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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Etude théorique de la dissociation de H2 et CH4 sur surfaces métalliques / Theoretical studies of H2 and CH4 dissociation on metal surfaces

Shen, Xiangjian 30 October 2012 (has links)
L’étude de la dissociation de molécules poly-atomiques en surface est d’une importance à la fois fondamentale et industrielle. La compréhension du mécanisme et la dynamique réactionnelle sous-jacents représente un défi. Comme un système modèle, la dissociation de méthane sur la surface de nickel a fait l’objet de nombreuses études pour élucider les chemins de réaction et le transfert d’énergie parmi les différents degrés de liberté durant la réaction. La mode-spécifique ou liaison-spécifique réactivité pour la dissociation de CH4 sur Ni(111) et Ni(100) ont été mise en évidence récemment par des expériences de pointe du jet moléculaire. Jusqu’à présent, les études théoriques de la dynamique réactionnelle ont été effectuées avec un modèle simplifié dans lequel CH4 est décrit comme une molécule pseudo-diatomique. Le concept d’un groupe méthyle spectateur introduit dans un tel modèle impose des contraintes drastiques. Par exemple, l’indiscernabilité des quatre liaisons C-H de méthane est violée par le fait que la liaison C-H capable de se dissocier se singularise par rapport aux trois autres liaisons inertes. En réalité, n’importe quelle des quatre liaisons est susceptible de se dissocier. Par ailleurs, l’unique mode vibrationnel du modèle pseudo-diatomique ne ressemble à aucun des quatre modes vibrationnels principaux du méthane, qui décrivent tous des mouvements collectifs de plusieurs atomes. Lorsque tous les degrés de liberté sont pris en compte, la dimensionnalité de la surface de l’énergie potentielle pour CH4/Ni(111) est très élevée (15 degrés de liberté pour CH4 et certains degrés de liberté du substrat). Construire une surface de l’énergie potentielle fiable à une telle grande dimension est, en soi, un grand défi. A notre connaissance, ce défi n’a jamais été tenté auparavant pour quelconque réaction d’une molécule poly-atomique sur une surface métallique. En utilisant un champ de force réactif, nous avons développé, dans le présent travail, une surface de l’énergie potentielle qui prend en compte tous les 15 degrés de liberté de CH4 ainsi que ceux des 3 premières couches de NI(111). Des simulations de dynamique moléculaire ont été effectuées pour étudier la dynamique réaction de CH4 sur Ni(111) aussi bien dans son état fondamental vibrationnel que dans un état excité. Ces simulations ont permis de révéler des comportements dynamiques inattendus et très intéressants. / In the present work, we undertook a challenging task, i.e., construction a full-dimension potential energy surface (PES) for a benchmark poly-atomic molecular surface reaction, CH4/Ni(111), by using a reactive force field. Careful appraisal of the PES was made in order to establish the validity of the PES. The differences between the results for the transition state (dissociation barriers and structures) given by our PES and those by DFT calculations do not exceed 15%. The molecular dynamics simulation results obtained by using our PES are compared to experimental results for CH4 dissociation probability on Ni(111). For the vibrationally excited state, v3 (v=1, J=0), the agreement between our simulation results and the experimental ones is excellent. For the ground state, the sticking coefficient is somehow over-estimated because of the under-estimation of the dissociation barrier by about 150 meV with our reactive force field. Nevertheless, the overall agreement between simulation and experiment is pretty good. Within the help of the full-dimensional PES, we have extensively studied some important aspects of reaction dynamics, e.g., the effects of surface impact position, surface temperature, vibrationally excited state, rotationally excited states etc. For CH4 in ground state (v=0, J=0), the investigation of the effect of CH4 impact position shows that the top site is the most reactive one. The surface temperature strongly affects the reactivity of methane, especially in the region of the low incident energy near to the dissociation threshold, while in the high incident energy region, the effect is less important. For CH4 v3 (v=1, J=0), an important coupling between rotation and vibration is found. The rotation of CH4 can enhance its reactivity in the following way. In its ground state (v=0, J=0), CH4 does not rotate during its flight to the surface. In this case, only one of the two lowest C-H bonds pointing initially toward the surface can be cleaved while the two other bonds never break. In v3 (v=1, J=0) vibrational state, due to the rotation induced by vibration-rotation coupling, any of the four H atoms can be dissociated even if it forms a C-H bond which has an unfavorable initial orientation (i.e., pointing away from the substrate). The rotation of CH4 induced by vibration-rotation coupling near the substrate allows for bringing an unfavorable initial orientation of C-H bond to the right one required by a transition state (TS) during the adsorbate’s approaching to the substrate. As the enhanced reactivity of vibrationally excited molecules is concerned, the intuitively limpid and overwhelmingly accepted explanation is that the vibration-induced bond stretching helps bond breaking. Our simulation results show clearly that the vibration-induced CH4 rotation contributes an important part to the enhanced reactivity of a v3 (v=1, J=0) vibrationally excited CH4. A series of simulations to determine the sticking curves for CH4 in the vibrational ground state (ν=0) but excited to higher rotational levels (J=0-12) have also been performed. Due to its small level spacing, the lowest rotational excited states (J=1-3) of CH4 do not affect its reactivity on Ni(111) as observed experimentally. We found that rotation enhances significantly CH4 reactivity on Ni(111) with a deposited rotational energy amounting only to 12% of the dissociation barrier. Moreover, in a hypothetic simulation, we found also very striking evidences that rotation can even promote better dissociation of CH4 on Ni(111) than vibration. In a vibrationally excited CH4, its C-H bonds undergo alternate stretching and compressing and the latter hinders dissociation. In this case, the reactivity is inevitably modulated by vibration phase. However, the centrifugal force due to rotation tends always to stretch the C-H bonds for CH4 in rotationally excited states. / 多原子气相分子的分解,不仅在物理,化学及相关学科有着基本的重要性,而且可以促进工业进程,如工业制氢气。对其涉及的反应,即化学键的断裂与形成,在理解其反应机制和动力学上更是一项挑战。作为多原子气相-固相化学反应中最为典型的反应,甲烷分子在金属镍表面的分解,已经被广泛地研究从而理解其在动力学过程中的能量转化和反应路径。最近,选态分子束实验报道了有关甲烷在镍表面分解反应的重要特征,即模式选择性和化学键选择性。从理论角度来看,以前大多数理论研究都是基于一个简化模型,即将甲烷分子看成是一个赝双原子分子(CH4=RH,其中R=CH3)。在该简化模型中,将甲基团当做一个“spectator”会导致严重的限制性,如四个碳氢键的不可分辨性就被破坏。因为在简化模型中,只有一个可分解的碳氢键而其他三个碳氢键则被保护起来;而在实际的分解反应过程中,甲烷分子的任何一个碳氢化学键应该都有概率被分解掉。此外,在该赝双原子分子模型中,单键伸长振动模式不能类比于甲烷的四个基本振动模式,因为其每种基本振动模式都涉及多个原子的复合运动。如果不将甲烷处理成赝双原子分子,那么该体系(CH4/Ni(111))的势能面的维度会很高,即甲烷的15 个自由度加上部分基地原子的自由度。欲建立一个如此高维度而且又可靠的势能面,本身就是一个值得挑战的研究任务。据我们所知,目前对多原子分子在金属表面反应的高维度势能面的报道几乎没有。在本论文中,我们运用键序反应力场(REBO),为体系CH4/Ni(111),首次建立起一个全维度的势能面。该势能面的维度包含甲烷的15 个自由度和3 层基地原子的自由度。在经典分子动力学(和准经典分子动力学)模拟下,我们研究了甲烷处于基态和激发态时在金属表面的分解活性,并发现了一些非常有趣的结果。本论文包含以下六章:第一章:简单介绍了甲烷在过渡金属表面分解的最新进展。在选态分子束试验报道中,我们介绍了一些有关该反应的重要特征,如模式选择性,化学键选择性,表面温度效应,空间效应,旋转激发效应等。在理论工作方面,主要介绍了两个理论研究小组近期在简化模型下的一些量子动力学结果。第二章:对本文所运用的理论方法和近似做了基本的介绍。这些方法主要归纳于两类:i)电子结构计算;ii) 分子动力学模拟。我们重点介绍了这些方法和近似的特征。第三章:我们运用二阶矩近似力场(SMA)和键序反应力场(REBO)模拟了氢分子在金属钯表面的分解反应, 从而验证反应力场在模拟表面化学反应的适用性。该章讨论了在参数化反应力场时的一些影响因素,如有效数据库大小,不同排斥势以及长程作用项等,为对复杂体系的研究提供了有效的帮助。第四章:基于键序反应力场(REBO),我们首次为CH4/Ni(111) 体系建立起一个全维度势能面(PES)。同时我们对该势能面(REBO(PES))做了全面评估,如比较势能面(REBO(PES))与DFT计算得到的过渡状态结构和与之对应的分解势垒,比较两者对于不同形式相互作用给出的势能变化等。此外,我们还直接模拟了甲烷在基态时的活性,其模拟结果与实验有着很好的符合度,从而进一步地说明了该势能面(REBO(PES))的可靠性。第五章:在全维度势能面下,我们深入地研究了甲烷处于不同状态时在镍表面分解的反应活性,即基态(v=0,J=0),反对称振动态v3 (v=1,J=0)和旋转激发态(v=0,J=1-12)。对于基态的甲烷,我们定性并定量地分析了表面碰撞位置,表面温度对其分解概率的影响。对于反对称振动态的甲烷,我们观察到振动激发态的甲烷分子反应活性比基态甲烷的反应活性要大大地增强。究其根源在于,平动能量不易转换至旋转自由度,而振动能量则非常容易转入到旋转自由度。我们利用三个定量参数详细地阐述了这种振动耦合转动的重要性。此外,对于甲烷处于旋转激发态时,我们发现其激发状态非常有利于甲烷的分解,尽管其旋转能量只有分解势垒的12%。更为惊奇的是,对于甲烷分子而言,其旋转激发态比振动激发态更有利于其分解。其相应的物理解释是,对于振动激发的甲烷,它的碳氢键处于伸长与收缩的交替中,而后者却阻止其分解。对于旋转激发中的甲烷,其离心力一直促使碳氢键的伸长。第六章:总结和展望。我们总结了本文的主要结论以及给出一些将来需要进行的工作,如同位素效应等。
82

The role of inland waters in the carbon cycle at high latitudes

Lundin, Erik January 2014 (has links)
Understanding the drivers of climate change requires knowledge about the global carbon (C) cycle. Although inland waters play an important role in the C cycle by emitting and burying C, streams and lakes are in general overlooked in bottom-up approached C budgets. In this thesis I estimated emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from all lakes and streams in a 15 km2 subarctic catchment in northern Sweden, and put it in relation to the total catchment C exchange. I show that high-latitude aquatic systems in general and streams in particular are hotspots for C emission to the atmosphere. Annually, the aquatic systems surveyed in this study emitted about 10.8 ± 4.9 g C m-2 yr-1 (ca. 98 % as CO2) which is more than double the amount of the C laterally exported from the catchment. Although the streams only covered about 4% of the total aquatic area they emitted ca. 95% of the total aquatic C emission. For lake emissions, the ice break-ups were the most important annual events, counting for ca. 45% of the emissions. Overall, streams dominated the aquatic CO2 emission in the catchment while lakes dominated CH4 emission, 96 % and 62 % of the totals, respectively. When summing terrestrial and aquatic C fluxes together it showed that the aquatic emissions alone account for approximately two thirds of the total annual catchment C loss. The consequence of not including inland waters in bottom-up derived C budgets is therefore a risk of overestimating the sink capacity of the subarctic landscape. However, aquatic systems can also act as C sinks, by accumulating C in sediment and thereby storing C over geological time frames. Sediment C burial rates were estimated in six lakes from a chronology based on 210Pb dating of multiple sediment cores. The burial rate ranged between 5 - 25 g C m-2 yr-1, which is of the same magnitude as lake C emissions. I show that the emission:burial ratio is about ten times higher in boreal compared to in subarctic-arctic lakes. These results indicate that the balance between lakes C emission and burial is both directly and indirectly dependent on climate. This process will likely result in a future increase of C emissions from high-latitude lakes, while the C burial capacity of these same lakes sediments weaken.
83

Etude de l'effet d'un gradient de champ magnétique sur le développement de flammes de diffusion laminaires

Delmaere, Thomas 08 December 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de l'application d'un gradient de champ magnétique sur le développement d'une flamme de diffusion laminaire décrochée. Les propriétés de ce type de flamme dépendent beaucoup des vitesses d'éjection, de la géométrie du brûleur et du nombre de Scmidt des carburants. Nous avons ici considéré une configuration d'une flamme laminaire de diffusion de méthane/air, issue d'un brûleur coaxial, débouchant dans de l'air ambiant. Le champ magnétique est généré par un aimant permanent. L'étude expérimentale montre que la hauteur de décrochage est très sensible au débit d'air mais peu au débit de méthane. L'application du champ magnétique permet de réduire la hauteur de décrochage et renforce la stabilité de la flamme. L'étude numérique a été conduite dans le cas sans et avec champ, à partir d'un code CFD dans lequel, deux modifications ont été apportées : ajout d'un modèle de rayonnement qui permet de prendre en compte les pertes radiatives des gaz chauds et prise en compte de l'influence du champ magnétique par l'ajout d'une force volumique dans l'équation de quantité de mouvement. Il a été montré que la hauteur de décrochage dépend fortement du débit d'air mais peu du débit de méthane. L'application du champ magnétique permet de réduire la vitesse de l'air et le gradient spatial de fraction massique de méthane, phénomènes importants dans la diminution de la hauteur de décrochage et dans l'augmentation de la vitesse de propagation de la flamme.
84

Modélisation des propriétés PVTX des fluides du système H2O-gaz prenant en compte l'association par liaisons hydrogènes et les interactions dipolaires

Perfetti, Erwan 17 November 2006 (has links) (PDF)
L'étude des fluides géologiques passe par la description précise des propriétés thermodynamiques des systèmes eau - gaz sur de larges gammes de températures, pressions et compositions à partir d'équations d'état. Les équations d'état cubiques de type Van der Waals couramment utilisées telles que Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) ou Peng Robinson permettent des calculs simples à mettre en oeuvre sur de larges gammes de températures et de pressions à partir des paramètres critiques des fluides étudiés. En revanche, la précision de ces modèles se dégrade lorsque l'eau devient un composant majeur du mélange puisque ni l'association par liaisons hydrogène ni les interactions dipolaires ne sont prises en compte dans ces modèles.<br />Sur le principe de la factorisation des fonctions de partition, l'énergie de Helmholtz d'un fluide peut être écrite sous la forme de la somme des différentes contributions énergétiques. Le modéle développé ici pour H2O et H2S considère trois contributions : celle du fluide de référence de type Van der Waals prise en compte par une équation cubique, celle de l'association par liaison hydrogène par un terme issu du modèle Cubic Plus Association (CPA) et celle des interactions dipolaires entre molécules non liées par la théorie Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA). Le modèle CPAMSA ainsi proposé est à six paramètres ajustables dont trois sont des grandeurs physiques compatibles avec leur estimation expérimentale.<br />Les propriétés thermodynamiques de l'eau pure sont ainsi sensiblement mieux reproduites qu'avec le modèle CPA le long de l'équilibre liquide - vapeur et les extrapolations à plus hautes températures et pressions sont satisfaisantes. De même, la prise en compte des interactions dipolaires dans la molécule H2S améliore significativement les calculs volumétriques effectués avec une équation d'état cubique simple.<br />Des règles de mélange simples entre molécules dipolaires ont été élaborées afin de modéliser le système binaire H2O - H2S par une approche symétrique. Les compositions des phases à l'équilibre liquide - vapeur sont reproduites avec des écarts moyens aux données expérimentales inférieurs à 7% tout comme pour les systèmes H2O - CO2 et H2O - CH4. Excepté pour ce dernier système, les paramètres d'interaction binaire ajustés sur les données expérimentales sont proches de zéro confirmant que le modèle proposé prend bien en compte les principales contributions énergétiques de ces fluides.
85

Internal Tar/CH4 Reforming in Biomass Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifiers towards Fuel Synthesis

Göransson, Kristina January 2014 (has links)
Production of high-quality syngas from biomass gasification in a dual fluidised bed gasifier (DFBG) has made a significant progress in R&amp;D and Technology demonstration. An S&amp;M scale bio-automotive fuel plant close to the feedstock resources is preferable as biomass feedstock is widely sparse and has relatively low density, low heating value and high moisture content. This requires simple, reliable and cost-effective production of clean and good syngas. Indirect DFBGs, with steam as the gasification agent, produce a syngas of high content H2 and CO with 12-20 MJ/mn3 heating value. The Mid Sweden University (MIUN) gasifier, built for research on synthetic fuel production, is a dual fluidised bed gasifier. Reforming of tars and CH4 (except for methanation application) in the syngas is a major challenge for commercialization of biomass fluidised-bed gasification technology towards automotive fuel production. A good syngas from DFBGs can be obtained by optimised design and operation of the gasifier, by the use of active catalytic bed material and internal reforming. This thesis presents a series of experimental tests with different operation parameters, reforming of tar and CH4 with catalytic bed material and reforming of tar and CH4 with catalytic internal reformer.   The first test was carried out to evaluate the optimal operation and performance of the MIUN gasifier. The test provides basic information for temperature control in the combustor and the gasifier by the bed material circulation rate.    After proven operation and performance of the MIUN gasifier, an experimental study on in-bed material catalytic reforming of tar/CH4 is performed to evaluate the catalytic effects of the olivine and Fe-impregnated olivine (10%wtFe/olivine Catalyst) bed materials, with reference to non-catalytic silica sand operated in the mode of dual fluidised beds (DFB). A comparative experimental test is then carried out with the same operation condition and bed-materials but when the gasifier was operated in the mode of single bubbling fluidised bed (BFB). The behaviour of catalytic and non-catalytic bed materials differs when they are used in the DFB and the BFB. Fe/olivine and olivine in the BFB mode give lower tar and CH4 content together with higher H2+CO concentration, and higher H2/CO ratio, compared to DFB mode. It is hard to show a clear advantage of Fe/olivine over olivine regarding tar/CH4 catalytic reforming.    In order to significantly reduce the tar/CH4 contents, an internal reformer, referred to as the FreeRef reformer, is developed for in-situ catalytic reforming of tar and CH4 using Ni-catalyst in an environment of good gas-solids contact at high temperature.  A study on the internal reformer filled with and without Ni-catalytic pellets was carried out by evaluation of the syngas composition and tar/CH4 content. It can be concluded that the reformer with Ni-catalytic pellets clearly gives a higher H2 content together with lower CH4 and tar contents in the syngas than the reformer without Ni-catalytic pellets. The gravimetric tar content decreases from 25 g/m3 down to 5 g/m3 and the CH4 content from 11% down below 6% in the syngas.   The MIUN gasifier has a unique design suitable for in-bed tar/CH4 catalytic reforming and continuously internal regeneration of the reactive bed material. The novel design in the MIUN gasifier increases the gasification efficiency, suppresses the tar generation and upgrades the syngas composition. / Gasification-based Biorefinery for Mechanical Pulp Mills
86

Optimization of fracturing fluid to increase shale gas production

Liu, Yong 04 December 2020 (has links)
As same as other countries in the world, China is also facing the problem of a severe shortage of energy. Specifically, the demand for natural gas is rising explosively after the energy consumption structure has changed from oil to gas. Due to various reasons and motivations, shale has been considered having great reserves and believed in alleviating the energy crisis. Nevertheless, the massive investment in developing shale has a disappointing interest with low-yielding production. Scholars have done many researches and experiments for investigating the causes and increasing the productivity of shale formation, in field and in laboratory respectively. Based on the statistics, more details, and further discussion, in this dissertation a probable method for more effectively producing was demonstrated. Although the hydro-fracturing technology has been conducted in field frequently, sometimes the decrease of permeability has been observed after the treatment. To figure out this phenomenon, the investigation started from the basic characterization of matrix. Believed in the most component in shale, quartz consisted of silica which could dissolve in fluid. Been assigned as variables, temperature, pH, and salinity have been implemented for explanation of dissolution. Temperature played a great role in the process. Combined with confining pressure, the reconsolidation happened inside samples. Through more experiments the mechanism of reconsolidation has been discovered that both confining pressure and temperature are necessary for gelling in fracture. Perspective on the whole formation, well logs were a super supplement to laboratory experiments. It serviced not only a further confirmation, but also pointed out the relationship between desorption capacity and different components. Samples from upper and lower formations have been used for going further. The exchange which exists between N2 and CH4 could be a great idea to exploit gas from reservoir. Feldspar supported space for adsorbed gas, and it was also easy to release. In contrast, the organic matter in which a network of pores developed has ability to trap the gas deeply because of the specific surface area. Quartz had positive effect on production because of containing the organic matter, while the influence of clay minerals on adsorption and desorption could be neglected. Based on the analysis of reconsolidation and desorption, an idea has been conceived using foam as fracturing fluid for increasing gas production. Compared to the pure fluid, foam has less water, which could prevent the reconsolidation. Nitrogen could be the gas to foam. The exchange between N2 and CH4 will increase the production of gas. In order to serve the condition that increases the time of exchange and makes negative effect on reconsolidation simultaneously, the foaming test with ABS and K12 has been evaluated first. For better stability of foam more experiment have been done. Three formulas were recommended which could keep the balance between the increasing viscosity and decreasing volume. The work interpreted in this thesis has enhanced our understanding of microscopic properties of shale and was expected to make contribution to further research of fracturing and production design.
87

Effects of Hydrochar, Digestate, Synthetic Fertilizer on Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Miscanthus x giganteus Grown as Advanced Biofuel Feedstock

Adjuik, Toby A. 18 September 2019 (has links)
No description available.
88

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes of Soil in a Miscanthus x giganteus Crop Grown for Cellulosic Bioenergy on Abandoned Agricultural Land

Rodjom, Abbey M. 04 June 2018 (has links)
No description available.
89

Infrared Spectroscopy of Trapped Gases in Metal-Organic Frameworks

Schloss, Jennifer M. 21 June 2011 (has links)
No description available.
90

Production of Solar Fuels Employing Different Materials Via Photocatalytic or Photothermal Pathways

Szalad, Horatiu 19 June 2025 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El consumo actual de combustibles fósiles supone la emisión de millones de megatones de CO2 cada año, lo que ha tenido consecuencias potencialmente catastróficas como el efecto invernadero, la acidificación de los océanos y la eutrofización de las aguas, entre otras. Por lo tanto, la utilización de CO2 para la producción de combustibles y productos químicos de valor ha atraído mucho interés a lo largo de los años, especialmente empleando luz solar. A lo largo de los años, se han probado una gran variedad de materiales para tecnologías fotocatalíticas, principalmente TiO2, CdS, LDH, MOF y nitruros de carbono, entre otros. A pesar de esto, todos estos materiales adolecen de importantes inconvenientes, como una insuficiente captación de luz, estabilidad o baja producción. Y, por lo tanto, su aplicación en posibles tecnologías industriales fotocatalíticas es muy limitada a nivel industrial. Además de los procesos fotocatalíticos, que se componen principalmente de portadores de carga fotogenerados que facilitan las reacciones redox, los procesos fototérmicos representan una alternativa atractiva para las futuras tecnologías solares. La amplia utilización del espectro solar, el rápido calentamiento por irradiación de luz a través de "nanocalentadores" y "electrones calientes" que interactúan con sustratos son algunas de las características que conducen a los altos rendimientos catalíticos que generalmente se observan en las reacciones fototérmicas. En la presente tesis doctoral, se han empleado diferentes materiales, como clústeres de Fe incrustados en grafeno dopado con nitrógeno, hidroxiapatita dopada con Co y nanopartículas de Ru soportadas sobre titanato de estroncio, como catalizadores fototérmicos para la hidrogenación selectiva de CO2 a CO o metano, tanto en flujo discontinuo como continuo. Admás, se han investigado muchos factores que influyen en esta reacción, como la naturaleza de los grupos/nanopartículas metálicas incrustadas, las cantidades de dopantes y la influencia de la irradiación incidente, entre otros. Además de la catálisis fototérmica, la actual tesis doctoral también aborda procesos fotocatalíticos como la ruptura del agua o la reducción del O2 a H2O2, empleando nuevos compuestos de nitruro de carbono. Ya sea sensibilizando el fotocatalizador para la absorción de luz visible o mejorando las propiedades electrónicas mediante la formación de heterouniones, se lograron resultados fotocatalíticos notables. / [CA] El consum actual de combustibles fòssils suposa l'emissió de milions de megatons de CO2 cada any, cosa que ha tingut conseqüències potencialment catastròfiques com l'efecte hivernacle, l'acidificació dels oceans i l'eutrofització de les aigües, entre d'altres. Per tant, la utilització de CO2 per a la producció de combustibles i productes químics de valor ha atret molt interès al llarg dels anys, especialment emprant llum solar. Al llarg dels anys, s'han provat una gran varietat de materials per a tecnologies fotocatalítiques, principalment TiO2, CdS, LDH, MOF i nitrurs de carboni, entre d'altres. Tot i això, tots aquests materials pateixen importants inconvenients, com una insuficient captació de llum, estabilitat o baixa producció. I, per tant, la seva aplicació a possibles tecnologies industrials fotocatalítiques és molt limitada a nivell industrial. A més dels processos fotocatalítics, que es componen principalment de portadors de càrrega fotogenerats que faciliten les reaccions redox, els processos fototèrmics representen una alternativa atractiva per a les futures tecnologies solars. L'àmplia utilització de l'espectre solar, l'escalfament ràpid per irradiació de llum a través de "nanoescalfadors" i "electrons calents" que interactuen amb substrats són algunes de les característiques que condueixen als alts rendiments catalítics que generalment s'observen en les reaccions fototèrmiques. En aquesta tesi doctoral, s'han emprat diferents materials, com clústers de Fe incrustats en grafè dopat amb nitrogen, hidroxiapatita dopada amb Co i nanopartícules de Ru suportades sobre titanat d'estronci, com a catalitzadors fototèrmics per a la hidrogenació selectiva de CO2 a CO o metà, tant en flux discontinu com continu. A més, s'han investigat molts factors que influeixen en aquesta reacció, com ara la naturalesa dels grups/nanopartícules metàl·liques incrustades, les quantitats de dopants i la influència de la irradiació incident, entre d'altres. A més de la catàlisi fototèrmica, l'actual tesi doctoral també aborda processos fotocatalítics com ara la ruptura de l'aigua o la reducció de l'O2 a H2O2, emprant nous compostos de nitrur de carboni. Ja sigui sensibilitzant el fotocatalitzador per a l'absorció de llum visible o millorant les propietats electròniques mitjançant la formació d'heterounions, es van assolir resultats fotocatalítics notables. / [EN] Fossil fuel consumption accounts for millions of megatons of CO2 emitted every year, which has led to potentially catastrophic consequences such as the greenhouse effect, ocean acidification and water eutrophication, besides others. Thus, the utilization of CO2 for fuels and value chemicals has attracted much interest over the years, especially employing solar light. Over the years, a variety of promising materials have undergone trial for potential photocatalytic technologies, mainly TiO2, CdS, LDHs, MOFs and carbon nitrides among others, yet all these materials suffer from important drawbacks such as insufficient light harvesting, stability, or low production outputs, hence limiting their application in potential photocatalytic industrial technologies. Besides photocatalytic processes, mainly comprising of photogenerated charge carriers that facilitate redox reactions, photothermal processes represent an attractive alternative for future solar technologies. Broad utilization of the solar spectrum, strong heating upon light irradiation through "nano-heaters" and possibly "hot electrons" interacting with either semiconductors or substrate molecules are some characteristics that lead to the high catalytic outputs generally observed in photothermal reactions. In the current doctoral thesis, different materials such as Fe clusters imbedded on nitrogen doped graphene, Co doped hydroxyapatite and Ru nanoparticles supported on strontium titanate have been employed as photothermal catalysts for the photothermal hydrogenation of CO2 to either CO or methane, under both batch and flow conditions. Thus, many factors influencing this reaction have been investigated, such as the nature of embedded metallic clusters/nanoparticles, dopant amounts and the power of incident irradiation among others. Besides photothermal catalysis, the current doctoral thesis also addresses photocatalytic processes such as water splitting or O2 reduction to H2O2, employing novel carbon nitride composites. By either sensitizing the photocatalyst for visible light absorption or enhancing the electronic properties through heterojunction formation, remarkable photocatalytic outputs were achieved. / Szalad, H. (2024). Production of Solar Fuels Employing Different Materials Via Photocatalytic or Photothermal Pathways [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206848 / Compendio

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