京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21641号 / 医博第4447号 / 新制||医||1034(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 三森 経世, 教授 杉田 昌彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

no / Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances cell migration and promotes wound healing in vivo, but the intracellular signaling pathways regulating these processes remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated the involvement of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry and STIM1 and Orai1 proteins in regulating nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) signaling and LPA-induced keratinocyte cell motility. As monitored by Fluo-4 imaging, stimulation with 10 μM LPA in 60 μM Ca2+o evoked Ca2+i transients owing to store release, whereas addition of LPA in physiological 1.2 mM Ca2+o triggered store release coupled to extracellular Ca2+ entry. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) was blocked by the SOCE inhibitor diethylstilbestrol (DES), STIM1 silencing using RNA interference (RNAi), and expression of dominant/negative Orai1R91W. LPA induced significant NFAT activation as monitored by nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged NFAT2 and a luciferase reporter assay, which was impaired by DES, expression of Orai1R91W, and inhibition of calcineurin using cyclosporin A (CsA). By using chemotactic migration assays, LPA-induced cell motility was significantly impaired by STIM1, CsA, and NFAT2 knockdown using RNAi. These data indicate that in conditions relevant to epidermal wound healing, LPA induces SOCE and NFAT activation through Orai1 channels and promotes cell migration through a calcineurin/NFAT2-dependent pathway.

Yes / The individual molecular pathways downstream of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho GTPases are well documented, but we know surprisingly little about how these pathways are coordinated when cells move in a complex environment in vivo. In the developing embryo, melanoblasts originating from the neural crest must traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis of the skin and hair follicles. We previously established that Rac1 signals via Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 to effect pseudopod extension and migration of melanoblasts in skin. Here we show that RhoA is redundant in the melanocyte lineage but that Cdc42 coordinates multiple motility systems independent of Rac1. Similar to Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null mice displayed a severe loss of pigmentation, and melanoblasts showed cell-cycle progression, migration, and cytokinesis defects. However, unlike Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null melanoblasts were elongated and displayed large, bulky pseudopods with dynamic actin bursts. Despite assuming an elongated shape usually associated with fast mesenchymal motility, Cdc42 knockout melanoblasts migrated slowly and inefficiently in the epidermis, with nearly static pseudopods. Although much of the basic actin machinery was intact, Cdc42 null cells lacked the ability to polarize their Golgi and coordinate motility systems for efficient movement. Loss of Cdc42 de-coupled three main systems: actin assembly via the formin FMNL2 and Arp2/3, active myosin-II localization, and integrin-based adhesion dynamics. / Cancer Research UK (to L.M.M. [A17196], R.H.I. [A19257], and S.W.G.T.) and NIH grants P01-GM103723 and P41-EB002025 (to K.M.H.). N.R.P. is supported by a Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund grant (to L.M.M.). Funding to Prof. Rottner by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant RO2414/3-2).

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The ability of cells to move through their environment and spread on surfaces is fundamental to a host of biological processes; including wound healing, growth and immune surveillance. Controlling cell motion has wide-ranging potential for medical applications; including prevention of cancer metastasis and improved colonisation of clinical implants. The relevance of the topic coupled with the naturally arising interplay of biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms that control cell motility make it an exciting problem for mathematical modellers. Two-phase flow models have been widely used in the literature to model cell motility; however, little is known about the mathematical properties of this framework. The majority of this thesis is dedicated to improving our understanding of the two-phase flow framework. We first present the simplest biologically plausible two-phase model for a cell crawling on a flat surface. Stability analyses and a numerical study reveal a number of features relevant to modelling cell motility. That these features are present in such a stripped-down two-phase flow model is notable. We then proceed to investigate how these features are altered in a series of generalisations to the minimal model. We consider the effect of membrane-regulated polymerization of the cell's actin network, the effect of describing the network as viscoelastic, and the effect of explicitly modelling myosin, which drives contraction of the actin network. Validation of hydrodynamical models for cell crawling and spreading requires data on cell shape. The latter part of the thesis develops an image processing routine for extracting the three-dimensional shape of cells settling on a flat surface from confocal microscopy data. Models for cell and droplet settling available in the literature are reviewed and we demonstrate how these could be compared to our cell data. Finally, we summarise the key results and highlight directions for future work.

La morphogenèse de la glande mammaire résulte de la coordination de différentes voies, incluant l'apoptose, la prolifération, la différenciation et la dynamique des cellules souches/progénitrices. La transition épithéliale-mésenchymateuse (EMT) semble être impliquée dans ces voies de signalisation. Ainsi, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le facteur de transcription Slug, un gène clé régulant l'EMT, et son implication dans la morphogenèse de la glande mammaire. Dans un premier temps, en utilisant un modèle de souris transgéniques Slug-Lacz, nous avons localisé Slug dans une sous-population couvrant 10 à 20% des cellules basales du tubule et des cap cells du bourgeons terminal, coexprimant les marqueurs P-cadhérine, CK5, CD49f. Ensuite, nous avons montré par des expériences in vitro de perte et de gain de fonction, que Slug régulait la différenciation et la prolifération des cellules épithéliales mammaires. De plus, nous avons trouvé que Slug inhibait l'apoptose, promouvait la motilité cellulaire, et permettait l'émergence et la croissance de mammosphères clonales. Ce dernier point montre l'implication de Slug dans les cellules souches, qui est renforcé par le fait que des cellules primaires déficientes pour Slug étaient incapables de donner des mammosphères secondaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu observer in vivo que les souris déficientes pour Slug présentaient un retard de développement de la glande mammaire, possédant moins de cellules en prolifération, et une surexpression des marqueurs des cellules luminale CK8/18, GATA3 et ER. D'autres gènes régulant l'EMT sont retrouvés surexprimés, suggérant un mécanisme de compensation, qui peut expliquer le fait que le retard de développement de la glande mammaire est rattrapé à l'âge adulte. Les glandes mammaires Slug-knockout présentaient également des branchements excessifs, évoquant une différenciation précoce, similaire aux glandes mammaires de souris déficientes pour la P-cadhérine, exprimée dans les cellules basales. Sachant cela, nous avons constaté que la P-cadhérine était diminuée dans les glandes mammaires Slug-knockout, et dans les cellules CommaDβ traitées par siRNA ciblant Slug. Nous avons alors trouvé que Slug se liait directement au promoteur de la P-cadhérine et l'activait, et que cette dernière intervenait dans certains effets fonctionnels de Slug, tels que la croissance de mammosphères, la différenciation et la migration cellulaire. Ainsi, nous avons montré l'importance d'une nouvelle voie de signalisation Slug/P-cadhérine dans les capacités souches/progénitrices des cellules épithéliales mammaires, intégrant la différenciation et la motilité cellulaire, et nous avons maintenant une meilleure compréhension de son rôle dans l'agressivité de certains cancers du sein. / Mammary gland morphogenesis results from the coordination of different pathways, including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and stem/progenitor cell dynamics. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) appears to be involved in these signalling pathways. Thus, we focused on transcription factor Slug, a key gene regulating EMT, and its involvement in mammary gland morphogenesis. First, using a Slug–LacZ transgenic mice model, we located Slug in a subpopulation covering about 10–20% basal duct cells and cap cells of terminal end bud, coexpressed with basal markers P-cadherin, CK5 and CD49f. Then, we have shown by in vitro experiments of loss and gain of function that Slug regulated the differentiation and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, we found that Slug inhibited apoptosis, promoted cell motility, and allowed the emergence and growth of clonal mammospheres. This last point shows the involvement of Slug in stem cells, which is reinforced by the fact that primary cells deficient for Slug were unable to give secondary mammospheres. Furthermore, we observed in vivo that mice deficient for Slug showed delayed development of the mammary gland, with less proliferating cells, and overexpression of markers of luminal cells CK8/18, GATA3 and ER. Other genes regulating EMT are found overexpressed, suggesting a compensatory mechanism, which can explain the fact that the delayed development of the mammary gland is caught up in adulthood. The Slug-knockout mammary glands also showed overbranching, evoking an early differentiation, similar to the mammary glands of mice deficient in P-cadherin, expressed in the basal cells. Knowing this, we found that P-cadherin was decreased in Slug-knockout mammary glands, and in CommaDβ cells treated with siRNA targeting Slug. We then found that Slug binds directly to the promoter of the P-cadherin and activated it, and that P-cadherin was involved in some functional effects of Slug, such as mammospheres growth, differentiation and cell migration. Thus, we have shown the importance of a new signalling pathway Slug/P-cadherin in the capacity of mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells, integrating differentiation and cell motility, and we now have a better understanding of its role in the aggressiveness of some breast cancers.

Le but de cette thèse était d’identifier de nouveaux substrats au complexe FANC Core,déficient dans l’Anémie de Fanconi, une pathologie génétique rare. Cette maladie estcaractérisée par un phénotype hétérogène associant une pancytopénie à des malformationscongénitales et une prédisposition accrues aux leucémies myéloïdes aigues.L’anémie de Fanconi est causée par la mutation biallélique dans un des seize gènesFANC. Les protéines produites par ces gènes participent à une même voie moléculaireimpliquée dans la signalisation des dommages de l’ADN. Huit de ces protéines forment lecomplexe FANC Core, une E3 ubiquitine ligase, dont les seuls substrats à ce jour sontFANCD2 et FANCI.Dans le but d’identifier de nouveaux substrats du complexe FANC Core, j’ai réalisé uneanalyse protéomique après immunoprécipitation des peptides modifiés par l’ubiquitine ou parles ubiquitin-like NEDD8 et ISG15. Cette expérience a été faite dans des cellules déficientespour la voie FANC, mutées sur les gène FANCA ou FANCC et comparée à des cellulescorrigées par l’expression de ces gènes.Cette analyse révèle que FANCD2 et FANCI sont les seules cibles du complexe FANCCore en réponse à des dommages de l’ADN.Néanmoins, je montre l’existence d’autres protéines qui sont modifiées d’une manièreFANCA dépendante. Ces protéines sont pour la grande majorité des protéines membranairesou associées aux membranes cytoplasmiques. Parmi celles-ci, j’ai pu déterminer que lerécepteur aux chimiokines, CXCR5, était modifié d’une manière FANCA dépendante parl’ubiquitin-like NEDD8. Cette modification impacte sur la localisation de la protéine à lamembrane et à des conséquences sur la migration des cellules.J’ai aussi montré que FANCA participe d’une manière similaire à la régulation de lalocalisation membranaire d’autres protéines comme APLP2.Ainsi, il est proposé par ce travail un rôle de la protéine FANCA en dehors du complexeFANC Core et en dehors de la réparation des dommages à l’ADN. Comment la protéineFANCA participe à la régulation du trafic des protéines membranaires reste un point nonrésolu à ce jour. / The aim of this thesis was to find new substrates of the E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of theFANC Core complex, mutated in the rare genetic disorder Fanconi Anemia. This disease ischaracterized by bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities and predisposition tocancer. Eight of the 16 known FANC proteins participate in the FANCcore nuclear complex,which has E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity and monoubiquitinates FANCD2 and FANCI inresponse to replication stress.In this thesis, I used mass spectrometry to compare cellular extracts from FANC Corecomplex deficient FA-A and FA-C cells to their ectopically corrected counterparts after agenotoxic stress.FANCD2 and FANCI appear to be the only true direct targets of the FANCcore complex.However, I also identified other proteins that undergo post-translational modifications throughFANCA- or FANCC-specific direct or indirect mechanisms that are independent of theFANCcore complex. The majority of these potential FANCA or FANCC target proteinslocalize to the cell membrane.Finally, I demonstrated that (a) the chemokine receptor CXCR5 is a neddylated protein; (b)FANCA, surprisingly, appears to modulate CXCR5 neddylation through a currently unknownmechanism; (c) CXCR5 neddylation is involved in the targeting of this receptor to the cellmembrane; and (d) CXCR5 neddylation stimulates cell migration/motility.I also confirmed that the role of FANCA in neddylation is not restrict to CXCR5 but also to,at least, one other protein, APLP2.My work has uncovered a new signaling pathway that is potentially involved in the rarehuman syndrome Fanconi Anemia and in cell motility and has highlighted a potential newfunction for the FANCA protein independant of the FANC Core complex and of a genotoxicstress.

The broad objective of this research is to examine the relationship between the cellular micromechanical environment and disease progression in cancer. The mechanical stiffness of cancerous tissue is a key feature that distinguishes it from normal tissue and thus facilitates its detection clinically. While numerous inroads have been achieved toward elucidating molecular mechanisms that underlie diseases such as cancer, quantitative characterization of associated cellular mechanical properties and biophysical attributes remains largely incomplete. To this end, the present research provides insight into the following questions: (1) What is the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and architecture on internal cancer cell rheology and cytoskeletal organization? (2) What are the integrated effects of ECM stiffness and cell metastatic potential on the intracellular rheology and morphology of breast cancer cells? (3) What are the integrated effects of ECM stiffness, ECM architecture, and cell metastatic potential on the motility of breast cancer cells? To examine these phenomena, the present research utilizes a multidisciplinary engineering approach that integrates experimental rheology, theoretical mechanics, confocal microscopy, computational algorithms, and experimental cell biology. Briefly, genetically altered cancer-mimicking cells are cultured within synthetic ECMs of varying mechanical stiffness and structure, where they are then observed using time-lapsed confocal microscopy. Image analyses and computational algorithms are then employed to extract measures of cell migration speed and intracellular stiffness via particle-tracking microrheology techniques. Major results show that ECM stiffness elicits an intracellular mechanical response only within the framework of physiologically relevant matrix environments and that a key cell-matrix attachment protein (the integrin) plays an essential role in this phenomenon. Additional results indicate that a well-known breast cancer-associated biomarker (ErbB2) is responsible for sensitizing mammary cells to ECM stiffness. Finally, results also show that a switch in ECM architecture significantly hinders the migratory capacity of ErbB2-associated cells, which may explain why the ErbB2 biomarker is detected with much higher frequency in early stage breast cancer than in later stage invasive and metastatic cancers. In total, these findings inform the fields of mechanobiology and cancer biology by systematically linking cell rheology, cell motility, matrix mechanics, and disease progression in cancer. / text