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Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T18:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000397639-Texto+Parcial-0.pdf: 91565 bytes, checksum: 5d2c8877bf9ab375f20569bd4542ef7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / This thesis studies the posted-dated cheque, its origin, its use by Brazilian society, its legal previsions, tenets and jurisprudence. Considering its growing use and the lack of legal regulation, giving rise to a lack of judicial security, the legal solutions to be found in other countries were analysed. Proposed legislation currently being evaluated by the Federal Chamber and the Senate that seek the regulation of post-dated cheques were also analysed. The thesis arrives at its conclusion demonstrating that the proposed legislation would not alter the structure of the Law of the Cheque, which is fruit of an international agreement, approved by the the National Congress, indicating that the security analysed should emerge as a new security by way of specific legislation. / A presente dissertação versa sobre o cheque pós-datado, a sua origem, a sua utilização pela sociedade brasileira, a sua previsão legal, a doutrina e a jurisprudência sobre o assunto. Considerando-se a sua crescente utilização e a falta de regulamentação legal, ocorre uma insegurança jurídica. Comenta-se, também, a solução legal encontrada por outros países. Analisam-se, ainda, os projetos de lei em tramitação na câmara federal e senado que buscam a regulamentação do cheque pós-datado. A dissertação encerra, demonstrando que os projetos de lei não poderão alterar a estrutura da lei do cheque, pois a referida lei é fruto de acordo internacional aprovado pelo congresso nacional, concluindo que o titulo de credito analisado devera surgir como um novo titulo de credito, através de lei própria.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:51:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Processamento de Imagem Digital tem por objetivo maior fornecer ferramentas para facilitar a identificação e extração de informações contidas em imagens digitais. Esta característica proporciona um aumento significativo no desenvolvimento tecnológico, devido à sua aplicabilidade em diversas áreas, por exemplo: processamento de cheques bancários, imagens de satélite, reconhecimento facial e outras. No contexto de processamento de cheques bancários, a correta localização e obtenção dos campos de interesse são fatores que influenciam fortemente e positivamente o alto índice de sucesso no reconhecimento. A obtenção dos campos de interesse é realizada na etapa segmentação, sendo esta complexa e crítica, devido a ruídos existentes nas imagens. Este trabalho tem por finalidade a investigação de uma arquitetura para o reconhecimento automatizado dos campos presentes no cabeçalho dos cheques bancários brasileiros. A definição da arquitetura foi baseada no estudo das principais características, técnicas e arquiteturas aplicadas no reconhecimento de imagens digitais de cheques. Para a etapa de segmentação foi utilizada a técnica Análise por Projeção com objetivo de localizar e segmentar os campos presentes no cabeçalho dos cheques bancários. Como resultado foi obtido 97,50 % de acertos na etapa de segmentação dos campos do cabeçalho e uma média de 87,71% de cheques completamente reconhecidos

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the practical application of the bill of exchange and cheque law from 1950. In the introduction is mentioned the meaning and main functions of payment condition in sales cantract in general. Following chapters contens description of bill of exchange and cheque as payment instruments and especially their usage in the practice and explication of the law from the 1950.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inserida no contexto dos estudos sociológicos acerca das esferas pública e privada na composição das relações sociais, esta dissertação analisa a imbricação entre estas esferas na construção histórica das relações sociais brasileiras e na composição da cultura política que as rege, objetivando identificar seus impactos e expressões atuais nas políticas sociais, com enfoque na política de assistência social. Com fundamentação em referencial teórico-metodológico marxista, foram utilizadas categorias gramscianas para estudo e conceituação daquelas esferas. Como campo empírico de pesquisa no âmbito da política de assistência social foi eleito o programa Cheque Cidadão implementado pelo Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro desde o no ano de 1999, adotando-se como conjunto instrumental entrevistas, análise documental, e observação em campo. As análises de dados e as considerações finais apontam que a recorrente execução de políticas públicas de assistência através de entidades religiosas, ainda que num Estado considerado laico, permite a criação de relações fundadas a partir de identidades privadas entre os indivíduos sociais e seus governantes, viabilizando privilégios não necessariamente formais, mas sobretudo reais no acesso a políticas sociais de natureza pública, constitutivas de direito, deturpando-as e adubando assim nosso vasto solo de cultura política patriarcal, personalista, de supressão do público pelo privado e mercantil, onde se fundaram nossas raízes. / This dissertation analyzes how the public and the private spheres imbricate to build Brazilian social relations and the political culture that serves them as guideline. The study integrates sociological research concerning how social relations originate, aiming at identifying the impacts and influences that the aforementioned relations bring to current social policies, focusing on social assistance policies. The theoretical and methodological approach was based on Marxist literature, and categories taken from Gramsci works were used to study and conceptualize the public and private spheres. Empirical research referred to the program cheque cidadão, which has been implemented by Rio de Janeiro state government since 1999. Interviews, documentation and field work constituted the instruments used. Data analysis and final observations indicate that the fact that religious entities are in charge of accomplishing social assistance policies within a lay state gives way to relations that are based on private, rather public, identities between individuals and their rulers, which makes possible the existence of privileges _ real, if not formalized _ regarding access to social policies. These are meant to be lawful and of public nature policies. Therefore, the process described above distort them and feed the Brazilian political culture, deeply rooted in patriarchalism and personalism, that favors private relations in detriment of the public matters.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inserida no contexto dos estudos sociológicos acerca das esferas pública e privada na composição das relações sociais, esta dissertação analisa a imbricação entre estas esferas na construção histórica das relações sociais brasileiras e na composição da cultura política que as rege, objetivando identificar seus impactos e expressões atuais nas políticas sociais, com enfoque na política de assistência social. Com fundamentação em referencial teórico-metodológico marxista, foram utilizadas categorias gramscianas para estudo e conceituação daquelas esferas. Como campo empírico de pesquisa no âmbito da política de assistência social foi eleito o programa Cheque Cidadão implementado pelo Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro desde o no ano de 1999, adotando-se como conjunto instrumental entrevistas, análise documental, e observação em campo. As análises de dados e as considerações finais apontam que a recorrente execução de políticas públicas de assistência através de entidades religiosas, ainda que num Estado considerado laico, permite a criação de relações fundadas a partir de identidades privadas entre os indivíduos sociais e seus governantes, viabilizando privilégios não necessariamente formais, mas sobretudo reais no acesso a políticas sociais de natureza pública, constitutivas de direito, deturpando-as e adubando assim nosso vasto solo de cultura política patriarcal, personalista, de supressão do público pelo privado e mercantil, onde se fundaram nossas raízes. / This dissertation analyzes how the public and the private spheres imbricate to build Brazilian social relations and the political culture that serves them as guideline. The study integrates sociological research concerning how social relations originate, aiming at identifying the impacts and influences that the aforementioned relations bring to current social policies, focusing on social assistance policies. The theoretical and methodological approach was based on Marxist literature, and categories taken from Gramsci works were used to study and conceptualize the public and private spheres. Empirical research referred to the program cheque cidadão, which has been implemented by Rio de Janeiro state government since 1999. Interviews, documentation and field work constituted the instruments used. Data analysis and final observations indicate that the fact that religious entities are in charge of accomplishing social assistance policies within a lay state gives way to relations that are based on private, rather public, identities between individuals and their rulers, which makes possible the existence of privileges _ real, if not formalized _ regarding access to social policies. These are meant to be lawful and of public nature policies. Therefore, the process described above distort them and feed the Brazilian political culture, deeply rooted in patriarchalism and personalism, that favors private relations in detriment of the public matters.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 397639.pdf: 91565 bytes, checksum: 5d2c8877bf9ab375f20569bd4542ef7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / A presente disserta??o versa sobre o cheque p?s-datado, a sua origem, a sua utiliza??o pela sociedade brasileira, a sua previs?o legal, a doutrina e a jurisprud?ncia sobre o assunto. Considerando-se a sua crescente utiliza??o e a falta de regulamenta??o legal, ocorre uma inseguran?a jur?dica. Comenta-se, tamb?m, a solu??o legal encontrada por outros pa?ses. Analisam-se, ainda, os projetos de lei em tramita??o na c?mara federal e senado que buscam a regulamenta??o do cheque p?s-datado. A disserta??o encerra, demonstrando que os projetos de lei n?o poder?o alterar a estrutura da lei do cheque, pois a referida lei ? fruto de acordo internacional aprovado pelo congresso nacional, concluindo que o titulo de credito analisado devera surgir como um novo titulo de credito, atrav?s de lei pr?pria.

Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in applied mathematics at Stellenbosch University / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study we investigate the feasibility of combining an ensemble of eight continuous base classifiers for the purpose of off-line signature verification. This work is mainly inspired by the process of cheque authentication within the banking environment. Each base classifier is constructed by utilising a specific local feature, in conjunction with a specific writer-dependent signature modelling technique. The local features considered are pixel density, gravity centre distance, orientation and predominant slant. The modelling techniques considered are dynamic time warping and discrete observation hidden Markov models. In this work we focus on the detection of high quality (skilled) forgeries. Feature extraction is achieved by superimposing a grid with predefined resolution onto a signature image, whereafter a single local feature is extracted from each signature sub-image corresponding to a specific grid cell. After encoding the signature image into a matrix of local features, each column within said matrix represents a feature vector (observation) within a feature set (observation sequence). In this work we propose a novel flexible grid-based feature extraction technique and show that it outperforms existing rigid grid-based techniques. The performance of each continuous classifier is depicted by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, where each point in ROC-space represents the true positive rate and false positive rate of a threshold-specific discrete classifier. The objective is therefore to develope a combined classifier for which the area-under-curve (AUC) is maximised -or for which the equal error rate (EER) is minimised. Two disjoint data sets, in conjunction with a cross-validation protocol, are used for model optimisation and model evaluation. This protocol avoids possible model overfitting, and also scrutinises the generalisation potential of each classifier. During the first optimisation stage, the grid configuration which maximises proficiency is determined for each base classifier. During the second optimisation stage, the most proficient ensemble of optimised base classifiers is determined for several classifier fusion strategies. During both optimisation stages only the optimisation data set is utilised. During evaluation, each optimal classifier ensemble is combined using a specific fusion strategy, and retrained and tested on the separate evaluation data set. We show that the performance of the optimal combined classifiers is significantly better than that of the optimal individual base classifiers. Both score-based and decision-based fusion strategies are investigated, which includes a novel extension to an existing decision-based fusion strategy. The existing strategy is based on ROC-statistics of the base classifiers and maximum likelihood estimation. We show that the proposed elitist maximum attainable ROC-based strategy outperforms the existing one. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie projek ondersoek ons die haalbaarheid van die kombinasie van agt kontinue basis-klassifiseerders, vir statiese handtekeningverifikasie. Hierdie werk is veral relevant met die oog op die bekragtiging van tjeks in die bankwese. Elke basis-klassifiseerder word gekonstrueer deur ’n spesifieke plaaslike kenmerk in verband te bring met ’n spesifieke skrywer-afhanklike handtekeningmodelleringstegniek. Die plaaslike kenmerke sluit pikseldigtheid, swaartepunt-afstand, oriëntasie en oorheersende helling in, terwyl die modelleringstegnieke dinamiese tydsverbuiging en diskrete verskuilde Markov modelle insluit. Daar word op die opsporing van hoë kwaliteit vervalsings gefokus. Kenmerk-onttreking word bewerkstellig deur die superponering van ’n rooster van voorafgedefinieerde resolusie op ’n bepaalde handtekening. ’n Enkele plaaslike kenmerk word onttrek vanuit die betrokke sub-beeld geassosieer met ’n spesifieke roostersel. Nadat die handtekeningbeeld na ’n matriks van plaaslike kenmerke getransformeer is, verteenwoordig elke kolom van die matriks ’n kenmerkvektor in ’n kenmerkstel. In hierdie werk stel ons ’n nuwe buigsame rooster-gebasseerde kenmerk-ontrekkingstegniek voor en toon aan dat dit die bestaande starre rooster-gebasseerde tegnieke oortref. Die prestasie van elke kontinue klassifiseerder word voorgestel deur ’n ROC-kurwe, waar elke punt in die ROC-ruimte die ware positiewe foutkoers en vals positiewe foutkoers van ’n drempel-spesifieke diskrete klassifiseerder verteenwoordig. Die doelwit is derhalwe die ontwikkeling van ’n gekombineerde klassifiseerder, waarvoor die area onder die kurwe (AUC) gemaksimeer word - of waarvoor die gelyke foutkoers (EER) geminimeer word. Twee disjunkte datastelle en ’n kruisverifi¨eringsprotokol word gebruik vir model optimering en model evaluering. Hierdie protokol vermy potensiële model-oorpassing, en ondersoek ook die veralgemeningspotensiaal van elke klassifiseerder. Tydens die eerste optimeringsfase word die rooster-konfigurasie wat die bekwaamheid van elke basis-klassifiseerder maksimeer, gevind. Tydens die tweede optimeringsfase word die mees bekwame groepering van geoptimeerde basis-klassifiseerders gevind vir verskeie klassifiseerder fusiestrategieë. Tydens beide optimeringsfases word slegs die optimeringsdatastel gebruik. Tydens evaluering word elke optimale groep klassifiseerders gekombineer met ’n spesifieke fusie-strategie, her-afgerig en getoets op die aparte evalueringsdatastel. Ons toon aan dat die prestasie van die optimale gekombineerde klassifiseerder aansienlik beter is as dié van die optimale individuele basis-klassifiseerders. Beide telling- en besluit-gebaseerde fusie-strategieë word ondersoek, insluitend ’n nuwe uitbreiding van ’n bestaande besluit-gebasseerde kombinasie strategie. Die bestaande strategie is gebaseer op die ROC-statistiek van die basis-klassifiseerders en maksimum aanneemlikheidsberaming. Ons toon aan dat die voorgestelde elitistiese maksimum haalbare ROC-gebasseerde strategie die bestaande strategie oortref.

The topic of my diploma thesis is "The Concept and Types of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes". The reason, why I chose this theme, is my interest in business law and in particular in the securities law. However, the main motivation which led me to analyze this legal sphere, were anteriorly my previous work experiences. From the plenty of cases I have had the opportunity to see, emerged for me a surprising conclusion, namely that the participants of the bill relationships are often not in a significant amount familiar with the essential content requirements of a bill of exchange as a security, which in the case concerned led to serious and thoroughly negative consequences. It is obvious that a bill of exchange represents for a general public not easily understandable problematic which requires precision and excellent knowledge of law. For this reason I have paid attention to the issue of essential appurtenances of a bill of exchange whose presence is demanded by law and without their remark a bill of exchange is fundamentally not valid document. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze and characterize a bill of exchange as a legal instrument and to define its basic attributes in a view of the fact that in the Bill of Exchange and Cheque Act, not even in other legal rules including...

[pt] Este estudo pretendeu conhecer e analisar alguns aspectos do programa cheque cidadão, principalmente quanto ao seu formato, os atores envolvidos, as condicionalidades, contrapartidas e seus significados para a política de assistência social. Este programa de transferência de renda implementado pelo governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro destaca-se tanto pela sua significativa abrangência como pelo fato de instituições religiosas serem responsáveis pela seleção das famílias e distribuição do benefício. A pesquisa demonstrou que as ações desenvolvidas na execução do programa cheque cidadão reatualizam práticas clientelistas, populistas, de tutela e favor que reforçam a subalternidade dos beneficiários e nega sua condição de cidadania. / [en] Summary This study has intended to understand and analyze some aspects of the Citizen Check program, mainly regarding its format, actors, the conditioning rules, counterparts and its meanings for the social assistance policy. This program of income transference implemented by the Rio De Janeiro State Government in 1999 is distinguished in such a way for its significant compliance and for the fact that religious institutions are responsible for the election of the families and distribution of the benefit. The research has demonstrated that the actions developed in the execution of the Citizen Check program, update clientelistas, populists, and guardianship and favor policies that strengthen the subordination of the beneficiaries and deny its condition of citizens.