This research study investigated preschoolers' naive theory of the human body in understanding the cause of death. The empirical investigation showed that urban and suburban preschoolers (ages 5 and 6) have an understanding of a naive theory of the human body and that some do make reference to a 'vitalistic causality' in explaining organ function. Furthermore, most of the participants gave an external explanation for the cause of death (e.g. gunshots, poison, sticks), but those participants who gave an internal (biological) explanation for the cause of death were well-informed about the biological teleology of body organs. These findings conclude that education, socio-economic factors and culture influence the acquisition of a naive theory of biology. The need for guidance to educators, in explaining the concept of death to preschoolers, was further emphasised. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-13T09:11:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Sayuri Maeda.pdf: 2486218 bytes, checksum: a1830cd150296c13e48dace99fc4b193 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T09:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Sayuri Maeda.pdf: 2486218 bytes, checksum: a1830cd150296c13e48dace99fc4b193 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present qualitative research aimed to understand how teachers from the city of São Paulo perceive the matter of education about death, from the experience of taking their students to a guided visit to Consolação Cemetery. A focus group with 9 participants was formed, with teachers who work with first and second grade students of municipal public elementary school, who had had this experience a month before the focus group had it. The instruments used were field observation of the school group which had a guided visit to Consolação Cemetery and a semi-structured interview by means of focus group. The collected material was analysed by the Bardin (2016) technique of content analysis, allowing identification of the categories: fear of death; sociocultural and religious context; participation in funeral ceremonies; meaning of the cemetery; effects of childhood experiences in the adult life; bereavement; communication about death at school; school visit to the cemetery; Zippy‟s Friends Program; students learning; pedagogy trainees learning; education on death at school. The observation has shown that students and teachers were participative and interested in thinking about the topic of death, having explored the cemetery as a place for learning. Teachers perceived the education on death as important at school and that they can also use their past personal childhood experiences with loss and death to help sympathise with the child‟s pain, as well as validate their perceptions and child‟s bereavement acknowledge. The results show that some children would ask questions based on what they had learnt in the classroom, in a previous project, while the teachers training indicate that the visit to the cemetery was an enabler for the appreciation of the idea of including the death topic at school, and the importance of observing the student‟s emotional issues in the learning process / A presente pesquisa qualitativa teve como objetivo compreender como professores de São Paulo percebem a questão da educação sobre a morte, a partir da experiência de levar os seus alunos à visita guiada ao Cemitério Consolação. Realizou-se um grupo focal com 9 participantes, professores que lecionam no primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental da rede pública municipal, que tiveram esta experiência no mês anterior da data de realização do grupo focal. Os instrumentos utilizados foram observação em campo da visita guiada com uma escola no Cemitério Consolação e entrevista semiestruturada de grupo focal. O material coletado foi avaliado a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016), permitindo a construção das categorias: medo da morte; contexto sociocultural e religioso; participação nos rituais fúnebres; significado de cemitério; repercussões das vivências infantis na fase adulta; luto; comunicação sobre a morte na escola; visita escolar ao cemitério; Programa Amigos do Zippy; aprendizado dos alunos; aprendizado das estagiárias de pedagogia; educação sobre a morte na escola. A observação evidenciou alunos e professores participativos e interessados em refletir sobre o tema da morte, tendo explorado o cemitério como lugar de aprendizado. As professoras percebem como sendo importante a educação sobre a morte na escola e que o resgate de suas experiências pessoais de perdas e morte na infância, ajuda na empatia com o sofrimento da criança assim como a validação de suas percepções e o luto infantil reconhecido. Os resultados apontam que algumas crianças faziam perguntas a partir do que tinham aprendido em sala de aula, em projeto anterior, enquanto que a existência de capacitação das professoras indica que a visita ao cemitério foi um facilitador para a valorização da inclusão do tema morte na escola e da importância de observar questões emocionais dos alunos no processo de aprendizagem

This research study investigated preschoolers' naive theory of the human body in understanding the cause of death. The empirical investigation showed that urban and suburban preschoolers (ages 5 and 6) have an understanding of a naive theory of the human body and that some do make reference to a 'vitalistic causality' in explaining organ function. Furthermore, most of the participants gave an external explanation for the cause of death (e.g. gunshots, poison, sticks), but those participants who gave an internal (biological) explanation for the cause of death were well-informed about the biological teleology of body organs. These findings conclude that education, socio-economic factors and culture influence the acquisition of a naive theory of biology. The need for guidance to educators, in explaining the concept of death to preschoolers, was further emphasised. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

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Jag har studerat hur litteratur kan vara ett verktyg för utbildare under diskussioner om döden med barn i förskolan. Barn är nyfikna individer som ofta vill ha svar på existentiella frågor. Dessutom finns barn som har förlorat en nära anhörig och möjligtvis är i behov av stöd under deras förskolevistelse för att inte hamna i långvarig sorg. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på varför innehållet i barnlitteratur kan vara ett verktyg för utbildare under diskussioner i förskolan. Tidigare forskning visar att barns förståelse av döden är relaterad till deras kognitiva utveckling, vilket innebär att deras ålder har kontroll över deras förutsättningar för att förstå döden. Jag har genomfört en kvalitativ analys genom närläsning av fem olika böcker med förskolebarn som målgrupp med en tematisk analys. Jag har identifierat tre teman som är mest relevanta för studien: döden som sorglig och skrämmande, att dö av ålderdom eller olyckor och ett liv efter döden. Resultaten visar att det finns olika strategier att gestalta porträttera döden i barnlitteratur. Det beror på vad författaren vill förmedla till barnet. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån ett narratologiskt perspektiv, eftersom jag undersöker texternas struktur och är intresserad av hur dessa påverkar läsaren. Med ett narratologiskt perspektiv blir det tydligt att författarens strategier att berätta historien påverkar hur läsaren uppfattar bokens innehåll. Vidare visar resultaten många fördelar för en utbildare att använda litteratur som stöd i svåra samtal med barn i förskolan. / I have studied how literature can serve as a tool for educators in discussions about death with children in preschool. Children are curious human beings and they often want answers on existential issues. Additionally, there are children who have lost a close relative and may need support during their preschool attendance to avoid falling into prolonged grief. The purpose of the study is to ascertain why the content of children's literature can serve as a tool for educators during discussions in preschool settings. Previous research shows that children's comprehension of death is related to how much they can understand the meaning of death depending on their age. I have conducted a qualitative analysis through close reading of five different preschool children's books with a thematic anlysis. I have identified three themes that are most prevalent in the selection: death as frightening and sad, dying due to old age or accidents and an afterlife. The results show that there are different strategies to portray death in children's literature. It depends a lot on what the writer wants to convey to the child. The results have been discussed from a narratological perspective, as I am investigating the textual structures of the books and am interested in how these can influence the reader. With a narratological perspective it is clear that the writer's strategies to tell the story affects how the reader comprehends the book's content. Furthermore, the results show lots of advantages for an educator to use literature as support in difficult conversations with children in preschool.

Text in Afrikaans / The purpose of this study is to describe a gestalt technique for therapists who are involved with children who are experiencing loss. A play therepeutic approach is described and the underlying principles integrated and applied. In the first chapter the details of the the research methodology is described. In the second chapter the gestalt approach and how it relates to play therapeutic intervention is discussed. The third chapter is a literature study which describes the child's conceptualization of death. In the fourth chapter the technique which is developed is discusssed. This technique comprises six themes which are projected by way of instructions on a card. The child chooses a card during every session and it is therapeutically played out. There is a central theme of a treasure box, and a box is made to keep memorabilia of the deceased. The therapeutic intervention helps the child to make a treasure box of memories in their hearts. / Social work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / The purpose of this study is to describe a gestalt technique for therapists who are involved with children who are experiencing loss. A play therepeutic approach is described and the underlying principles integrated and applied. In the first chapter the details of the the research methodology is described. In the second chapter the gestalt approach and how it relates to play therapeutic intervention is discussed. The third chapter is a literature study which describes the child's conceptualization of death. In the fourth chapter the technique which is developed is discusssed. This technique comprises six themes which are projected by way of instructions on a card. The child chooses a card during every session and it is therapeutically played out. There is a central theme of a treasure box, and a box is made to keep memorabilia of the deceased. The therapeutic intervention helps the child to make a treasure box of memories in their hearts. / Social work / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

In South Africa the death of a significant caregiver is a haunting possibility. Violence, crime, road accidents, HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes and substance abuse are household words that describe some of the causes of "untimely deaths" of parents who still have young, school-going children. These children carry their bereavement with them to school. The challenge of standing with them lies not only with their caregivers, but also with staff and children in our school community. In co-authoring conversations with children in our school who have experienced bereavement and loss, this qualitative study used research as co-search to uncover children's preferred knowledges and spiritualities about coping, hope, care and communities of concern. This study used therapy-as-research and participatory action research-as-therapy in what developed into a network of caring communities for the participants, caregivers and therapist. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

In Gestalplaytherapy there is a need for guidelines with a pastoral perspective for the child that is experiencing loss. This research is undertaken to set Gestaltplaytherapeutic guidelines with a pastoral perspective for the therapeutic intervention of the primary school child who is experiencing loss due to the death of a loved one. The study consulted relevant literature and compared the literature study with experience acquired in practice. The impact of the loss that the child is experiencing has an influence on the child as a whole. The researcher has found that the Christian child's experience of loss due to the death of a loved one is influenced greatly by the child's spiritual experience. For this reason it is necessary that Gestaltplaytherapy includes a pastoral approach within the therapeutic setting when working with a child experiencing loss due to the death of a loved one. / In Gestaltspelterapie is daar 'n leemte aan riglyne vanuit 'n pastorale perspektief wat die kind wat verlies ervaar kan begelei. Hierdie navorsing het ten doel om Gestalspelterapeutiese riglyne met 'n pastorale perspektief daar te stel vir die hantering van die laerskoolkind wat verlies ervaar as gevolg van die dood van 'n geliefde. Die studie ondersoek die kind se geestelike belewing van verlies deur middel van navorsing in relevante literatuur en vergelyk dit met praktiese ervaring wat opgedoen is in die praktyk. Die impak van die verlies wat die laerskoolkind ervaar as gevolg van die dood van 'n geliefde raak sy totale menswees. Die navorser het waargeneem dat die Christenkind se ervaring en verwerking van die dood van 'n geliefde ook deur sy geestelike belewing beinvloed word. Daarom is dit nodig dat die kind wat verlies ervaar ook op die pastorale vlak binne die Gestaltspelterapeutiese opset hanteer word. / Social work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)