<p>The purpose with this work is to describe the language that is built around the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Sweden. Our questions are: What does the professional field look like; who writes, about what and for which kind of readers? How do they describe the expressions and the upcoming of CFS? For which reasons can CFS be considered as a medical diagnosis/illness? How can CFS be understood from a social perspective? Our theoretical starting point is a social constructive theory and also Karin Johannisson's theory about medicalization and Foucault’s theory about power. We have from a literature-exposition of Swedish articles from 1989 to 2006, done a social constructive discourse analysis with help from Laclau & Mouffe's discourse theory, and Fairclough's model of social practices. In our textual analysis we found three dominating discourses: A medical discourse, a social/cultural discourse and a general/popular discourse. Our results showed that the dominating professional category is doctors and those who have medical direction within their work. In most cases they wrote articles that searched for medical explanations of CFS and their common factor was that they looked at CFS as an illness. The articles that had a social constructive, anthropological, idea historical or religious perspective to CFS was in a minority and they often defined the phenomenon as an expression of different kind of public elements and were often critical to medicalization.</p>

The purpose with this work is to describe the language that is built around the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Sweden. Our questions are: What does the professional field look like; who writes, about what and for which kind of readers? How do they describe the expressions and the upcoming of CFS? For which reasons can CFS be considered as a medical diagnosis/illness? How can CFS be understood from a social perspective? Our theoretical starting point is a social constructive theory and also Karin Johannisson's theory about medicalization and Foucault’s theory about power. We have from a literature-exposition of Swedish articles from 1989 to 2006, done a social constructive discourse analysis with help from Laclau &amp; Mouffe's discourse theory, and Fairclough's model of social practices. In our textual analysis we found three dominating discourses: A medical discourse, a social/cultural discourse and a general/popular discourse. Our results showed that the dominating professional category is doctors and those who have medical direction within their work. In most cases they wrote articles that searched for medical explanations of CFS and their common factor was that they looked at CFS as an illness. The articles that had a social constructive, anthropological, idea historical or religious perspective to CFS was in a minority and they often defined the phenomenon as an expression of different kind of public elements and were often critical to medicalization.

Introduction: A recent study at the acute admission unit (AAU), revealed that 13.5 percent ofall patients discharged from the department, were readmitted within 30 days during 2018. Inthe group of 80 years and above, the cause for re-admission was multifactorial. Aim: To identify factors that are associated with unplanned re-admission, palliative decision,or death within 30 days after discharge from the AAU, in patients of 80 years or above. Anotheraim is to examine if longer hospital stay, patient discharge planning and fast follow-up canprotect against these outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study comprising 287 patients. Data on age, sex, length ofstay, comorbidities (Elixhauser comorbidity index), frailty (Clinical frailty scale), NationalEarly Warning Score (NEWS), social status, home care, lab values and outcome were collected.All variables were analyzed using Chi-square test with univariate and multivariate logisticregression, and a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 276 patients were included. A NEWS ≥ 3 was associated with significantly increasedrisk for poor outcome (odds ratio 2.4). Living with someone without municipal support wasassociated with a significantly decreased risk for poor outcome (odds ratio 0.21). Conclusions: The results indicate that it is crucial to stabilize patients of 80 years or abovebefore discharge. And that living with someone without municipal support is a protective factor.

Bakgrund: Myalgisk encefalomyelit/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) är en komplex kronisk sjukdom med okänd etiologi och utan medicinsk botande behandling. Kunskapen om sjukdomen är låg bland hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal vilket kan leda till att patienter får gå lång tid utan stöd. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig att uppdatera sina kunskaper och stödja personerna genom personcentrerad vård för att uppnå hälsa och minska lidande. Genom att studera personers egna upplevelser av sjukdomen, utifrån deras livsvärld, kan ny kunskap och förståelse skapas.  Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna personers upplevelse av att leva med Myalgisk encefalomyelit/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Metod: Till metod valdes en kvalitativ litteraturstudie med en induktiv ansats baserad på två patografier och sju kapitel ur en antologi. Innehållsanalysen gjordes efter inspiration från Lundman och Hällgren Graneheims beskrivning, analysen skedde huvudsakligen manifest med latenta inslag. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier och sex underkategorier. I kategorin Sjukdomens konsekvenser begränsar livet framkom att personerna upplevde att livet begränsades på grund av de förändrade fysiska och mentala förmågorna. I kategorin Förändrat jag framkom att personerna upplevde att den de var förändrades. I kategorin, Svårigheter att hantera sjukdomen, framkom att personerna upplevde svårigheter att lära sig leva med och acceptera sjukdomen, men att de lärde sig hantera den med hjälp av olika strategier och ett nytt sätt att tänka. De beskrev även upplevelser av bristande kunskap, svårigheter att få en diagnos och en känsla av att inte bli tagen på allvar i kontakt med vården.   Slutsats: Myalgisk encefalomyelit/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) har en djup påverkan på hela personen, fysiskt, mentalt och psykiskt liksom att den påverkar relationer, familjedynamik, funktionsförmåga, välbefinnande och vardagsliv. Sjukdomen är svår att lära sig leva med och det finns ett behov av stöd, strategier och information från sjukvården för att  underlätta personens anpassning till vardagen och välbefinnande.

The aim of the thesis is the determination of investment cash flows generated from Finnish market development activities of a selected Russia-based small company, performing investment valuation using discounted cash flow method and presenting improvements which can rise the attractiveness for potential investors. It includes comprehensive investment valuation of the selected company at the seed stage of its` development, including the overview of current financial situation, usage a valuation model followed by stable growth and terminal value determination. Provided and copulated data serves as an example of complete valuation model for capital injections of future projects in the company, thanks to which the author is able to come to particular conclusions on the funding perspectives for the company. The results obtained through the analysis is assessed through the critical prism to be used as a basis for further suggestions on improvement.

La coiffe racinaire est cruciale à la croissance et survie du méristème subapical de racine. Elle libère des cellules frontières (CFs) qui assurent la protection de l’apex racinaire. Les CFs associées à leur mucilage forment le piège extracellaire de racine (RET). La caractérisation du RET et des exsudats racinaires de trois essences ligneuses sahéliennes à partir de plantules cultivées in vitro a été réalisée. B. aegyptiaca et A. raddiana prospèrent dans les zones semi-arides, à l’opposé de T. indica. La morphologie des CFs et l’organisation du RET ont été déterminées par microscopie. La compostion en glycopolymères et la détection des arabinogalactanes proteines (AGPs) dans le RET et les exsudats racinaires ont été déterminées par des analyses biochimiques. L’effet des exsudats racinaires sur la croissance d’Azospirillum brasilense, une bactérie bénéfique pour la plante a été évalué. B. aegyptiaca produit des CFs de type border cells (BCs) alors que les autres Fabaceae produisent des BCs et des border-like cells. Les BCs sont entourées d’un dense mucilage riche en polymères de paroi. Le RET et les exsudats racinaires issus de B. aegyptiaca et A. raddiana sont plus riches en AGPs que ceux provenant T. indica. Les AGPs pourraient contribuer à la survie des plantules dans un contexte semiaride. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche concernant l'implication du RET dans la survie des plantes à l'aridité. / The root cap is primordial for seedling growth and supports root apical meristem integrity. The root cap releases root border cells (RBCs) that surround the root tip and ensure seedling protection against numerous stresses. RBCs and their associated mucilage form the root extracellular trap (RET). Here, RET and root exudate characterization of three Sahelian woody seedlings are performed. In contrast to B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana which thrive in semi-arid areas, T. indica is more sensitive to drought. B. aegyptiaca, A. raddiana and T. indica seedlings were sub-cultured in vitro. RBC morphologies and RET organization were determined using microscopic approaches. The polysaccharide composition and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) content were determined by biochemical approaches in the RET and the root exudates. Moreover, the effect of root exudates on the growth of Azospirillum brasilense a plant benefical bacteria has been performed. While B. aegyptiaca produces only border cell (BC) type, the two Fabaceae seedlings release both BCs and border-like cells (BLCs). BCs are enclosed in a dense mucilage enriched in cell wall polymers. Compared to T. indica, RET and root exudates of B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana include more abundant AGPs. In this context, AGPs could contribute to woody seedling survival. This work opens new research perspectives regarding involvement of RET in plant survival to aridity.

In this essay, I go through the different parts that compile my degree project. I have explored the power of graphic design for educational purposes. During my process, I have found a new area of graphic design, respectful design. Something that can be briefly described as design created with the greatest reverence for conveying a difficult subject without diminishing the affected person behind. An approach where one works closely with the involved and frequently checks in, so that nothing is portrayed incorrectly. This along with the constant search for information makes up the basics of respectful design. The disease ME has finally begun to be talked about in society. But the way the disease is portrayed can be argued as incorrect in relation to the bigger picture. As a graphic designer I have analyzed the problem and worked out a possible solution. My conclusion is that strong colors mixed with melancholy and straightforward information can make the subject less heavy and easier to handle. This can open the senses to problem solving and understanding instead of stopping at pity. The aim of the project has been to get away from these dark quilts that the media has placed on us. The goal was to create something that does not hide the awfulness of the disease but informs in a more fun and more inviting way. I strongly believe that graphic design can reduce the social stigma around a topic if done properly. When life is the toughest it has helped me and (after the response of the exhibition) others to learn more about our disease. Above all, if more people know more about the disease, ME- patients will get help. Hopefully society will open it’s arms so that no more people are forced to choose suicide. / I denna uppsats går jag igenom de olika delarna som sammanställer mitt examensprojekt. Jag har i grunden utforskat kraften av grafisk design i utbildningssyfte. Under min process har jag kommit fram till ett nytt område inom grafisk design, respektfull design. Detta går kort att beskriva som design utformat med största vördnad inför att förmedla ett svårt ämne utan att förminska den drabbade människan bakom. Respektfull design innebär att man jobbar nära med inblandade, kollar av hela tiden så att inget porträtteras felaktigt och läser på om ämnet så långt det går. Sjukdomen ME har äntligen börjat talas om i samhället. Men sättet sjukdomen porträtteras kan argumenteras som svartvitt och felaktigt gentemot helhetsbilden. Som grafisk designer har jag analyserat problemet och jobbat fram en möjlig lösning. Min slutsats är att starka färger blandat med melankolisk och rak information kan göra ämnet mindre tungt och mer lätthanterligt. Detta kan öppna sinnena för problemlösning och förståelse istället för att stanna vid medlidande. Syftet med projektet har varit att komma ifrån detta mörk täcke som media lagt över oss. Målet var att skapa något som inte döljer det hemska med sjukdomen men informerar på ett roligare och mer inbjudande sätt. Jag tror stark på att grafisk design kan minska det sociala stigmat runt ett ämne om det görs på rätt sätt. När livet är som tuffast har det hjälpt mig och (efter respons av utställningen) också andra med att utbilda och läsa på. Framför allt om fler vet mer om sjukdomen kommer det att gå att få bättre hjälp. Förhoppningvis öppnar samhället sina armar så att inte fler tvingas till att välja självmord.