Ecological and social challenges have tested the ability of conventional land development as a route to a sustainable future. Early sustainability paradigms have been part of the response towards better development practices, but many critics have argued that more needs to be done – to move beyond essentially degenerative sustainability paradigms towards more explicitly regenerative sustainability paradigms. This practicum examines the Canada Lands Company (CLC) development of its CFB Calgary properties (Garrison Woods and Currie Barracks) to explore the progress around sustainability paradigms and to prospect the case for Regenerative Design and Development (RD+D) as a new operative worldview governing CLC’s planning and land development practices. A literature review and a series of focused interviews with key informants were the main research methods, within the context of the case study set, to pursue a series of research questions, culminating with: How – and in what ways, with what rationale – could RD+D be considered an appropriate new worldview for CLC’s next generation of leading-edge-seeking projects? What are its prospects? It was generally concluded that RD+D is a viable, emerging sustainability approach for CLC. More specifically, on the basis of this research, CFB Calgary was assessed as having been developed with what may now be defined as a green approach – implicitly sustainable, in aspiration at least; the next progression on this would involve a more explicit sustainable approach, then restorative, all laying the ground for a potentially regenerative approach. If RD+D had been the operative worldview during inception and execution of CFB Calgary, there would almost certainly have been a very different process and outcome. However, it would probably require a dedicated champion of RD+D, within CLC, for this post-conventional sustainability approach to be seriously considered. The Company’s track record – as an innovative land developer – encourages the view that RD+D could well be a good fit – as a potential next-generation planning and development approach.

Orientador: Marco Aurelio Cremasco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castilho_GuilhermeJosede_M.pdf: 55720465 bytes, checksum: ff5e31cd4371ec0283beb9eec7df3f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Regimes gás-sólido têm inúmeras aplicações industriais, sendo empregados, por exemplo, em sistemas de transporte pneumático das partículas e em leito fluidizado. Nas últimas duas décadas notou-se a aplicação crescente do leito fluidizado circulante, principalmente para facilidades de geração de energia, como caldeira e reações catalíticas. No processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC), dentre os vários equipamentos que compõem uma unidade conversora, é no riser onde praticamente ocorrem todas as reações de craqueamento. Medidas de grandezas como concentração de sólidos são fundamentais para a compreensão da fluidodinâmica nestes reatores e é pré-requisito para o projeto técnico bem sucedido de sistemas de transporte pneumático. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para medidas de grandezas básicas em sistemas particulados, a sonda de fibra óptica é relativamente simples, de alta precisão e utilizada em várias situações que envolvem o sistema fluido-partícula. Nesta Dissertação, a oncentração volumétrica dos sólidos é medida por meio de uma sonda de fibra óptica. A concentração volumétrica dos sólidos é tomada radialmente e em diversas posições axiais ao longo do riser sob diferentes condições de operação, na Unidade Multipropósito do Laboratório de Processos em Meios Porosos da Faculdade de Engenharia Química da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Resultados mostram que a concentração volumétrica de sólidos é maior na parede em comparação ao centro do riser, para todas posições axiais, exceto para o ponto mais alto do reator, onde há a influência da região de saída do escoamento. Sobre a distribuição axial de de concentração, verificou-se que o escoamento é mais concentrado na parte inferior do equipamento e tende a ficar menos concentrado ao longo do reator. Através dos espectros de sinais obtidos pela sonda, pôde-se analisar as flutuações através da distribuição de probabilidade dos sinais e da distribuição do desvio padrão do sinal médio. Distribuições de probabilidade permitem identificar a presença de clusters em determinados pontos radiais, revelando que para as condições de mais concentradas, as flutuações são as maiores. As distribuições de desvio padrão apresentam picos, onde sugere maior interação entre as partículas / Abstract: Gas-solid systems have innumerable industrial applications, being used, for example, in the pneumatic conveying of particles and in fluidized bed. In the last two decades it was noticed increasing application of the circulating fluidized bed, mainly for easinesses of energy generation, as boilers and catalytic reactions. In the process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC), amongst some equipment that composes a converting unit, it is in riser where the cracking reactions practically occur at all. Measures as solid concentration are basic for the understanding of the fluidodynamic in these reactors and are prerequisite for the successful design of pneumatic transport systems. Amongst the several techniques used for measures in particulates systems, the optical-fiber probe is relatively simple, of high precision and used in some situations that involve fluid-particle system. In this Dissertation, the volumetric concentration of solids is measured by means of an optical-fiber probe. The volumetric concentration of solids is taken radially and in diverse axial positions throughout riser under different operation conditions, in the Multipurpose Unit of the Laboratory of Processes in Porous Means of the College of Chemical Engineering of the State University of Campinas. Results show that the volumetric solid concentration is bigger in the wall in comparison to the center of the riser, for all axial positions, except forthe highest point of the reactor, where it has the influence of the exit region of the flow. On the axial distribution of concentration, it was verified that the flow is more concentrated in the inferior part of the equipment. Through the electrical signs specters gotten by the probe, it could be analyzed the fluctuations through the distribution of probability of the signals and the distribution of the standard deviation of the average signal. The distribution of probability allows identifying the presence of clusters in determined radial points, disclosing that for the most concentrated conditions, the fluctuations are the greater. The distributions of the standard deviation present peaks, where it suggests greater interaction between particles / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The chemical company Perstorp AB has a 50 MWth circulating fluidized bed to supply the production plant with process steam. The fuel mixture used shows a large variation with about 20 different fuel fractions that can be divided into the categories, residue wood chips, sludge, forest fuel, animal waste, industrial residues, and peat. From an economic and environmental perspective, the use of peat should be minimized because it is classified as a fossil fuel. Peat has positive combustion characteristics due to a combination of sulfur and silica based minerals that can reduce alkali chloride related corrosion. Therefore it is not always possible phase out peat without negatively affecting the boilers availability. Besides reducing CO2 emissions, it is desirable to reduce the use of additives such as limestone and to use cheap waste fractions as fuels when operating a boiler. Similar to peat, reduced use of limestone and the introduction of a new waste fractions can affect the boiler availability negatively. If less limestone is used the risk of agglomeration can increase and often waste products can contain ash elements problematic in both a agglomeration and corrosion perspective.The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the possibility of reducing the usage of peat by minimizing the limestone content and to see if it would be possible to add a new Na-rich waste fraction to the fuel mixture. This was investigated by determining first what fuels that are used and in what amounts. Each fuel was either sent for new elemental analysis or existing analyses were used depending on if it was deemed to be still representative. With the help of experienced personnel working with the boiler, future possible cases for fuel mixtures could be determined: Case 1. Replacing peat with forest fuels. Case 2. Replacing peat with residue wood chips. Case 3. Replacing both peat and animal waste with residue wood chips. Case 4. Introducing Na-rich fuel. The theoretical available SO2 content could be determined for each case and three limestone levels. For each case the CO2 emissions and the economic savings could be estimated when the peat were fully removed and the limestone content halved. From an SO2 perspective, the results indicate that it could be possible to phase out peat for cases 1-2 by adjusting the limestone levels but this would not be enough for case 3. Adding the Na-rich fuel could also be problematic and more investigation has to be put into potential additives and fuels to compensate for the additional Na.When peat is fully phased out in case 1-3 the CO2 emission would decrease by 10 000 tonCO2/year. Due to the cost of CO2 emissions, this could result in considerable monetary savings. From the results it is estimated that case 1 could save 9.1 million SEK/year, case 2 10.3 million SEK/year, and case 3 6.5 million SEK/year when the peat is fully removed. This does not include changes in availability and maintenance costs. / Kemiindustriföretaget Perstorp AB har en 50 MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd panna för att förse produktionen med processånga. Bränsleblandningen som används visar en stor variation med ett 20-tal olika bränslefraktioner som kan delas in i kategorierna returflis (RT-flis), slam, skogsbränsle, slaktrester, industrirester och torv. Från ett ekonomiskt- och miljöperspektiv bör användningen av torv minimeras eftersom den är klassad som ett fossilt bränsle. Dock har torv positiva förbränningsegenskaper vilket beror på dess innehåll av såväl svavel som kiselbaserade mineraler vilka minskar korrosions förmågan för alkali-klorider. Därför är det inte alltid möjligt att fasa ut torven utan att riskera att försämra pannans tillgänglighet. Andra aspekter förutom minskade CO2 utsläpp som är fördelaktiga vid drift av en panna, är att minimera användningen av tillsatser som kalksten samt använda restprodukter som bränsle i största möjliga mån. Dock kan, som i fallet med torv, en minskad användning av kalksten och ett nytt restproduktbränsle ha potentiella negativa konsekvenser för pannans tillgänglighet. Om kalksten används i mindre utsträckning kan risken för klumpbildning i pannan, agglomerering, öka och ofta kan restprodukter från produktionen innehålla höga halter av problematiska grundämnen både i ett korrosions och agglomererings perspektiv.Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka möjligheterna att minska användningen av torv och kalksten samt möjligheten att tillföra ett nytt Na-rikt bränsle till bränsleblandningen. Detta undersöktes genom att först bestämma vad som eldades och i vilka mängder. Genom att använda data från leveransrapporter (för bränslen och additiv) och bränsleanalyser. I de fall det fanns representativ bränsleanalys användes dessa, i övrigt provtogs och beställdes nya bränsleanalyser. Med hjälp av erfaren personal som jobbar med pannan kunde olika möjliga framtida bränsleblandningar bestämmas. Dessa bränsleblandningar delades in i olika scenarion eller case som det kallas här: Case 1. Ersätta torv med skogsbränsle. Case 2. Ersätta torv med RT-flis. Case 3. Ersätta både torv och biomal (slaktrester) med RT-flis. Case 4. Introduktion av Na-rikt restbränsle. Baserat på en tidigare kartläggning av askomvandlingen i pannan kunde det teoretiska tillgängliga SO2 halten i rökgaserna bestämmas för varje case för tre olika kalkstenshalter. För varje case kunde sedan CO2 utsläppen samt de ekonomiska besparingarna estimeras då torv var helt urfasad och kalkstensinnehållet halverat. Från ett SO2 perspektiv pekar resultaten på att det skulle vara möjligt att fasa ut torven helt genom att minska kalkstenen mellan 0-50 vikt% för case 1 och 2 men inte för case 3. Att tillsätta det Na-rika bränslet kan potentiellt vara problematiskt. För att elda detta Na-rika bränslet kan det krävas en ny additiv eller ett S-rikt bränsle för att balansera tillskottet av Na och därmed minska korrosionsrisken.Vid utfasning av samtlig torv minskar CO2 utsläppen i case 1-3 med runt 10 000 tonCO2/år. Eftersom utsläpp av fossil CO2 är beskattat, uppskattas de möjliga besparingarna som betydande, 9.1 miljoner SEK/år i case 1, 10.3 miljoner SEK/år case 2 och 6.5 miljoner SEK/år i case 3 inklusive inköps- och askhanteringskostnader.

This hydrogeophysical field experiment evaluated the ability of high frequency (450 & 900 MHz) ground penetrating radar (GPR) to characterize the release of gasoline over an annual cycle of in situ conditions. In August 2008, 200 liters of E10 gasoline were released into the unconfined sand aquifer at CFB Borden. The 900 MHz profiling clearly shows the development of shallow (i.e., above 10 ns) high reflectivity in the vicinity of the trench immediately after the release. Additional lateral extension of high reflectivity zone was observed over the following 20 days until the seasonal water table low stand occurred, after which no further lateral movement was observed. Throughout the remainder of the monitoring, the 900 MHz profiling observed a long-term dimming of reflectivity at the periphery of the impacted zone. While direct imaging of the shallow impacted zone by the 450 MHz antennas was significantly obscured by the superposition with the direct air-ground wave arrival; its improved depth of penetration allowed the measurement of a velocity “pull-up” of an underlying stratigraphic interface resulting from the displacement of low velocity water by high velocity gasoline. The maximum pull-up was observed during the water table low stand. The ongoing changes in the pull-up magnitude during the remainder of the observation period suggest the continued redistribution of fluids in the impacted zone. Because of the shallow depth of the gasoline impacted zone, the effects of freezing during the winter period were observed in the GPR imaging. The presence of the gasoline impacted zone appears to have affected the depth of freezing, causing a depression of the frozen soil base. The dimming of the direct air-ground wave complex indicates that the contaminant phase brought to the surface by the water table fluctuations have impacted the nature of the near-surface freezing.

This hydrogeophysical field experiment evaluated the ability of high frequency (450 & 900 MHz) ground penetrating radar (GPR) to characterize the release of gasoline over an annual cycle of in situ conditions. In August 2008, 200 liters of E10 gasoline were released into the unconfined sand aquifer at CFB Borden. The 900 MHz profiling clearly shows the development of shallow (i.e., above 10 ns) high reflectivity in the vicinity of the trench immediately after the release. Additional lateral extension of high reflectivity zone was observed over the following 20 days until the seasonal water table low stand occurred, after which no further lateral movement was observed. Throughout the remainder of the monitoring, the 900 MHz profiling observed a long-term dimming of reflectivity at the periphery of the impacted zone. While direct imaging of the shallow impacted zone by the 450 MHz antennas was significantly obscured by the superposition with the direct air-ground wave arrival; its improved depth of penetration allowed the measurement of a velocity “pull-up” of an underlying stratigraphic interface resulting from the displacement of low velocity water by high velocity gasoline. The maximum pull-up was observed during the water table low stand. The ongoing changes in the pull-up magnitude during the remainder of the observation period suggest the continued redistribution of fluids in the impacted zone. Because of the shallow depth of the gasoline impacted zone, the effects of freezing during the winter period were observed in the GPR imaging. The presence of the gasoline impacted zone appears to have affected the depth of freezing, causing a depression of the frozen soil base. The dimming of the direct air-ground wave complex indicates that the contaminant phase brought to the surface by the water table fluctuations have impacted the nature of the near-surface freezing.

The focus of this thesis is the development and implementation of a neural network model predictive controller to be used for controlling the integrated recycle heat exchanger (Intrex) in a 300MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Discussion of the development of the controller will include data collection and preprocessing, controller design and controller tuning. The controller will be programmed directly into the plant distributed control system (DCS) and does not require the continuous use of any third party software. The intrexes serve as the loop seal in the CFB as well as intermediate and finishing superheaters. Heat is transferred to the steam in the intrex superheaters from the circulating ash which can vary in consistency, quantity and quality. Fuel composition can have a large impact on the ash quality and in turn, on intrex performance. Variations in MW load and airflow settings will also impact intrex performance due to their impact on the quantity of ash circulating in the CFB. Insufficient intrex heat transfer will result in low main steam temperature while excessive heat transfer will result in high superheat attemperator sprays and/or loss of unit efficiency. This controller will automatically adjust to optimize intrex ash flow to compensate for changes in the other ash properties by controlling intrex air flows. The controller will allow the operator to enter a target intrex steam temperature increase which will cause all of the intrex air flows to adjust simultaneously to achieve the target temperature. The result will be stable main steam temperature and in turn stable and reliable operation of the CFB.

The direct variable costs for heat and electricity production based on solid biomass fuel combustion is approximately 3-5 times lower than the costs in a fossil fuel-oil based boiler in Sweden. In addition waste derived biomass fuels are typically much cheaper than biomass not classified as waste. The introduction of the waste derived fuels; wastewater treatment sludge, demolition wood, and animal waste in a 50MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) biomass boiler located in Perstorp, Sweden, led to rapid deposit buildup in superheaters, heavy ash accumulation in economizers and failing boiler tubes and vortex finders that forced frequent boiler shutdowns. This in turn increased the use of expensive oil (fossil fuel) in backup boilers and the CO2 footprint of the on-site energy conversion system. This work aims to increase the general mechanistic understanding of combustion systems using complex fuels, and includes: A mapping of the boiler failure and preventive maintenance statistics; elemental composition analysis of ash, deposits and fuel fractions; flue-gas composition measurements; chemical speciation analysis; an attempt to describe the overall ash transformation reactions and mass balance throughout the combustion process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of ash and deposits. The SEM-EDS results were used together with data from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermodynamic phase data, and equilibrium calculations in an attempt to quantify the crystalline phases and the overall ash transformation of the process. Based on the findings concerning ash transformation and the failure statistics, it has been possible to identify generic key parameters regarding boiler design and process parameters, enabling major improvements of the CFB boiler availability, a lower overall energy conversion cost and a reduced CO2 footprint. / Den direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.