Ce travail avait pour principal objectif la synthèse de nouveaux systèmes amphiphiles à base de polysaccharides neutres (guar, hydroxyéthyl guar) ou chargés (acide hyaluronique), par greffage de groupements hydrophobes le long de la chaîne polysaccharidique. La stratégie de synthèse proposée pour ces dérivés amphiphiles repose sur des réactions d'éthérification en milieu basique des polysaccharides à partir d'éthers de glycidyle (époxydes) hydrophobes commerciaux (hexadécyl éther de glycidyle, phényl éther de glycidyle) et non commerciaux (Brij 56 époxyde, OP10 époxyde). Des dérivés de type Brij56® ont été sélectionnés en raison de leur structure chimique particulière, présentant un bloc oligo(éthylène glycol) (OEG) associé à une chaîne alkyle hydrophobe, susceptibles de conduire en milieu aqueux à des propriétés différentes par rapport à des dérivés alkylés classiques du fait de l'hydrophile du bloc OEG. Plusieurs conditions de greffage ont été testées et appliquées également à un dérivé de la cellulose disponible commercialement (hydroxyéthyl cellulose) afin de comparer l'efficacité des réactions en fonction de la nature du polysaccharide. L'analyse du comportement en milieu aqueux des polysaccharides hydrophobiquement modifiés par des mesures de viscosité met en évidence soit des augmentations de viscosité, soit des diminutions. Des analyses plus approfondies combinant la diffusion de la lumière et la spectroscopie de fluorescence en utilisant des sondes hydrophobes ont montré que de telles diminutions pouvaient être expliquées dans certains cas (acide hyaluronique) par la formation de particules de taille nanométrique. / The main aim of this work was the synthesis of new amphiphilic systems from neutral polysaccharides (guar, hydroxyethyl guar) or charged polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid), based on the grafting of hydrophobic groups along the polysaccharide backbone. The synthetic strategy proposed for these derivatives relies on etherification reactions of the polysaccharides in alkaline media from commercial hydrophobic alkyl glycidyl ethers (epoxides) (glycidyl hexadecyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether) or non commercial glycidyl ethers (Brij 56 epoxide, OP10 epoxide). Derivatives of Brij 56 have been selected due to their peculiar chemical structure consisting of an oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) block associated to a hydrophobic alkyl chain, expected to lead to different properties in aqueous media compared to classical alkylated derivatives as a result of the hydrophilic character of the OEG block. Several grafting conditions have been tested and also applied to a commercially available cellulose derivative (hydroxyethyl cellulose) in order to compare the efficiency of reactions as a function of the nature of the polysaccharide. The analysis of the behavior in aqueous media of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides by viscosity measurements demonstrated either increases of viscosity or decreases. Deeper investigations combining dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that such viscosity decreases was related to some cases (hyaluronic acid) to the formation of nanosized particles.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o canal de radiopropagação móvel a partir de resultados das medições realizadas nas faixas de 2.5 GHz e 3.5 GHz em ambiente urbano. Para alcançar tal objetivo, será utilizada a técnica de sondagem em frequência de multiportadoras, utilizando modulação OFDM e as técnicas de filtragem de perfil de retardos de potência CFAR e/ou CLEAN para identificar os multipercursos válidos. Após o processo de filtragem e processamento dos dados, será feita a comparação dos parâmetros recomendados pela recomendação ITU-R P.1411-6 validando os resultados encontrados e também gerando novos parâmetros nas faixas de 2.5 GHz e 3.5 GHz, dentro das condições de especificações das medições realizadas. / [en] This work aims to characterize the mobile radio propagation channel according to the results of the measurements in the ranges of 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz in an urban environment. To achieve this goal, we will use the frequency multicarrier sounding technique, using OFDM modulation and power delay profile (PDP) filtering techniques CFAR and CLEAN to identify valid multipath. After the filtering process, the comparison will be made of the parameters found with the ITU-R P.1411-6 validating the results and also generating new parameters in the ranges of 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, within the terms of specifications of measurements.

L’usage des antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire peut entrainer la présence de résidus d’antibiotiques dans les denrées alimentaires d’origine animale. Ces résidus peuvent présenter des risques (eg. toxicologiques, allergies, antibiorésistance) pour la santé du consommateur. La fixation de limites réglementaires pour ces résidus et un contrôle adapté sont primordiaux pour garantir la sécurité des consommateurs. Les méthodes de dépistage sont utilisées en première intention et représentent donc l’étape critique du contrôle. La validation d’une méthode va permettre de garantir qu’elle est adaptée à l’usage souhaité, aux attentes réglementaires et attester de sa performance. La validation constitue une exigence normative (ie. ISO 17025) et réglementaire (ie. Décision européenne 2002/657/CE). Dans une première partie, la diversité des méthodes de dépistage est présentée. Les méthodes dites conventionnelles de type microbiologique ou immunologique, développées dans les années 1980, sont toujours couramment utilisées, en raison de leur faible coût. Des méthodes innovantes, appelées biocapteurs, sont constituées d’un biorécepteur (eg. anticorps, aptamère) et d’un transducteur (eg. électrochimique, optique, massique, calorimétrique) pour la détection du signal. Ces méthodes sont en développement permanent et les progrès technologiques permettent de développer des méthodes de plus en plus sensibles, portables, parfois économiques. Dans une deuxième partie, différentes approches de validation, sous forme de réglementations, de lignes directrices ou de normes, sont discutées. La validation d’une méthode comporte deux étapes : tout d’abord la caractérisation des performances, puis la validation proprement dite par rapport à des critères préétablis. Les approches peuvent être absolue (une seule méthode) ou relative (comparaison de méthodes), globale (combinaison de plusieurs caractéristiques en une seule) ou critère par critère. L’objet de cette thèse est de comparer ces différentes approches de validation, afin de statuer sur leur application possible aux différentes méthodes de dépistage des résidus et déterminer si leurs conclusions sont équivalentes ou non. Différentes approches ont été testées en les appliquant pour valider des méthodes de dépistage de différents types : conventionnelles microbiologique et immunologique, innovantes par biocapteurs optiques. L’approche par comparaison de méthodes n’est pas adaptée aux méthodes de dépistage des résidus d’antibiotiques. En effet, le choix de la méthode de référence est compliqué car il n’existe pas de méthodes normalisées. De plus, les méthodes de référence choisies ont souvent des principes très différents de la méthode alternative et sont le plus souvent moins performantes. L’approche globale, telle que la Probabilité de détection (POD) et le profil d’exactitude sont applicables aux méthodes de dépistage. Ces approches récentes sont de plus en plus utilisées dans d’autres domaines et présentent un intérêt à être développées pour les méthodes de dépistage des résidus d’antibiotiques. Enfin, l’approche critère par critère de la décision européenne 20002/657/CE et du guide de validation européen de 2010, couramment appliquée aux résidus d’antibiotiques, comporte une caractéristique majeure et une avancée dans la validation qui est la capacité de détection (CCβ). En conclusion, les méthodes de dépistage sont en constante évolution, grâce au développement des biocapteurs. L’amélioration de leurs performances permet de répondre de mieux en mieux à la problématique du contrôle des résidus d’antibiotiques dans les denrées alimentaires. La validation des méthodes est primordiale pour garantir un contrôle efficace. Nous avons pu observer l’évolution de la validation ces 20 dernières années, à travers les travaux de cette thèse. Cette évolution doit continuer et des perspectives d’évolution des référentiels de validation sont présentées dans cette thèse. / The use of antibiotic residues for animal treatment could lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. The consumer could face some risks (eg. toxicological, allergies, bacterial resistance), due to these residues. The setting of regulatory limits or these residues and an adapted control of food products are thus essential to guarantee the safety of the consumers. Screening methods are used in first intention and represent the critical stage of the control. The validation of a method will guarantee that the method if fitted for purpose, adapted to the regulatory expectations and give evidence of its performance. The validation is mandatory due to international standards (ie. ISO 17025) and regulatory requirements (ie. European decision 2002/657/EC). In a first part, the diversity of screening methods is presented. The conventional methods, microbiological or immunological types, developed in the 1980s, are always used, because of their moderate cost. Innovative methods, called biosensors, consist of a bioreceptor (eg. antibody, aptamer) and a transducer (eg. electrochemical, optical, mass sensitive, calorimetric) for the detection of the signal. These methods are in continuous development and the technological progress allows developing more, more sensitive, portable and sometimes economic methods. In a second part, various approaches of validation, in the form of regulations, guidelines or standards, are discussed. The validation of a method contains two stages: first of all the characterization of the performances, then the validation itself with regard to preestablished criteria. The approaches can be absolute (a single method) or relative (comparison of methods), global (combination of several characteristics in only one) or criterion by criterion. The object of this thesis is to compare these various approaches of validation, to conclude on their potential application for different residue screening methods and to determine if their conclusions are equivalent or not. Various approaches have been tested by applying them to the validation of screening methods of various types: conventional methods (microbiological and immunological) and innovative optical biosensors. The approach by comparison of methods is not fitted to screening methods for antibiotic residues. Indeed, the choice of the reference method is complicated because there are no standardized methods. Furthermore, the chosen reference methods often have very different principles from the alternative method and are less sensitive most of the time. The global approach, such as the Probability of detection (POD) and the accuracy profile are applicable to the screening methods. These recent approaches are more and more used in other fields and present an interest to be developed for the screening methods for antibiotic residues. Finally, the criterion by criterion approach of the European decision 20002/657/EC and the European guideline for the validation of screening methods of 2010, usually applied to the screening methods for antibiotic residues, introduced a major characteristic and an improvement in the validation which is the detection capability (CCß). In conclusion, the screening methods are constantly evolving, thanks to the development of new biosensors. The improvement of their performances allows answering better and better to the issue of the control of antibiotic residues in foodstuffs. The validation of the methods is essential to guarantee an effective control. We were able to observe the evolution of the validation these last 20 years, through the works of this thesis. This evolution has to continue and perspectives of evolution of guidelines, regulations and standards of validation are presented in this thesis.

La détection de communauté est une technique qui décompose des graphes en sous graphes densément connectés, ce qui est particulièrement utile dans le cas de (très) grands réseaux complexes dont la visualisation est difficile. De très nombreuses méthodes, très variées, ont été proposées ces dernières années. Dans un contexte où aucun consensus n’émerge autour de la notion même de communauté, ces méthodes provoquent de multiples discussions scientifiques autour de la qualité de leur résultat. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs types d’évaluation comparative et approfondie de 16 méthodes bien connues de l’état de l’art ainsi que la caractérisation exhaustive des structures communautaires découvertes dans des réseaux réels variés provenant de domaines différents. Nos résultats — méthodes et analyses —constituent un début de boîte à outils pour l’analyste bien en peine de choisir la méthode adaptée à son étude. / Community detection is a technique used to separate graphs into several densely connected groups of vertices, especially powerful when visualization techniques are infeasible for large-scale structures of networks. Thanks to aplethora of potential applications in the golden age of social interaction, many detection techniques have been invented in the last decades. Their performance in discovering significant structures has been a hot topic in the network science community since there is still no consensus on what good communities are. In this dissertation, we invite readers to go through several comprehensive analyses of various state-of-the-art community detection methods as well as modular structures of real networks belonging to a large variety of domains. Our results provide intuitive illustrations of community structures and useful information that helps readers to choose their context-based rule-of-thumb solution.

Flexible risers that carry hydrocarbon fuels from the subsea facilities to the floatation units above the sea surface are composed of multiple metallic and polymeric layers (in their wall). Among these layers, the tensile armour layer consists of several helically wound metallic wires; these tensile armour layers carry the weight of the riser, provide tensile stiffness & strength and maintain the structural integrity of the riser structure during harsh underwater currents. However, as the oil & gas fields in shallow waters are receding, the oil & gas industry is being forced to move towards deeper offshore waters, where the metallic tensile armour wires pose limitations (fatigue, corrosion, weight, etc.). In this thesis an alternative to metallic tensile armour wires will be presented in form of a flexible hybrid composite formed by stacking seven pultruded composite (carbon and vinyl-ester) circular rods in form of hexagonal pack, held together by an over-braid (Dyneema fibres) sleeve. The manufacturing process for hybrid composite tensile armour wires will be studied and their mechanical properties will be presented. A multi-scale finite element model developed for hybrid composite wires will be presented in this thesis to help further understand the mechanical properties of hybrid composite wires.

In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has become an increasingly promising method used for the production of structural metallic components. There are a number of reasons why AM methods are attractive, including the ability to produce complex geometries into a near-net shape and the rapid transition from design to production. Ti-6Al-4V is a titanium alloy frequently used in the aerospace industry which is receiving considerable attention as a good candidate for processing via electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). The Sciaky EBAM method combines a high-powered electron beam, weld-wire feedstock, and a large build chamber, enabling the production of large structural components. In order to gain wide acceptance of EBAM of Ti-6Al-4V as a viable manufacturing method, it is important to understand broadly the microstructural features that are present in large-scale depositions, including specifically: the morphology, distribution and texture of the phases present. To achieve such an understanding, stereological methods were used to populate a database quantifying key microstructural features in Ti-6Al-4V including volume fraction of phases, a lath width, colony scale factor, and volume fraction of basket weave type microstructure. Microstructural features unique to AM, such as elongated grains and banded structures, were also characterized. Hardness and tensile testing were conducted and the results were related to the microstructural morphology and sample orientation. Lastly, fractured surfaces and defects were investigated. The results of these activities provide insight into the process-structure-properties relationships found in EBAM processed Ti-6Al-4V.

Nanoparticles are increasingly incorporated into consumer products because of their unique, size-dependent properties. Although these properties are commercially appealing, data are lacking regarding the fate and reactivity of nanoparticles once incorporated into materials. This information gap prevents accurate assessment of hazards that these materials potentially present to consumers and the environment. To address this concern, new research is needed to investigate the reactivity and transformations of nanoparticles. This dissertation describes the use of an electron transparent characterization platform to observe nanoparticle transformations. Nanoparticles were tethered to the surface of an analysis platform, exposed to a variety of conditions, and evaluated for reactivity and response. The characterization of silver nanoparticles revealed the generation of new daughter nanoparticles on surfaces in ambient humid conditions. Our observations showed that the transport of material is highly dependent on relative humidity and that pH equilibria drives the deposition of new particles and degradation. We discovered, by applying these findings to macro-silver objects, that bulk silver generates new nanoparticles on surfaces. This illuminated the possibility of other, yet undiscovered, naturally occurring nanoparticles. In the second model system, 1.5 nm gold nanoparticles were tethered by a robust metal oxide bond from the terminal group of the stabilizing ligand. This strategy facilitated precise control over thiol ligand removal using a dilute ozone oxidation. Tracking particle oxidation over time allowed us to gain unprecedented control over core exposure, size maintenance, and surface tethering. This platform was also utilized as a proof-of-concept for direct observation of transformations in complex media. Ligand and core transformations were monitored in a variety of biologically relevant conditions using tethered nanoparticles. Morphological and chemical transformations were characterized and correlated to results from solution monitoring. The use of a platform based approach to evaluating the reactivity of nanoparticles in the environment holds promise for evaluations of nanoparticles and their transformation products. The demonstration of monitoring reactivity in systems equilibria, carefully controlled transformations, or complex media shows the versatility of this strategy. Only through the use of this analysis platform was the direct observation of nanoparticle transformations possible. This dissertation includes previously published, unpublished, and co-authored materials. / 10000-01-01

L'essor des réseaux de télécommunications à l'échelle mondiale génère un besoin croissant en termes de bande passante et de gestion de l'information. Le traitement de ces données requiert le développement de systèmes complexes, qui associent des fonctionnalités hétérogènes telles que des calculateurs numériques, des fonctions analogiques et des mémoires de stockage. L'approche originale retenue repose sur un degré d'innovation sans précédent dans le domaine de la microélectronique puisqu'elle mêle à la fois des technologies d'intégration 3D et le développement d'une filière photonique sur silicium. Des signaux très rapides (25, 40 ou 60 Gb/s) doivent donc être acheminés à travers les interconnexions 3D que sont le TSV (via traversant le silicium), les µ-bumps (connexions de cuivre entre les puces), les lignes de RDL (redistribution en face arrière) et les bumps qui assurent la communication vers l'extérieur. Il est nécessaire de développer de nouvelles technologies pour interconnecter les circuits à ces vitesses et de les modéliser finement jusqu'à de très hautes fréquences (>50 GHz), au moyen de techniques de caractérisation à développer, pour optimiser leur mode de réalisation. Ce travail de thèse se déroulera dans le cadre d'une collaboration tripartite et sera décomposé en quatre grandes étapes. 1. Spécifications des briques technologiques et de structures de test dédiées à l'évaluation de leurs performances dans le contexte de l'interposer photonique 2. Intégration des circuits de test, composés d'un empilement de puces logiques sur un interposer photonique, et adaptés au domaine fréquentiel visé avec les interconnexions 3D 3. Développement et mise en oeuvre des techniques de caractérisation à très haute fréquence des interconnexions 3D menant à l'extraction des modèles 4. Optimisation des lignes de transmission et des choix technologiques pour un routage efficace dans les architectures photoniques 3D / The worldwide growth of telecommunication networks drives an increasing need in terms of bandwidth and computing management. Data processing requires the development of complex system, which combines both heterogeneous functionalities such as numeric calculator, analog functions and memory storage. The original chosen approach is highly innovative in the field of microelectronics as it combines both 3D technologies and process integration for photonic on silicon. High speed signals (25, 40 or 60 Gb/s) are transmitted within the photonic interposer through 3D interconnects that are TSV (Trough-Silicon-Via), µ-bumps (copper connection in-between dies), RDL (Redistribution Line) and bumps (copper connection to the bottom access). Thereby, it is necessary to develop new technologies and new assemblies to interconnect and route efficiently those high speed circuits. Another challenge is to model them precisely for very high frequencies (>50 GHz), exploiting and developing the best characterization solutions in order to optimize the way to implement them. This PhD work will be performed in the frame of a tripartite collaboration and can be divided into four parts: 1. Specification of the key interconnects building-blocks and their associated test structures required to evaluate their performance in the context of a photonic interposer 2. Integration of the RF test circuits in the context of the stack of high speed logic dies over a photonic interposer using the developed 3D interconnects 3. Characterization of the test structures at very high frequency using dedicated characterization technics and extraction of equivalent models. Comparison with electromagnetic simulation 4. Validation of the technological and integration choices. Optimization of the transmission lines for efficient routing applied to 3D photonic structures

Les microsystèmes, qui sont réalisés à partir de technologies micro-électroniques, connaissent un essor scientifique et technologique important grâce à leurs applications qui sont de plus en plus présentes dans la vie courante. Un des microsystèmes très en vogue est le transducteur ultrasonore capacitif micro-usiné, couramment appelé CMUT. Il est utilisé pour transmettre ou réceptionner des ondes ultrasonores et son domaine d’application est très vaste puisqu’on le trouve dans des sondes d’imagerie médicale, dans des hauts parleurs ultra directifs, pour le contrôle non destructif de matériaux… Dans la plupart des applications la puissance acoustique émise par le CMUT doit être très élevée ce qui implique que le CMUT va être utilisé en régime non-linéaire. En outre, même en utilisant des procédés de fabrication avancés, la microplaque mobile constituant le CMUT possède une déformation géométrique dans son état de repos. Il faudra par conséquent tenir compte des non-linéarités et des imperfections géométriques lors de l’analyse statique et dynamique du CMUT.Dans ce travail le modèle multiphysique d’un CMUT est développé en tenant compte des non-linéarités géométriques et électrostatiques ainsi que de la déflexion initiale de la microplaque. Les équations différentielles du mouvement de la microplaque, issues de la théorie des plaques de von Kármán, sont discrétisées spatialement en utilisant la méthode différentielle quadratique. La réponse statique d’un CMUT a été analysée à partir de simulations numériques et d’essais expérimentaux, en considérant des plaques planes et des plaques courbes et on montre qu’une déflexion initiale de la plaque conduit à une augmentation de la tension de pull-in. Le comportement dynamique non-linéaire du CMUT est analysé en discrétisant la variable temporelle et en utilisant la méthode des différences finies. En utilisant la technique de continuation arclength, nous déterminons la réponse en fréquence non-linéaire du CMUT. Suivant la valeur de la tension DC, le CMUT aura un comportement raidissant ou assouplissant. Une validation expérimentale du modèle numérique est réalisée en utilisant des microplaques planes et des microplaques courbes. En particulier nous montrons que l’utilisation de microplaques courbes, dues aux imperfections géométriques, change la réponse en fréquence du CMUT, passant d’un comportement raidissant à un comportement assouplissant, augmente le domaine de bi-stabilité et modifie la topologie de bifurcation.Le modèle numérique est par la suite étendu afin d’analyser les effets du film d’air sur le comportement dynamique de la microplaque en couplant les équations mécaniques du CMUT avec les équations de Reynolds du fluide. Les fréquences de résonance du problème multiphysique sont obtenues par résolution d'un système linéaire amorti. La validation expérimentale et numérique du modèle est effectuée en déterminant les fréquences de résonance du CMUT à des pressions différentes. Nous montrons que l’air comprimé change la réponse dynamique du CMUT par l’ajout d’une raideur et d’un amortissement. La diminution de la pression conduit à une diminution de la fréquence de résonance du système couplé et tend vers la fréquence de résonance de la microplaque. D'autre part la réponse en fréquence du système devient non-linéaire due à la diminution du coefficient d'amortissement. A la pression atmosphérique, on montre que le CMUT a un comportement non-linéaire de type assouplissant lorsque les excitations sont élevées. Le modèle numérique développé est un outil efficace pour analyser les CMUTs et augmenter leurs performanaces. / Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) have attracted the interest of scientists and engineers thanks to the variety of their applications and their significant roles in our real life. One of the most important microsystems is the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT), which is used for transmitting ultrasonic waves, for instance in medical imaging and therapy. In such applications, a high-transmitted acoustic power is needed which implies driving the CMUT in the nonlinear regime. Moreover, from a manufacturing point of view, the fabrication of a CMUT with a flat surface is extremely difficult even with the recent advances in the fabrication process. Modeling this type of microsystem while including the main sources of nonlinearities and geometric imperfections is a challenging step in understanding its static and dynamic behavior.In this thesis, a multiphysics model of imperfect CMUTs is developed taking into account the geometric and electrostatic nonlinearities. The governing equations of motions are derived from the von Kármán plate theory and spatially discretized using the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM). For the static response, numerical simulations and experimental characterizations have been conducted on flat and curved CMUTs, showing that a positive initial deflection leads to an increase in the pull-in voltage. The nonlinear dynamic behavior of a CMUT is studied by discretizing the time variable using the Finite Difference Method (FDM). The nonlinear frequency and force responses have been determined by combining FDM with the arclength continuation technique. It is shown that the CMUT can exhibit a hardening or softening behavior depending on the DC voltage. An experimental validation of the numerical model is performed for the case of flat and curved microplates. We demonstrate that the geometric imperfection modifies the nonlinear frequency response of a CMUT from hardening to softening, increases its bistability domain and permits the tuning of its bifurcation topology.The numerical model is extended to investigate the effect of an air film on the dynamic behavior of the microplate by coupling the nonlinear mechanical equations with the Reynolds equation. The complex resonance frequencies of the multi-physical problem are determined by solving the damped linear system. An experimental and numerical validation of the model is performed by determining the resonance frequencies at several static pressures. We demonstrate that the air film is able to modify the dynamic response of the CMUT by adding stiffness and damping. By decreasing the static pressure, the resonance frequency of the coupled problem decreases and becomes closer to the natural resonance frequency of the microplate. Moreover, the frequency response of the system becomes nonlinear due the decrease in the damping coefficient. At atmospheric pressure, the softening type behavior of the CMUT is obtained by applying high excitation levels. The presented numerical model is a very efficient tool to understand the nonlinear dynamic behavior CMUTs and to enhance their performances.

Atualmente, restrições ambientais impostas à industria de refino de petróleo estão fazendo com que se procure otimizar os seus processos. Uma das maneiras de se alcançar este objetivo é através da melhoria dos métodos analíticos de caracterização e dos métodos de representação, cuja finalidade é permitir maior precisão na simulação. O método mais comum de representação através de pseudocomponentes, apresenta algumas desvantagens, as quais não permitem precisão adequada em determinadas situações. Uma nova metodologia apresentada neste trabalho, que permite superar essas desvantagens foi aplicada em um exemplo de flash de petróleo. Esta metodologia envolve varias etapas: a implementação dos algoritmos necessários à representação das composições da mistura por funções de distribuição contínua e sua aproximação por funções wavelets, e a simplificação do modelo flash com a discretização \"Wavelet-Galerkin\" e sua resolução através de um enfoque multi-malha adaptativo. Neste contexo, na primeira etapa da tese foram apresentados diferentes aspectos relacionados ao processo complexo de caracterização de petróleos, que consideram sua importância tanto econômica quanto tecnológica. Mostraram-se também, o uso de ferramentas matemáticas e suas vantagens para resolver os problemas complexos em diversas áreas científicas. Na segunda etapa foi desenvolvida a metodologia proposta. Para tanto, os algoritmos foram construídos na linguagem de programação de Matlab. Em seguida, duas simulações do modelo flash permitiram avaliar sua precisão e sua eficiência. A primeira foi realizada sem a implementação de seleção de malhas adaptativamente, enquanto que a segunda foi realizada utilizando dita implementação, a qual permitiu construir quatro casos e analisar os resultados dos mesmos. Finalmente, com o objetivo de avaliar seu potencial de utilização em um ambiente de simulação, estes resultados foram comparados com uma terceira simulação, utilizando o simulador HYSYS, o qual se baseia na representação de pseudocomponentes. / Current environmental constraints to the refining industry make process optimization a necessary task. It can be achieved by improving the analysis methods applied to oil characterization and the representation methods, in order to improve simulation accuracy. The most common method of representation based on pseudocomponents presents some disadvantages, which do not enable a detailed accuracy in some situations. In this work a new methodology is proposed to surpass these disadvantages, and applied to oil flash as an example. The proposed methodology involves the representation of the mixture compositions by continuous distribution functions, which are approximated by wavelet functions, and the simplification of the flash model by the \"Wavelet-Galerkin\" discretization which are solved by multigrid adaptive approach. In this contex, in the first part of this work different aspects related to the complex process of petroleum characterization are discussed, considering their economical and technological importance. Besides, the utility of mathematical tools, and their advantages to solve complex problems in different scientific fields, are presented. In the second part, the proposed methodology is developed. All algorithms are built with MatLab programming languages. Two simulations of the model of flash process enabled to evaluate the precision and the efficiency of the methodology. The first simulation was developed without the implementation of an adaptability selection grid. The second was carried out with this implementation, which enabled to build four cases and analyze their results. Finally, with the objective of evaluating its potential of utilization in a simulation environment, the results were compared with a third simulation, using the simulator HYSYS, which itself is based on the representation of pseudo-components.