L'endothéline (ET-1) est un puissant vasoconstricteur constitué de 21 acides aminés et de deux ponts disulfures intramoléculaires qui provient d'un précurseur prépro-ET, composé de 212 acides aminés.L'hydrolyse de ce précurseur par des peptidases conduit à la Big-ET-1, peptide de 38 acides aminés. A ce jour, il existe deux voies de synthèses distinctes de l'ET-1 à partir de la Big-ET-1. La voie classique de conversion de la Big-ET1 en ET-1 se produit via l'enzyme de conversion de l'endothéline (ECE). Une seconde voie alternative via la chymase mMCP-4, une protéase à sérine, produit un intermédiaire de 31 acides aminés, l'ET-1 (1-31), à partir de la Big-ET-1. Par la suite, l'ET-1 (1-31) subit une hydrolyse pour former l'ET-1 par l'endopeptidase neutre (NEP). Les souris dont le gène mMCP-4 a été supprimé devraient montrer une capacité moindre à convertir la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31). Le but principal de ce mémoire est d'identifier la contribution de la mMCP-4 dans la conversion de la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31). L'activité spécifique de la chymotrypsine a été déterminée par des essais fluorogénique in vitro dans les fractions solubles des différents organes tels que, le ventricule gauche cardiaque, les poumons, l'aorte, le cortex rénal et la médulla rénale. Cette activité a été diminuée d'une manière significative dans les fractions solubles des tissus de souris mMCP-4 K.O. en comparant à celles de souris de type sauvage. De plus, l'activité spécifique de la chymase a été diminuée d'une manière significative en présence d'un inhibiteur spécifique, le TY-51469, chez la souris de type sauvage. Par ailleurs, son effet est absent chez la souris mMCP-4 K.O., suggérant ainsi que cet inhibiteur est sélectif pour l'activité de la chymase. Des analyses d'HPLC couplés à la spectrométrie de masse (MS), ont permis de montrer une conversion de la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31) par la chymase dans les fractions solubles des tissus de souris de type sauvage. Cette conversion a été abolie dans les fractions des tissus de souris de type sauvage prétraités au TY-51469, confirmant ainsi le rôle de la chymase dans la conversion de la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31). Ces résultats ont été confirmés par l'absence de conversion de la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31) dans les fractions solubles des tissus de souris mMCP-4 K.O. Notre étude a permis de confirmer la conversion de la Big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31) par la mMCP-4 via la voie alternative dépendante de la chymase chez la souris de type sauvage in vitro .

Mast cells (MCs), normally classified into connective tissue MCs and mucosal MCs, are highly granulated cells found in the interface between the interior and the exterior environment of our body, e.g. skin, airways and gastro-intestinal tract. They react to bacteria, parasites, viruses, and allergens by degranulation and release of premade and newly synthesized inflammatory mediators. The MC-proteases (tryptases, chymases and carboxypeptidase A), histamine and serglycin (SG) proteoglycans are premade mediators. Among these, SG is also expressed in a variety of other immune and non-immune cells. Heparin and chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycan chains confer highly negative charge to SG, by which MC-proteases are retained in secretory granules. Deletion of SG cause impaired packing and storage of most MC-proteases. During challenge with Toxoplasma gondii the SG-deficient mice showed significant lower inflammatory cytokine levels in comparison to wild-type mice. Results were consistently similar in vitro, bringing forward the importance of SG in inflammatory cytokine and innate immune responses towards T. gondii. Infection with Trichinella spiralis in SG-/- mice caused increased intestinal enteropathy, a tendency of delayed worm expulsion and increased larval burden in the muscle tissue as compared to wild-type animals. An altered TH2 cytokine response was also observed, and all these effects were not repaired by wild-type MC reconstitution of the SG-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that SG is important for tissue homeostasis, and that SG expressing cells seem capable of switching from a SG-dependent storage mode to a SG-independent secretory mode upon infection. The chymase (MCPT4) expressed by connective tissue MC has been implicated to have a protective role during infection and in limiting inflammation. We explored a protective role by inducing T. gondii infection in the Mcpt4-null mice, and found MCPT4-mediated recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils via control of cytokine signaling. Endogenous proteins “alarmins” released by dead cells can trigger tissue and cell damage. We conclusively show that chymase efficiently degrades Hsp70 both in vitro and in vivo and that the degradation of other alarmins, e.g. HMGB1, biglycan and IL-33 may also depend on chymase.

During the normal menstrual cycle, the human endometrium undergoes extensive tissue remodelling under the influence of ovarian-derived hormones. The endometrium has well defined stromal and epithelial compartments with the former containing both a well-developed vasculature as well as a diverse population of immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived tissue resident immune cells characterised by the presence of granules containing proteases. Mast cells have been detected in the human uterus but little is known about their regulation or the impact of steroids on their differentiation status. Recently MCs have been implicated as key players in physiological and pathological pain pathways but little is known about their role in endometrial pathologies. Endometriosis is a chronic incurable condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity: women with endometriosis can suffer from a debilitating range of symptoms including chronic pain. Whilst the aetiology of endometriosis is uncertain, close proximity between MCs and nerves has implicated them in aberrant activation of pain pathways. The aims of the current project were: 1. To determine the spatial and temporal location of uterine MCs and to explore their phenotype including expression of steroid receptors. 2. To explore the activation status of MCs in women with endometriosis and/or pain, 3. To explore the use of cells and mice as models to investigate the phenotype of mast cells and their regulation by steroids. Mast cell proteases tryptase and chymase were detected by RTPCR and immunohistochemistry in “full thickness” (uterine lumen to endometrial-myometrial junction) biopsies from women undergoing hysterectomy. In agreement with previous findings MCs were most abundant in the myometrium. Uterine MCs were predominantly of the classical MC subtypes: tryptasepos/chymaseneg and tryptasepos/chymasepos but a rare third subtype was also identified as tryptaseneg/chymasepos. Mast cell activation/degranulation was cycle stage dependent and for the first time their steroid receptor phenotype was identified as ERαneg/ERβpos/GRpos, suggesting potential regulation by the uterine steroid microenvironment. Studies on tissue samples from women with endometriosis revealed MCs with an altered activation status in the pelvic peritoneal wall, compared to controls, which showed an intense diffuse immunoexpression of chymase suggestive of MC activation and release of this protease during normal physiology of the peritoneum. Surprisingly, analysis of peritoneal fluids from controls, women with pain but no endometriosis, and pain with endometriosis did not detect differences in numbers of MCs or concentrations of tryptase or chymase. Analysis of peritoneal biopsies also provided the first evidence for a striking increase in immunoexpression of PAR-2, a protease-activated receptor, in women suffering from chronic pelvic pain and/or endometriosis which may provide a mechanism by which mast cell derived factors may alter pain pathways. Studies in a mouse model of endometriosis identified MCs within endometria-llike lesions and offer a platform for future studies. In vitro explorations using MCs derived from peripheral blood precursors and HMC-1, a cell line derived from a patient with MC leukaemia confirmed expression of ERβ but did not support previous studies claiming cells were ERαpos. In summary, this study has provided novel insights into the phenotype of endometrial mast cells in the normal cycling endometrium and contrasted them with those in women with endometriosis and pelvic pain. This is the first study to identify MCs as ERβpos. Further studies are required to determine whether inhibition of PAR- 2 might offer a therapeutic target in women with chronic pelvic pain.

The prevailing paradigm is that cardiac ANG II is synthesized in the extracellular space from components of the circulating and/or local renin-angiotensin system. The recent discovery of intracrine effects of ANG II led us to determine whether ANG II is synthesized intracellularly in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). NRVM, incubated in serum-free medium, were exposed to isoproterenol or high glucose in the absence or presence of candesartan, which was used to prevent angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor-mediated internalization of ANG II. ANG II was measured in cell lysates and the culture medium, which represented intra- and extracellularly synthesized ANG II, respectively. Isoproterenol increased ANG II concentration in cell lysates and medium of NRVM in the absence or presence of candesartan. High glucose markedly increased ANG II synthesis only in cell lysates in the absence and presence of candesartan. Western analysis showed increased intracellular levels of angiotensinogen, renin, and chymase in high-glucose-exposed cells. Confocal immunofluorocytometry confirmed the presence of ANG II in the cytoplasm and nucleus of high-glucose-exposed NRVM and along the actin filaments in isoproterenol-exposed cells. ANG II synthesis was dependent on renin and chymase in high-glucose-exposed cells and on renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme in isoproterenol-exposed cells. In summary, the site of ANG II synthesis, intracellular localization, and the synthetic pathway in NRVM are stimulus dependent. Significantly, NRVM synthesized and retained ANG II intracellularly, which redistributed to the nucleus under high-glucose conditions, suggesting a role for an intracrine mechanism in diabetic conditions.

La répression génétique complète de l’enzyme de conversion de l’endothéline-1 (ECE) chez la souris ne réduit que de 45% les taux tissulaires du puissant facteur vasoactif suggérant que d’autres enzymes protéolytiques sont impliquées dans la production dudit peptide. Nous avons récemment rapporté (Houde et al., 2013) que la protéase mastocytaire de type 4 (mMCP-4) synthétise l’ET-1 chez la souris anesthésiée in vivo et dans des extraits tissulaires in vitro. La source cellulaire principale de cette activité ECE-indépendante demeure toutefois inexplorée à ce jour. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer la capacité de la protéase mastocytaire de type 4 (mMCP-4) recombinante, extraite des mastocytes ou in vivo chez la souris consciente, dans la conversion de la big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31). Notre hypothèse principale est que la mMCP-4 représente une voie de synthèse significative d’ET-1 tant in vitro que chez la souris consciente. La mMCP-4 recombinante ou extraite de mastocytes péritonéaux de souris de type sauvage, mais non pas de souris mMCP-4 KO, possède une activité de type chymotrypsine sensible à un inhibiteur spécifique des chymases, le TY-51469. De plus, par HPLC et par spectrométrie de masse (Triple-TOF), une production TY-51469 sensible d’ET-1 (1-31) à partir de son précurseur la big-ET-1 est démontrée. D’autre part, la cinétique enzymatique de la mMCP-4 contre les substrats Ang I et big-ET-1 a été déterminée (K[indice inférieur M] : 19.31 ± 3.16 et 23.43 ± 5.314 μM respectivement). Cette enzyme a une activité similaire pour ces deux substrats (k[indice inférieur cat]/K[indice inférieur M] Ang I : 7.70 X 10[indice supérieur -3] μM[indice supérieur -1] X sec[indice supérieur -1] et big-ET-1 : 2.189 X 10[indice supérieur -3] μM[indice supérieur -1] X sec[indice supérieur -1]). L’administration systémique de big-ET-1 chez des souris conscientes, instrumentées en radio-télémétrie, montre une réduction d’environ 50 à 80% de la réponse pressive du précurseur chez des souris mMCP-4 KO lorsque comparées aux souris de type sauvage. Les souris conscientes montrent une hypersensibilité très significative par rapport à la souris anesthésiée en réponse à l’ET-1 exogène (déplacement vers la gauche de la courbe dose-réponse de plus de 6 à 7 unités logarithmiques). En contraste, l’affinité apparente (ID[indice inférieur 50]) d’un antagoniste ET[indice inférieur A], l’atrasentan contre l’ET-1, est similaire chez la souris consciente ou anesthésiée (0.8236 et 0.2101 mg/kg respectivement). Cette série de résultats illustrent que la souris consciente répond beaucoup plus efficacement aux agents presseurs et ce, sans altération de l’affinité des récepteurs pour leurs ligands endogènes respectifs. Tous nos résultats nous permettent donc de conclure que la chymase recombinante, dans les mastocytes ou chez la souris consciente convertit dynamiquement la big-ET-1 en ET-1 (1-31).

Bei der Wundheilung und fibrosierenden Prozessen sowie bei der Urtikaria ist eine Mastzellvermehrung bekannt. Mastzellen (MZ) üben bei der Urtikaria eine Schlüsselfunktion aus und scheinen auch zum Bindegewebsumbau beizutragen. In humanem Narbengewebe (5-369 Tage alt) wurden MZ-Zahlen und MZ-Subpopulationen mittels Enzym- und Immunhistochemie im Vergleich zu normaler Haut untersucht. Außerdem wurden in Gewebsextrakten Aktivität und mRNA-Expression der MZ-Proteasen und in vitro ihre mitogene Wirkung auf Fibroblasten und Keratinozyten bestimmt. Zur Klärung von Mechanismen, die zur MZ-Vermehrung beitragen könnten, analysierten wir die Expression von MZ-Chemoattraktoren und MZ-Wachstumsfaktoren sowie ihrer Rezeptoren in humanem Narbengewebe (a), läsionaler und nicht-läsionaler Urtikariahaut (b) und in normaler Haut (c): SCF, c-Kit, NGF-R TrkA, NGF-R p75, GM-CSF, GM-CSF-R (a, b, c); NGF, TGF-(, TGF-(-R I, TGF-(-R II (a,c) mittels Immunhistochemie (a, b, c) und RT-PCR (a, c). Zusätzlich wurde die Expression der proentzündlichen Zytokine IL-3, -8, TNF-( untersucht (b, c). Tryptase und Chymase enthaltende MZ waren in Narben gegenüber normaler Haut signifikant vermindert ebenso wie Chymaseaktivität und -mRNA-Expression in Narbengewebsextrakten. Die Anzahl Tryptase-haltiger MZ war unverändert, obwohl Tryptaseaktivität und -mRNA in Narben vermehrt waren. Beide Proteasen erhöhten in vitro die mitogene Antwort von Fibroblasten, jedoch nicht von Keratinozyten. c-Kit+-MZ fanden sich in der mittleren und tiefen Dermis von Narben signifikant vermehrt. SCF, TGF-(, TGF-(-R I und II, NGF-R p75 und TrkA zeigten sich sowohl immunhistochemisch als auch in der RT-PCR in Narbengewebe hochreguliert im Vergleich zu normaler Haut, wohingegen NGF, GM-CSF und GM-CSF-R nur schwach exprimiert waren ohne Unterschied zwischen beiden Geweben. Mittels FACS-Analyse wurde erstmalig die Expression von TGF-(-R I und II auf isolierten Haut-MZ nachgewiesen. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Befunden waren in Urtikariagewebe SCF- und NGF-R p75-exprimierende Zellen vermindert im Vergleich zu normaler Haut. Die Zahl von c-Kit+-, NGF-R TrkA+-, GM-CSF+- und GM-CSF-R+ -Zellen zeigte sich unverändert. Hingegen war die Expression von IL-3 und TNF-( auf Endothelzellen in läsionaler und nicht-läsionaler Urtikariahaut signifikant hochreguliert. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse mit signifikanter Verminderung von Chymase- und Tryptase-haltigen MZ in humanem kutanen Narbengewebe sprechen für MZ-Degranulation nach Trauma. Nachfolgend findet sich in Narbengewebe eine Chymase--, Avidin--, Tryptase+-, c-Kit+-MZ-Subpopulation, am ehesten Folge einer Einwanderung und Proliferation von unreifen MZ oder MZ-Vorläufern, die von den vermehrt exprimierten Wachstumsfaktoren SCF und TGF-(, eventuell auch von NGF über seine vermehrt exprimierten Rezeptoren, induziert werden könnten. Neben NGF und TGF-( scheint auch SCF eine Rolle bei der Wundheilung zu spielen. Bei entzündlichen Hautkrankheiten unterschiedlicher Prägung wie Wundheilung und Urtikaria liegen offenbar verschiedenartige Regulationsmuster der MZ-Proliferation und -Differenzierung vor. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass bei Trauma Feedbackmechanismen über Wachstumsfaktoren wie SCF, TGF-( und NGF und ihre Rezeptoren auf MZ ablaufen, bei der Urtikaria unter Mitberücksichtigung bereits bekannter Daten aus der Literatur vorzugsweise über eine Interaktion von Mast- und Endothelzellen. / In wound healing and fibrosing processes as well as in urticaria an increase of mast cells (MC) has been observed. MC are key-players in urticaria, and might also contribute to tissue repair. In human cutaneous scar tissue (5-369 days old) and normal skin MC dynamics and MC subtypes were analysed by enzyme- and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the activity of the MC proteases in extracts of both tissues and their in vitro effect on the mitogenesis of fibroblasts and keratinocytes were assessed. To elucidate mechanisms involved in mast cell accumulation, expression of MC chemotaxins, MC growth factors and their receptors was evaluated comparing cutaneous scar tissue (a), lesional and non-lesional skin of urticaria (b) and normal skin (c): SCF, c-Kit, NGF-R TrkA, NGF-R p75, GM-CSF, GM-CSF-R (a, b, c); NGF, TGF-(, TGF-(-R I, TGF-(-R II (a,c) by immunohistochemistry (a, b, c) and by RT-PCR (a, c). Additionally, expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-3, -8, TNF-() was studied (b, c). Tryptase and chymase containing MC were markedly decreased in scars as well as chymase activity and mRNA expression, whereas overall numbers of tryptase containing MC did not differ from those in normal skin, although tryptase activity and mRNA expression were increased in scar extracts. Both proteases induced a dose-dependent mitogenic response in 3T3-fibroblasts, but not in HaCaT-keratinocytes. Numbers of c-Kit+ MC were significantly increased in the mid and lower dermis of scars. Furthermore, SCF, TGF-(, its receptors I and II, the NGF-R p75 and TrkA were shown to be upregulated in scars both by immunohistochemistry and by RT-PCR, while NGF, GM-CSF and the GM-CSF-R were only weakly expressed without differences between scar and normal tissue. In addition, expression of TGF-(-R I and II could be shown on isolated human skin MC by FACS-analysis. In contrast to these findings, SCF- and NGF-R p75-expressing cells in urticaria tissue were downregulated compared to normal skin. Numbers of c-Kit+, NGF-R TrkA+, GM-CSF+ and GM-CSF-R+ cells remained unchanged. However, IL-3 and TNF-( expression was upregulated on endothelial cells in lesional and non-lesional skin of urticaria. These data show that numbers of resident MCTC are very low in human cutaneous scars suggesting massive mediator release from these cells after wounding. Instead, scar tissue is populated by a chymase-, avidin-, tryptase+, c-Kit+ MC subpopulation that is reflecting most probably an immigration and / or proliferation of immature MC and their precursors which might be promoted by SCF and TGF-beta, possibly also NGF via its receptors. Next to TGF-( and NGF, also SCF seems to play a role in wound healing. Our findings suggest different regulation patterns of MC increase in inflammatory conditions of the skin. After wounding, feedback mechanisms via growth factors (SCF, TGF-(, possibly NGF) and their receptors on MC could be operative, while in urticaria in accordance with data from the literature interactions between MC and endothelial cells appear to be essential.

<p>Mast cells (MC) are potent inflammatory cells that are known primarily for their prominent role in IgE mediated allergies. However, they also provide beneficial functions to the host, e.g. in bacterial and parasitic defence. MCs react rapidly upon stimulation by releasing potent granule-stored mediators, and serine proteases of the chymase or tryptase families are such major granule constituents. </p><p>As a first step towards a better understanding of the biological function of these proteases, we have determined the extended cleavage specificities of four mammalian mast cell chymases, by utilizing a substrate phage display approach. The specificities of these enzymes have then been used to compare their functional characteristics.</p><p>The major mucosal MC chymase in mice, mMCP-1, was found to possess a strict preference in four amino acid positions of the peptide substrate. Using this sequence to search the mouse proteome for potential <i>in vivo</i> substrates led to the identification of several very interesting potential novel substrates. Some of them may explain the increased epithelial permeability provided by this enzyme.</p><p>Human MCs, express only one single α-chymase, and the rodent α-chymases have secondarily gained elastase-like primary cleavage specificity. However, rodents express additional chymases, the β-chymases, and rodent β-chymases may have adopted the function of the α-chymases. The cleavage specificities of the human chymase and two rodent β-chymases were therefore determined (rat rMCP-1 and mouse mMCP-4). N-terminal of the cleaved bond the three chymases showed similar preferences, but C-terminal the human chymase and mMCP-4 shared a high preference for acidic amino acids in the P2´ position and therefore seem to be functional homologues. The molecular interactions mediating the preference for acidic amino acids in position P2´ were further investigated. By site-directed mutagenesis of the human chymase, amino acids Arg143 and Lys192 were concluded to synergistically mediate this preference.</p><p>Our data show that chymases, of different MC subpopulations, display quite different extended cleavage specificities. However mouse do possess a MC chymase with almost identical cleavage specificity as the human MC chymase indicating a strong evolutionary pressure to maintain this enzyme specificity.</p>

La chymase est une protéase à sérine issue des mastocytes des tissus conjonctifs, dont l’isoforme chez la souris est la protéase mastocytaire-4 (mMCP-4). Elle clive la Big endothéline 1 (Big ET-1) en ET-1 (1-31), qui doit ensuite être clivée en ET-1 par la néprilysine (NEP) pour être biologiquement active. L’inhibition de la chymase montre l’importance de cette voie dans l’activité de la Big ET-1 exogène chez la souris. La chymase est aussi impliquée dans le développement des lésions athérosclérotiques et de leur rupture dans les modèles animaux et dans l’infarctus du myocarde chez l’humain. Dans des modèles expérimentaux de cette complication, l’inhibition pharmacologique de la chymase améliore la survie, les paramètres hémodynamiques cardiaques et le remodelage ventriculaire. Le but de notre étude était de confirmer le rôle spécifique de la mMCP-4 dans la synthèse de l’ET-1, la progression de l’athérosclérose et les conséquences de l’infarctus du myocarde chez la souris. Nous avons donc évalué l’impact de la répression génétique de la mMCP-4 dans la souris C57BL/6 (souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-]). Les souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-] montrent une réponse hémodynamique diminuée à la Big ET-1 exogène. La production d’ET-1 et d’ET-1 (1-31) plasmatique est diminuée chez la souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-]. Celle-ci exprime aussi des taux endogènes pulmonaires d’ET 1 réduits. Les souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-] affichent également une réduction de l’étendue des lésions athérosclérotiques à un stade précoce de la pathologie dans l’aorte de la souris athérosclérotique, la souris déficiente pour l’apolipoprotéine E (ApoE[indice supérieur -/-]). L’antagoniste mixte des récepteurs de l’endothéline, le macitentan, réduit aussi l’étendue des lésions dans les stades plus avancés de la pathologie. La répression de la mMCP-4 améliore les signes de stabilité de l’athérome avancé dans l’artère brachiocéphalique plus efficacement que le macitentan. Enfin, les souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-] soumises à une ligature permanente de l’artère coronaire antérieure descendante gauche montrent une survie nettement supérieure à celle leurs congénères de type sauvage. L’histochimie montre que le remodelage et l’amincissement aigus sont moins importants dans les ventricules de souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-], les protégeant contre la rupture de la paroi libre du ventricule affectant toutes les souris WT qui n’ont pas complété l’étude de survie. L’imagerie par tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP) révèle que les ventricules gauches cardiaques des souris mMCP-4[indice supérieur -/-] sont moins dilatés, leur fraction d’éjection est mieux conservée et la zone infarcie est moins grande. L’analyse glycoprotéomique indique que l’apolipoprotéine A1 est augmentée par la répression de la mMCP 4, qui diminue aussi les niveaux pulmonaires d’ET-1 24 h après l’infarctus. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent un rôle important de la mMCP-4 dans la synthèse de l’ET-1, le développement des lésions athérosclérotiques et les dommages causés par l’infarctus du myocarde chez la souris.

Human mast cells have been associated with wound healing, allergies, inflammation, and defense against pathogens and have been detected in tissues close to blood vessels especially in the areas between the inside of the body and the external environment, such as the skin, lungs, digestive tract, mouth, and nose. Previous studies have shown that mast cells contain large granules filled with histamine, heparin, cytokines, eicosanoids, and the serine proteases, tryptase, Chymase, and cathepsin G (CatG). These proteases are stored and released from mast-cell granules upon activation by antigen binding to IgE immunoglobulins on the cell surface or by direct injury. In this study, chymase and CatG were expressed as active enzymes in the yeast Pichia pastoris by homologous recombination of the cDNA coding for the mature active proteases into the Pichia genome. Methanol induction resulted in the secretion of active enzyme into the Pichia growth media and increasing levels of enzyme were detected in the media for 5 days. Cells that secreted the highest levels of activity were selected by kinetic assay. Active chymase was purified from the culture media with a 22% yield of activity by a simple two-step procedure that involved hydrophobic-interaction chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on immobilized heparin. The major peak from the heparin column contained a single band of 30.6 kDa on SDS/PAGE. The purified recombinant human chymase was 96% active and the yield was 2.2 mg/l of growth media. Active CatG was partially purified from culture media using an ultrafiltration. Mass Spectroscopy (Maldi-Tof) data confirmed that the major protein band was CatG, resulting in the first active human CatG to be produced recombinantly. Additionally, the partially purified enzyme was active against both chymotrypsin and trypsin substrates, and its reaction with inhibitors was consistent with CatG. Although the protein yields were low, these results confirm that CatG was recombinantly expressed.

<p>It is well established that mast cells (MC) are key players in airway pathologies such as allergic asthma, but they are also known to contribute to host defense and tissue remodeling. MC serine proteases are the major protein components of mast cell granules and accordingly, are most likely involved in many aspects of MC function. Two major groups of MC serine proteases have been described; chymases, which cleave a target preferentially after aromatic amino acids, and tryptases, which cleave preferentially after positively charged residues. Biochemical characterization of these proteases is a first step towards understanding their contribution to MC function. One of the issues addressed in this thesis is the target specificity of two rodent MC chymases, rat mast cell protease (rMCP)-4 and rMCP-5. The substrate specificity was analyzed using a substrate phage display technique, in which a large library of peptide substrates is screened simultaneously in a single reaction. The substrate analysis revealed that rMCP-4 displays very stringent substrate specificity, with striking preference for two subsequent aromatic amino acids N-terminal of the cleavage site. This chymase therefore holds a substrate recognition profile clearly distinct from other chymases. Database searches using the generated peptide sequence identified several interesting potential targets for rMCP-4, such as the FcγRIII and the TGFβ receptor. The phage display technique was also used to analyze the substrate specificity of rMCP-5. rMCP-5 is the rat chymase most closely related in sequence to human chymase. Interestingly, rMCP-5, unlike human chymase, was shown to hydrolyze substrates after small aliphatic amino acids, but not after aromatic residues. rMCP-5 and human chymase might therefore have different biological functions. Thus, studies of cleavage specificity can be a successful approach both to elucidate subtle differences in specificity of closely related proteases, as well as to identify new biological targets for a protease.</p><p>The MC tryptases contribute to the pro-inflammatory activities of the MC. To assess the requirements for activation and stability of a mouse tryptase, mMCP-6, recombinant mMCP-6 protein was produced in mammalian cells. A low pH (<6.5), as well as a negatively charged proteoglycan, e.g. heparin, were shown to be necessary both to obtain and maintain activity. With this in mind, heparin antagonists were studied for their potential to inhibit mMCP-6 and human tryptase. Indeed, the heparin antagonists were shown to be highly efficient tryptase inhibitors. Thus, heparin antagonists might be promising candidates to attenuate inflammatory disorders, such as allergic asthma. </p>