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[pt] Atualmente nos deparamos com uma importante mudança demográfica no cenário global. A redução do índice de fecundidade somada ao aumento da expectativa de vida tem como resultado o envelhecimento populacional (MARRA, SOUZA, MARQUES, MELO, 2013). Estamos vivenciando, consequentemente, um processo contínuo de envelhecimento da força de trabalho (FONTOURA, PICCININI, 2012). Dessa maneira, a presente pesquisa se propôs a entender qual a importância e o sentido do trabalho para profissionais maduros brasileiros e como estes se veem enquanto trabalhadores nessa fase avançada da vida profissional. Através de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com trabalhadores de idade igual ou superior a cinquenta anos, constatou-se que o trabalho ainda possui grande importância em suas vidas; que estes indivíduos desejam permanecer trabalhando, porém em condições diferentes das atuais; e, que, apesar de se considerarem hoje profissionais melhores, sofrem discriminação dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho em decorrência da idade. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo contribuam para um melhor entendimento sobre os trabalhadores maduros, levando à elaboração e à adoção de práticas e políticas por parte das organizações que atraiam e retenham esses profissionais. / [en] We are currently faced with a major demographic change on the global scene. The reduction of the fertility index added to the increase in the life expectancy results in the aging of the population (MARRA, SOUZA, MARQUES, MELO, 2013). We are experiencing, therefore, a continuous process of aging of the workforce (FONTOURA, PICCININI, 2012). Thus, the present research aimed to understand the importance and the meaning of work for mature Brazilian professionals and how they perceives themselves as workers in this advanced stage of professional life. Through semi-structured interviews with workers aged fifty and over, it was found that work still holds great importance in their lives; that these individuals wish to remain working, but in different conditions from the present; and that although they consider themselves better professionals today, they suffer discrimination within and outside the work environment because of their age. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a better understanding of mature workers, leading to preparation and adoption of practices and policies by organizations that attract and retain these professionals.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23864号 / 工博第4951号 / 新制||工||1773(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 聡, 教授 宇野 伸宏, 准教授 松中 亮治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

This dissertation comprises of three problems in the area of Political Economy and Industrial Organization. The first chapter concerns how ideologically-opposite media firms report a particular event to maximize their payoffs from advocating their ideology and strengthen reader trust which increases if the report is proximate to their beliefs. I use these facts to develop a Hotelling's linear city model of competition where the two media firms choose their respective locations which signify the impression they want to impart to its readers. I find partisan media provides accurate information while covering topics favorable to its ideology. However, for unfavourable topics, the media never provides an indifferent report, but either defends its own ideology or delivers a partially accurate report. For unfavourable issues, imparting an indifferent impression rewards a media with lowest equilibrium payoffs. I identify sufficiency conditions where readers give better assessment to news of a media located farther away from their ideology than one which is nearer. Increasing competition by the entry of a third firm does not necessarily alleviate the level of bias in the news economy. The second paper studies the pricing schedule of a monopolist while it sells a non-durable product over two time periods. The consumer's experience with the product is correlated with two possible states — good (bad) experience is more probable under a high (low) state. Given this, I study the monopolist's pricing scheme in the two periods when consumers are wishful — overly optimistic about the high state even after a bad experience. I provide a comparative study of prices in each periods when the monopolist announces prices with and without commitment when consumers are either naive or sophisticated. The final chapter provides an understanding of the efficacy of two types of trade sanctions (import and export) using a directed network model. Sanctions are common punitive measures taken by a sender player to discipline a target player. Empirical evidences in the realm of international trade show differences in the effectiveness between import and export sanctions. This paper shows that such differences can be explained by one specific centrality feature of the underlying trading network — betweenness-centrality. This measure lends insights to the trade spill-overs following sanctions underscoring why sanctions are ineffective. I highlight when a higher value of this centrality acts as a sufficient condition towards effective sanction. Based on this analysis, one can conclude whether import or export sanction will be more effective for a given trade network. / Doctor of Philosophy / Three essays spanning across topics of political economy and Industrial Organization has been studied. The first essay `Media bias in the best and worst of times' studies how ideology-motivated (partisan) media firms try to create impressions to its audience about a particular issue to increase its payoffs from either of the two sources — reader trust and advocating its ideology. This trade-off depends on the type of issue at hand which either aggravates or moderates a media's wish to generate bias in its news. I investigate not only the degree of bias for any given event, but also study how profits of media are impacted from doing so. The second chapter `Monopoly pricing under wishful thinking' investigates the pricing strategies of a seller when he sells a non-durable product to a wishful buyer twice, over two time periods. Under two possible states of the world — textit{high} and textit{low} — the buyer can derives either a good or bad experience. It is assumed that a good experience is more likely than a bad one under textit{high} state. Would the buyer re-purchase the product after having a bad experience in the first period? A wishful buyer is overly optimistic about a good experience in the future even after a bad experience in the current period. Such optimism paves the way for pricing strategies in favor of the seller under certain conditions. My aim has been to highlight these conditions and draw comparison with a pricing model with non-wishful buyers. The third chapter investigates the effectiveness of trade sanctions. Such sanctions are imposed by a sender country against a target country when the latter has taken an action which the sender disapproves — initiating domestic war, building nuclear arsenals, etc. The sanctions are enforced until the target. However, only 30% sanctions are effective in disciplining the target. This paper studies if any feature of the trade network can explain why sanctions fail and what type of trade sanction — import or export — will be optimal in any given trade network.

Recent trauma research argues trauma results in distinct positive and negative consequences, however; many trauma variables positively correlate with both outcomes. This study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as positive and negative trauma outcomes. Behavioral, cognitive, and demographic correlates and predictors were assessed to help clarify differences between the two outcomes. While several behavioral factors were common to both PTG and PTSD symptoms, centrality of event and problem focused coping were the strongest PTG predictors, whereas centrality of event and avoidant coping were the strongest PTSD predictors. These findings indicate while greater incorporation of a trauma/stressful event into one’s identity is a key component of both PTG and PTSD development, behavioral response may be a determining factor between growth or debilitation.

This thesis presents an approach to understanding and enhancing the robustness of aerospace systems through the integration of network analysis, Design Structure Matrix (DSM), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and robustness simulation techniques. This methodology called the Importance Hierarchy method, provides a comprehensive framework for decomposing the interactions of aerospace systems, focusing on identifying and evaluating critical components and interactions. The Importance Hierarchy method was used to study the Autonomous Flight Termination Unit (AFTU) by analyzing its components and interdependencies. The AFTU was selected because it recently completed a Preliminary Design Review (PDR), and its design and operational functions were well-known. During the PDR phase, it was found that the GPS circuit card assembly was vulnerable due to the extreme vibration environment. This research analysis has identified the GPS unit as a critical component through network analysis due to its pivotal role and interdependencies with other components. Therefore, if this analysis was performed during the PDR phase, it could have saved time and money. The findings from this research can contribute significantly to the aerospace industry by providing a robust framework for strategic decision-making, visually communicating complex system dynamics, and understanding the robustness of aerospace systems. This approach is instrumental in mitigating risks and ensuring aerospace systems' long-term reliability and safety.

Cette thèse traite de l’analyse théorique et l’application d’une nouvelle famille de jeux coopératifs, où la valeur de chaque coalition peut être calculée à partir des contributions des joueurs par un opérateur additif qui décrit comme les capacités individuelles interagissent au sein de groupes. Précisément, on introduit une grande classe de jeux, les Generalized Additive Games, qui embrasse plusieurs classes de jeux coopératifs dans la littérature, et en particulier de graph games, où un réseau décrit les restrictions des possibilités d’interaction entre les joueurs. Des propriétés et solutions pour cette classe de jeux sont étudiées, avec l’objectif de fournir des outils pour l’analyse de classes de jeux connues, ainsi que pour la construction de nouvelles classes de jeux avec des propriétés intéressantes d’un point de vue théorique. De plus, on introduit une classe de solutions pour les communication situations, où la formation d’un réseau est décrite par un mécanisme additif, et dans la dernière partie de cette thèse on présente des approches avec notre modèle à des problèmes réels modélisés par des graph games, dans les domaines de la théorie de l’argumentation et de la biomédecine. / This thesis deals with the theoretical analysis and the application of a new family of cooperative games, where the worth of each coalition can be computed from the contributions of single players via an additive operator describing how the individual abilities interact within groups. Specifically, we introduce a large class of games, namely the Generalized Additive Games, which encompasses several classes of cooperative games from the literature, and in particular of graph games, where a network describes the restriction of the interaction possibilities among players. Some properties and solutions of such class of games are studied, with the objective of providing useful tools for the analysis of known classes of games, as well as for the construction of new classes of games with interesting properties from a theoretic point of view. Moreover, we introduce a class of solution concepts for communication situations, where the formation of a network is described by means of an additive pattern, and in the last part of the thesis we present two approaches using our model to real-world problems described by graph games, in the fields of Argumentation Theory and Biomedicine.