oxygenated species) as well as 3 matrix compounds (isoprene, acetone and 2-propanol) dominating patients’ VOC profiles in breath. This model was used for the quality assured quantitative VOC analysis in real breath samples. In cooperation with two hospitals 37 single mixed expiratory breath samples from lung cancer patients and 23 from healthy controls were collected. Applying 1-butanol as an univariate biomarker patients and controls were discriminated with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 78%. Linear discriminant analysis displayed a set of 4 VOC (1-butanol, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, n-hexanal) with similar sensitivity but higher specificity of 87%. However, these potential biomarkers might rather be a consequence of illness in general.

The disposal of waste from agricultural activities has been recognised as a source of environmental contamination by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The New Zealand dairy industry produces a large volume of dairy farm effluent, which contains EDCs in the form of estrogens. Most of this dairy farm effluent is applied onto the land for disposal. Groundwater and soil contamination by estrogens following waste application on the land have been reported overseas, but our understanding of the processes and factors governing the fate of estrogens in the soil is poor. Therefore the main goal of the present study was to better understand the fate and transport of estrogens, in particular 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in soil. In order to quantify E1 and E2 in drainage water and soil samples, chemical analysis by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out. This included sample extraction, sample clean-up through silica gel and gel permeation chromatography, and sample extract derivatisation prior to analysis. In order to develop a reliable method to extract estrogens from soil, research was conducted to optimise E1 and E2 extraction conditions by adjusting the number of sonication and shaking events, as well as the volume and type of solvent. Among five solvents and solvent mixtures tested, the best recovery on spiked and aged soil was obtained using an isopropanol/water (1:1) mix. A microcosm experiment was carried out to determine the dissipation rates of E2 and E1, at 8°C and at field capacity, in the Templeton soil sampled at two different depths (5-10 cm and 30-35 cm). The dissipation rates decreased with time and half-life values of 0.6-0.8 d for E1 and 0.3-0.4 d for E2 were found for the two depths studied. A field transport experiment was also carried out in winter, over three months, by applying dairy farm effluent spiked with estrogens onto undisturbed Templeton soil lysimeters (50 cm in diameter and 70 cm deep). The hormones were applied in dairy farm effluent at 120 mg m⁻² for E2 and 137 mg m⁻² for E1. The results of the transport experiment showed that in the presence of preferential/macropore flow pathways 0.3-0.7% of E2 and 8-13% of E1 was recovered in the leachate at the bottom of the lysimeters after 3 months, and 1-7% of the recovered E2 and 3-54% of the recovered E1 was leached within 2 days of application. These results suggest that leaching of estrogens via preferential/macropore flow pathways is the greatest concern for groundwater contamination. In the absence of preferential/macropore flow pathways, a significant amount (> 99.94%) of both hormones dissipated in the top 70 cm of soil, due to sorption and rapid biodegradation. Surprisingly, in all cases, estrogen breakthrough occurred before that of an inert tracer (bromide). This could not be explained by the advection-dispersion transport of estrogens, nor by their presence as antecedent concentrations in the soil. It was therefore suggested that colloidal enhanced transport of estrogens was responsible for the earlier breakthrough of estrogens and caused the leaching of a fraction of the applied estrogens to a soil depth of 70 cm. A two-phase model, adapted from a state-space mixing cell model, was built to describe the observed estrogen transport processes under transient flow. The model takes into account 3 transport processes namely, advection-dispersion, preferential/macropore flow and colloidal enhanced transport. This model was able to successfully describe the estrogen transport observed from the lysimeters.

The transport or the separation of solid particles or droplets suspended in a fluid flow is a common task in mechanical and process engineering. To improve machinery and physical processes (e.g. for coal combustion, reduction of NO_x and soot) an optimization of complex phenomena by simulation applying the fundamental conservation equations is required. Fluid-particle flows are characterized by the ratio of density of the two phases gamma=rho_P/rho_F, by the Stokes number St=tau_P/tau_F and by the loading in terms of void and mass fraction. Those numbers (Stokes number, gamma) define the flow regime and which relevant forces are acting on the particle. Dependent on the geometrical configuration the particle-wall interaction might have a heavy impact on the mean flow structure. The occurrence of particle-particle collisions becomes also more and more important with the increase of the local void fraction of the particulate phase. With increase of the particle loading the interaction with the fluid phase can not been neglected and 2-way or even 4-way coupling between the continous and disperse phases has to be taken into account. For dilute to moderate dense particle flows the Euler-Lagrange method is capable to resolve the main flow mechanism. An accurate computation needs unfortunately a high number of numerical particles (1,...,10^7) to get the reliable statistics for the underlying modelling correlations. Due to the fact that a Lagrangian algorithm cannot be vectorized for complex meshes the only way to finish those simulations in a reasonable time is the parallization applying the message passing paradigma. Frank et al. describes the basic ideas for a parallel Eulererian-Lagrangian solver, which uses multigrid for acceleration of the flow equations. The performance figures are quite good, though only steady problems are tackled. The presented paper is aimed to the numerical prediction of time-dependend fluid-particle flows using the simultanous particle tracking approach based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian and the particle-source-in-cell (PSI-Cell) approach. It is shown in the paper that for the unsteady flow prediction efficiency and load balancing of the parallel numerical simulation is an even more pronounced problem in comparison with the steady flow calculations, because the time steps for the time integration along one particle trajectory are very small per one time step of fluid flow integration and so the floating point workload on a single processor node is usualy rather low. Much time is spent for communication and waiting time of the processors, because for cold flow particle convection not very extensive calculations are necessary. One remedy might be a highspeed switch like Myrinet or Dolphin PCI/SCI (500 MByte/s), which could balance the relative high floating point performance of INTEL PIII processors and the weak capacity of the Fast-Ethernet communication network (100 Mbit/s) of the Chemnitz Linux Cluster (CLIC) used for the presented calculations. Corresponding to the discussed examples calculation times and parallel performance will be presented. Another point is the communication of many small packages, which should be summed up to bigger messages, because each message requires a startup time independently of its size. Summarising the potential of such a parallel algorithm, it will be shown that a Beowulf-type cluster computer is a highly competitve alternative to the classical main frame computer for the investigated Eulerian-Lagrangian simultanous particle tracking approach.

Le cancer épithélial de l’ovaire (CÉO) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal. Le CÉO de type séreux, la forme la plus commune avec plus de 50% des cas, est souvent diagnostiqué tardivement et associé à un mauvais pronostic. Le CÉO avancé, surtout traité par chimiothérapie, va devenir chimiorésistant chez la majorité des patientes traitées. Bien que des lignées cellulaires du CÉO aient été dérivées à partir de tumeurs solides et d’ascites de patientes ayant ou non subi une chimiothérapie, aucune des lignées cellulaires du CÉO provenant d’une même patiente avant et après ses traitements de chimiothérapie n’ont été établies précédemment. Notre laboratoire est le premier à développer de telles lignées cellulaires. Nos nouvelles lignées cellulaires sont dérivées de trois patientes différentes (1369, 2295 et 3133) et classées selon leur provenance, soit la tumeur solide (TOV) ou l’ascite (OV). Nous avons donc caractérisé ces nouvelles lignées de cellules pré-chimiothérapie (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D et TOV3133G) et post-chimiothérapie (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 et OV3133(2)) par diverses approches. Par immunohistochimie et immunobuvardage de type Western, nous avons caractérisé les niveaux d’expression de marqueurs épithéliaux typiques de kératines (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) pour confirmer l’origine épithéliale et ovarienne des cellules. Nous avons également analysé le niveau d’expression de HER2 et p53, deux marqueurs importants dans le CÉO. Cependant, il ne semble pas y avoir d’expression différentielle évidente de ces marqueurs entre les lignées pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie. Plus encore, nous avons étudié plusieurs caractéristiques tumorigéniques des lignées cellulaires, dont la prolifération cellulaire (par compte cellulaire), la migration cellulaire (par recouvrement de plaie), la capacité à former des sphéroïdes en 3D (par la méthode des gouttelettes inversées), et la formation de tumeurs in vivo dans des souris SCID (xénogreffes sous-cutanées). En général, il ne semble pas y avoir de différences claires entre les cellules pré-chimiothérapie et post-chimiothérapie au niveau du comportement cellulaire, à l’exception du fait qu’aucune des lignées post-chimiothérapie semblent être en mesure de former des structures tridimensionnelles compactes, contrairement à certaines lignées post-chimiothérapie. Nos résultats pourront servir à mieux comprendre les différents mécanismes régissant les tumeurs malignes du CÉO de type séreux et à mieux comprendre la progression de la maladie à travers les différents traitements, ce qui nous permettra d’acquérir des informations essentielles pour mieux évaluer et traiter différentes patientes. / Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest of all gynecologic cancers. The serous type of EOC is the most common form of the disease, and it accounts for more than 50% of the cases. It is often diagnosed at advanced stages where its prognosis is poor. Advanced EOC is treated mainly with chemotherapy. However, chemoresistance development eventually impedes the success of the treatments for most patients. Researchers have derived cell lines from EOC from solid tumors or from ascites. So far, there has not been EOC cell lines established from samples taken before and after chemotherapy treatments within the same patient. Our laboratory is thus the first to develop a new and powerful model of pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy cell lines. All cell lines were derived sequentially from 3 different patients (1369, 2295 and 3133), from either solid tumors (TOV) or ascites (OV). We therefore characterized these new pre-chemotherapy cell lines (TOV1369TR, OV2295, TOV3133D and TOV3133G) and post-chemotherapy cell lines (OV1369(2), OV2295(2), TOV2295, OV3133 and OV3133(2)) through several approaches. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we have characterized the level of expression of typical epithelial keratin markers (KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT20) to confirm the epithelial and ovarian nature of the cells. We have also analysed the expression level of important EOC markers, such as that of HER2 and p53, and found no clear difference between the pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy EOC cells. Moreover, we have studied various tumorigenic features of the cell lines, such as cell proliferation (by cell count), cell migration (by the wound healing assay), 3D spheroid formation (by the hanging drop method), in vivo tumor formation in SCID mice (subcutaneous xenografts). In general, there were no notable differences between the two categories of cell lines at the cellular level, except that post-chemotherapy cell lines seemed to be unable to form compact 3D structures, contrary to some pre-chemotherapy cell lines. The obtained results would aid in better understanding the different mechanisms that malignant serous EOC tumors undergo and the progression of the disease with respect to the different treatments. Such study would allow us to gain valuable insight into the optimal treatment decisions to take for different EOC patients.

The transport or the separation of solid particles or droplets suspended in a fluid flow is a common task in mechanical and process engineering. To improve machinery and physical processes (e.g. for coal combustion, reduction of NO_x and soot) an optimization of complex phenomena by simulation applying the fundamental conservation equations is required. Fluid-particle flows are characterized by the ratio of density of the two phases gamma=rho_P/rho_F, by the Stokes number St=tau_P/tau_F and by the loading in terms of void and mass fraction. Those numbers (Stokes number, gamma) define the flow regime and which relevant forces are acting on the particle. Dependent on the geometrical configuration the particle-wall interaction might have a heavy impact on the mean flow structure. The occurrence of particle-particle collisions becomes also more and more important with the increase of the local void fraction of the particulate phase. With increase of the particle loading the interaction with the fluid phase can not been neglected and 2-way or even 4-way coupling between the continous and disperse phases has to be taken into account. For dilute to moderate dense particle flows the Euler-Lagrange method is capable to resolve the main flow mechanism. An accurate computation needs unfortunately a high number of numerical particles (1,...,10^7) to get the reliable statistics for the underlying modelling correlations. Due to the fact that a Lagrangian algorithm cannot be vectorized for complex meshes the only way to finish those simulations in a reasonable time is the parallization applying the message passing paradigma. Frank et al. describes the basic ideas for a parallel Eulererian-Lagrangian solver, which uses multigrid for acceleration of the flow equations. The performance figures are quite good, though only steady problems are tackled. The presented paper is aimed to the numerical prediction of time-dependend fluid-particle flows using the simultanous particle tracking approach based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian and the particle-source-in-cell (PSI-Cell) approach. It is shown in the paper that for the unsteady flow prediction efficiency and load balancing of the parallel numerical simulation is an even more pronounced problem in comparison with the steady flow calculations, because the time steps for the time integration along one particle trajectory are very small per one time step of fluid flow integration and so the floating point workload on a single processor node is usualy rather low. Much time is spent for communication and waiting time of the processors, because for cold flow particle convection not very extensive calculations are necessary. One remedy might be a highspeed switch like Myrinet or Dolphin PCI/SCI (500 MByte/s), which could balance the relative high floating point performance of INTEL PIII processors and the weak capacity of the Fast-Ethernet communication network (100 Mbit/s) of the Chemnitz Linux Cluster (CLIC) used for the presented calculations. Corresponding to the discussed examples calculation times and parallel performance will be presented. Another point is the communication of many small packages, which should be summed up to bigger messages, because each message requires a startup time independently of its size. Summarising the potential of such a parallel algorithm, it will be shown that a Beowulf-type cluster computer is a highly competitve alternative to the classical main frame computer for the investigated Eulerian-Lagrangian simultanous particle tracking approach.

Improving the efficiency and performance of vehicle propulsion systems has always been desirable, and with increasing environmental awareness this has become increasingly topical. A particularly strong focus today is at fossil-free alternatives, and there is a strong trend for electrification. Hybrid powertrains of different types can bring benefits in certain aspects, and there is a lot of research and development involved in the making of a new powertrain. In this thesis, a complete powertrain for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle is modeled, with the intention of contributing to this trend. The model can be used to investigate design choices and their impact on energy consumption. A component-based library is developed, with the purpose of being easy to implement for different configurations. The results show that it is possible to assemble and simulate a complete hybrid drivetrain, using the modeled components, while not being very computationally heavy. The developed models correspond well with reality while being modular and easy to implement.