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M.S.

Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

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Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the mechanics behind the translation of children’s literature through a practical translation from Dutch into English and an introspective commentary thereof. It also examines the cultural disparity and Anglo-American dominance within (translated) children’s literature. Through this translation and study, this thesis would like to contribute to the one-sided literary traffic and point out the cultural consequences this imbalance in trade will hold. Not only for a world library of children’s literature, but also for English speaking children who are increasingly oblivious of foreign literature. This thesis especially addresses the British reluctance towards translated foreign children’s literature due to the strong position of English as a language and the quality of the British national children’s literature. Furthermore, it challenges translation studies to consider the different needs and strategies for the translation of children’s literature. The approach this translator proposed for the translation of De zusjes Kriegel was a functional dialogic approach. This thesis therefore touches upon the developments that have led to the rise and wide applicability of functionalism in the practice of translation. Some of the most salient theorists in translation of children’s literature will also be discussed, specifically focusing on Riitta Oittinen’s ideas on Bakhtinian dialogue and carnivalism in relation to the translation of children’s literature. A functional dialogic approach to the practical translation of De zusjes Kriegel has led to an overall naturalised and domesticated translation in which the source text was adapted to a British target text cultural setting. This strategy was chosen to guarantee positive reception of the translation in the target text culture. A small-scale empirical reception survey has asserted this positive reception and reinforced some of this thesis’ presuppositions, among others that English-speaking children have no access to and no knowledge of foreign literature. Through the success of the practical translation and the positive reception of the target text this study has emphasised the importance and cultural necessity of translating foreign children’s literature into English. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die meganismes vir die vertaling van kinderliteratuur, deur middel van ’n praktiese vertaling uit Nederlands in Engels en introspektiewe kommentaar daarop. Die kulturele wanverhoudinge asook Anglo-Amerikaanse dominansie binne (vertaalde) kinderliteratuur word ook ondersoek. Deur middel van hierdie vertaling en studie poog hierdie tesis om by te dra tot die eensydige literêre verkeer van vertaalde werke uit Engels en benadruk die kulturele gevolge wat hierdie wanbalans sal inhou. Dit is nie slegs vir ’n wêreldbiblioteek van kinderliteratuur nie, maar ook vir Engelssprekende kinders, wat toenemend meer onbewus raak van vertaalde letterkunde. In hierdie tesis word die Britse teensinnigheid vir vertaalde vreemde kinderliteratuur, as gevolg van die sterk posisie van die Engelse taal en die hoë gehalte van Britse nasionale kinderliteratuur, in die besonder, bespreek. Verder word die vertaalwetenskap uitgedaag om die behoefte aan en strategieë vir die vertaling van kinderliteratuur in aanmerking te neem. Hierdie vertaler het besluit om ’n funksionalisties dialogiese benadering tot die vertaling van De zusjes Kriegel te volg. Daarom word die ontwikkelings wat gelei het tot die ontstaan en wye toepassing van die funksionalisme in die vertaalpraktyk, bespreek. Verder word van die mees prominente teoretici binne die veld van kinderliteratuurvertaling bespreek en daar word spesifiek gefokus op Riitta Oittinen se idees oor die Bakhtiniaanse dialoog en karnavalisme met betrekking tot die vertaling van kinderliteratuur. ’n Funksionalisties dialogiese benadering tot die praktiese vertaling van De zusjes Kriegel het gelei tot ’n oorwegend geneutraliseerde en gedomestikeerde vertaling waarin die bronteks vir ’n Britse doeltekskultuurkonteks aangepas is. Hierdie strategie is gekies om te verseker dat die doelteksleser die vertaling positief in sy/haar doeltekskultuur sal ontvang. ’n Kleinskaalse empiriese resepsieondersoek het hierdie positiewe resepsie, asook van die tesis se voorveronderstellings bevestig. Dit is onder andere dat Engelssprekende kinders nie toegang tot en kennis van ’n vreemde letterkunde het nie. Deur die geslaagdheid van die praktiese vertaling en die positiewe resepsie van die doelteks beklemtoon hierdie tesis die belangrikheid van, asook kulturele noodsaaklikheid vir die vertaling van kinderliteratuur in Engels.

Much of the research and writing about the neighborhood books of Ezra Jack Keats has centered on depictions of his character ‘Peter’ as a non-racial ‘every child,’ or on the role of play in his stories. This thesis analyzed Keats’s neighborhood books and his research for them within the context of race and class discourses of the 1960s and 1970s. This work used a racial literacy framework and drew on ideas about power inscribed in space and hierarchical representations in children’s picture books. This research found Keats’s neighborhood books and research materials function as a racial project by constructing a cultural memorial to the atmosphere of the great transformation (Omi & Winant, 1994) and to a systematically produced racialized and classed space (Hankins, et al, 2012). Findings indicate that future research is needed to consider spacial depictions of race and class in picture books, and that there is a need for place-based historical inquiry among elementary students. / text

Grounded in Rosenblatt's transactional theory and Pacific literary theory, this qualitative case study looked at Chamorros teachers' responses to contemporary fiction books as a way of exploring cultural authenticity within a recently emerging genre of children's books. Nine teachers read and responded to eight books that presented a variety of character types, settings, and social issues related to the island of Guam. Guided by three research questions, this study explored what artifacts, images or depictions reflected the lived experiences of the contemporary Chamorro people. Data (transcripts of interviews, literature discussions and participant-generated artifacts) was collected from teachers in a professional development course on children's literature and from individual meetings. Using inductive analysis, the teachers' responses were examined for recurring themes, concepts and words that focused on their personal connections with the books, their cultural understandings, and their perceptions of the portrayal of the Chamorro culture. The teachers' connections drew attention to the ways in which they attempted to use their knowledge about the Chamorro culture to make sense of the stories they read. The teachers' responses to the stories demonstrated that they were making connections to those representations that emphasized and honored their Pacific identity, such as the extended family and how certain traditional practices symbolize the resiliency of the Chamorro people. They also demonstrated how rich cultural images served as prisms that revealed layers of cultural understandings. Finally, the teachers' responses revealed that their decisions regarding the authenticity of a book were mediated by their personal senses of culture as well as by a communal ideology. Not only does this study highlight culturally appropriate representations of the Chamorro people, it also sheds light on the relationship between cultural elements in a story and a culture's value system, and how these two influence the meaning that a reader finds within the story. By highlighting how readers home in on the subtleties of cultural depictions, this study demonstrates how the issue of cultural authenticity can best be understood as a complex matrix of cultural images, a community's value system and personal experiences.

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Using longitudinal data from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime and findings from qualitative interviews, it was found that the Children's Hearings system, in relation to young people referred on offending grounds, had no significant effect on the levels of self-reported offending in those referred to the Children's Hearings system, compared with a matched sample who had no contact with the system. In addition, no differences were found between a smaller matched sample who were placed on a Supervision Requirement and those with no contact with the system. The interventions provided within Supervision Requirements are argued to be ineffective and do not reflect the contemporary literature on effective practice. Interactions with the Children's Hearings system were not found to support labelling or deterrence theories. However, the gatekeeping practices of the police appeared to be biased and labelling in effect. The diversionary approach of the Children's Hearings system was supported through the finding that the majority of cohort members desisted from offending without requiring formal measures. It is argued that the functioning of the system could be improved by diverting more young people with offending behaviours prior to their referral to the Reporter (on the basis of their low risk and low levels of criminogenic needs). The small number of high risk offenders with high levels of criminogenic needs, who are unlikely to desist naturally, should receive structured interventions that reflect current findings in relation to effective practice.