Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T12:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 antonioangelomissiaggiapicorone.pdf: 6590019 bytes, checksum: 115ef6e90742599945ac5e9c8c44cb2c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T15:26:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 antonioangelomissiaggiapicorone.pdf: 6590019 bytes, checksum: 115ef6e90742599945ac5e9c8c44cb2c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T15:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonioangelomissiaggiapicorone.pdf: 6590019 bytes, checksum: 115ef6e90742599945ac5e9c8c44cb2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Esta tese discute a medição e a caracterização das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica de baixa tensão (RDE-BT) e externa (outdoor) como meio de comunicação de dados para sistemas power line communication (PLC). São apresentados e discutidos diversos parâmetros obtidos a partir de uma campanha de medição realizada na RDE-BT de uma concessionária brasileira. Dentre os parâmetros analisados destacam-se o tempo de coerência, banda de coerência, espalhamento do atraso, comprimento da resposta ao impulso do canal e capacidade do canal, quando se considera as bandas de frequências de 1,7 a 30 MHz, 1,7 a 50 MHz e 1,7 a 100 MHz. As análises estatísticas evidenciam o potencial da rede de energia elétrica como meio de comunicação e discute os limites dessa potencialidade. Além disso, são propostos modelos de densidade espectral de potência dos ruídos, caracterização esparsa de canais PLC e proposto um modelo para geração de canais PLC variantes no tempo, cujo tempo de coerência entre as realizações dos canais é controlado. A estimação de canais PLC é apresentada como uma oportunidade de aplicação das técnicas de amostragem compressiva. Os resultados relacionados com as modelagens propostas constituem um ferramental de grande utilidade para projetar e analisar o desempenho de sistemas PLC. / This dissertation aims at discussing the measurement and characterization of outdoor electric power grid of low voltage as communication medium (power line communication - PLC). Statistical analyses carried out on several parameters such as average channel gain, coherence time, coherence bandwidth, delay spread, length of the channel impulse response, and channel capacity, when it is considered the frequency bands from 1.7 to 30 MHz, from 1.7 up to 50 MHz, and from 1.7 up to 100 MHz, are presented. These analyses reveal the circumstances in which outdoor and low-voltage electric power grids can be advantageous to support a reliable and efficient PLC system operation. Moreover, power spectral density models of additive noise and sparse representation of PLC channels are proposed. Also, a PLC time-varying channels model generator that makes use of coherence time is introduced. The proposed model generator, which is validated with measured PLC channels, is an effective tool to carry out performance analysis of PLC systems. Finally, PLC channel estimation is highlighted as an opportunity for the application of compressive sampling-based techniques. The use of traditional OFDM - based channel estimation techniques and the ones based on compressive sensing gives some directions for advancing channel estimation techniques for PLC channels.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T10:56:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 juandavidvalenciapayan.pdf: 2769602 bytes, checksum: f450fbb83bbe8b4e5a8cdb7c9b4fa338 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T11:57:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 juandavidvalenciapayan.pdf: 2769602 bytes, checksum: f450fbb83bbe8b4e5a8cdb7c9b4fa338 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T11:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juandavidvalenciapayan.pdf: 2769602 bytes, checksum: f450fbb83bbe8b4e5a8cdb7c9b4fa338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta contribuição descreve uma caracterização estatística da rede de baixa tensão Brasileira residencial como meio de comunicação. As discussões são baseadas em canais estimados obtidos em uma campanha de medição realizada em quatro apartamentos diferentes, com tamanhos que variam de 50 até 90 metros quadrados. Os parâmetros considerados para esta análise são o Root Mean Square Delay Spread, o ganho médio do canal e a capacidade do canal. Para efeitos de comparação com a rede de potencia dos Estados Unidos, a banda de frequência utilizada foi de 1:705 até 30 MHz. A análise relatada mostra que o Root Mean Square Delay Spread e o ganho médio do canal não podem ser modelados como variáveis log-normal. Os resultados obtidos geram dúvidas em relação aos atuais encontrados na literatura, em que se afirma que tanto o Root Mean Square Delay Spread quanto o ganho médio do canal seguem uma distribuição log-normal. Foram medidos também a impedância de acesso e o ruído do canal de comunicação via rede elétrica. Além disso, os conceitos de cooperação para melhorar o desempenho dos sistemas de comunicação via rede elétrica foram analisados, mais especificamente na rede de baixa tensão Brasileira residencial. Para isso, foram analisados a performance dos protocolos de Amplify-and-Forward e Decode-and-Forward, em conjunto com as técnicas de combinação Equal-Gain Combining, Selection-Combining e Maximal-Ratio Combining. A análise sobre os dados medidos cobriram uma faixa de frequência de 1:705 a 100 MHz. Os dados medidos abordam quatro cenários para possíveis localizações do nó Relay. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o Amplify-and- Forward é de aplicabilidade limitada no contexto de comunicação via rede elétrica e o oposto é válido para o protocolo de Decode-and-Forward, principalmente se a probabilidade de erro de detecção de símbolos no nó Relay tende a zero. / This thesis outlines a statistical characterization of the Brazilian In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid as a communication medium. The discussions are based on estimated channels obtained in a measurement campaign carried out in four different apartments with sizes ranging from 50 up to 90 square meters. The parameters considered for this analysis are the Root Mean Square Delay Spread, the average channel gain, and the channel capacity. For the sake of comparison with the Electric Power Grid in United States, the frequency band ranging from 1:705 up to 30 MHz was set. The reported analysis shows that the Root Mean Square Delay Spread and the average channel gain cannot be modeled as log-normal variables, this cast doubt the current results found in the literature, in which is stated that both the Root Mean Square Delay Spread and the average channel gain follow a log-normal distribution. This was followed by the Power Line Communication access impedance and noise measurements in the In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid. Additionally, the suitability of cooperation concepts for improving the performance of Power Line Communication systems was analyzed, more specifically in the Brazilian In-Home Low-Voltage Electric Power Grid. For this purpose, the performance of the Amplify-and-Forward and Decode-and- Forward protocols, together with the Equal-Gain Combining, Selection Combining, and Maximal-Ratio Combining techniques were analyzed. The analysis was carried out on the measured data covering a frequency band from 1:705 up to 100 MHz. The measured data addresses four scenarios for possible relay node locations. The attained results show that the Amplify-and-Forward is of limited applicability in the Power Line Communication context and the opposite is valid to the Decode-and-Forward protocol, mainly if the error probability of detecting symbols at the relay node is zero.

[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables. / [CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables. / [EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices. / Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034 / TESIS

Compressed sensing has been proposed as a computationally efficient method to estimate the finite-dimensional signals. The idea is to develop an undersampling operator that can sample the large but finite-dimensional sparse signals with a rate much below the required Nyquist rate. In other words, considering the sparsity level of the signal, the compressed sensing samples the signal with a rate proportional to the amount of information hidden in the signal. In this dissertation, first, we employ compressed sensing for physical layer signal processing of directional millimeter-wave communication. Second, we go through the theoretical aspect of compressed sensing by running a comprehensive theoretical analysis of compressed sensing to address two main unsolved problems, (1) continuous-extension compressed sensing in locally convex space and (2) computing the optimum subspace and its dimension using the idea of equivalent topologies using Köthe sequence. In the first part of this thesis, we employ compressed sensing to address various problems in directional millimeter-wave communication. In particular, we are focusing on stochastic characteristics of the underlying channel to characterize, detect, estimate, and track angular parameters of doubly directional millimeter-wave communication. For this purpose, we employ compressed sensing in combination with other stochastic methods such as Correlation Matrix Distance (CMD), spectral overlap, autoregressive process, and Fuzzy entropy to (1) study the (non) stationary behavior of the channel and (2) estimate and track channel parameters. This class of applications is finite-dimensional signals. Compressed sensing demonstrates great capability in sampling finite-dimensional signals. Nevertheless, it does not show the same performance sampling the semi-infinite and infinite-dimensional signals. The second part of the thesis is more theoretical works on compressed sensing toward application. In chapter 4, we leverage the group Fourier theory and the stochastical nature of the directional communication to introduce families of the linear and quadratic family of displacement operators that track the join-distribution signals by mapping the old coordinates to the predicted new coordinates. We have shown that the continuous linear time-variant millimeter-wave channel can be represented as the product of channel Wigner distribution and doubly directional channel. We notice that the localization operators in the given model are non-associative structures. The structure of the linear and quadratic localization operator considering group and quasi-group are studied thoroughly. In the last two chapters, we propose continuous compressed sensing to address infinite-dimensional signals and apply the developed methods to a variety of applications. In chapter 5, we extend Hilbert-Schmidt integral operator to the Compressed Sensing Hilbert-Schmidt integral operator through the Kolmogorov conditional extension theorem. Two solutions for the Compressed Sensing Hilbert Schmidt integral operator have been proposed, (1) through Mercer's theorem and (2) through Green's theorem. We call the solution space the Compressed Sensing Karhunen-Loéve Expansion (CS-KLE) because of its deep relation to the conventional Karhunen-Loéve Expansion (KLE). The closed relation between CS-KLE and KLE is studied in the Hilbert space, with some additional structures inherited from the Banach space. We examine CS-KLE through a variety of finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional compressible vector spaces. Chapter 6 proposes a theoretical framework to study the uniform convergence of a compressible vector space by formulating the compressed sensing in locally convex Hausdorff space, also known as Fréchet space. We examine the existence of an optimum subspace comprehensively and propose a method to compute the optimum subspace of both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional compressible topological vector spaces. To the author's best knowledge, we are the first group that proposes continuous compressed sensing that does not require any information about the local infinite-dimensional fluctuations of the signal.