Syftet med studie var att synliggöra hur samhällskunskapslärare på gymnasiet förhåller sig till fostransuppdraget i en värld där polarisering blir vanligare. Detta gjordes genom att synliggöra hur polarisering ter sig i klassrummet, hur lärarna hanterar kontroversiella frågor, hur de hanterar dilemmat i styrdokumenten samt deras relation till fostransuppdraget. Data för denna kvalitativa undersökning samlades in genom samtalsintervjuer och analyserades därefter med en riktad innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att lärarna är medvetna om den växande polariseringen, men de upplever att den närmast syns mer i samhället än i klassrummet. Eleverna har snarare blivit mer tillbakadragande och oengagerade, där rädsla för att sticka ut resulterar i en självcensur hos eleverna. Vad gäller dilemmat om social kontroll och individuell frihet i styrdokumenten så är det något som lärarna balanserar. Det är viktigt att tydliggöra att skolan inte kommer med ett åsiktspaket. Eleven måste tillåtas vara sin egen, men också respektera det samhälle de existerar i. Det finns skillnader i hur lärarna ser på sitt fostransuppdrag. Vissa ser det som naturligt och ägnar därför inte någon särskild uppmärksamhet till det, medan andra anser att det blivit än viktigare på grund av den ökade polariseringen att tydliggöra sitt fostransuppdrag. Lärarna upplever att de finns vissa svårigheter med fostransuppdraget, där en är att fostransuppdraget inte är ett samlat ämne, att egenintresset styr och att elevers brist på engagemang kan försvåra uppdraget. / The aim of this study was to make visible how upper-secondary schoolteachers in social studies relate to the citizenship education in a world where polarization is becoming more normal. This was done by accounting how polarization appears in a classroom, how teachers handle issues that are controversial, how they handle the dilemma that appears in curriculums and how they relate to the citizenship education. The data for this qualitative study was collected by interviews and thereafter analysed with a directed content analysis. The result show that the teachers are aware of the increasing polarization, but their experiences is that it is more visible in society rather than in the classrooms. Pupils have become more withdrawn and careless, whereas the fear of standing out has resulted in a self-censorship among the pupils. When it comes to the dilemma of social control and individual freedom in the curriculum, the teacher balance them both. It is important to show that the school does not come with only one package of opinions. The pupils must be allowed to be their own, but also respect the society where she exits in. There are differences in how the teacher view their mission about citizenship education. Some sees it as natural and does not pay special attention to it, whereas others think it has become more important due to the increased polarization. The teachers also feel that there are certain difficulties with citizenship education, one of which is that it is not a subject on its own, that the self-interest rules and that the lack of interest and commitment among the pupils, which can make the assignment more difficult. / Examensarbete i samverkan

This diploma thesis focuses on the process of civic and political socialization of adolescents in the context of the reflexion of current political topics in the lessons of civic educational basis on secondary technical schools in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the thesis contains the explanation of basic terms regarding the chosen topic. It is then followed by an analysis of curricular documents of secondary technical education in the Czech Republic on the national level, from the point of view of the possibilities of the inclusion of current political topics into the teaching lessons. After the theoretical consolidation of the topic, a practical part of the thesis follows, which consists of a case study. This study aims to describe (with the help of the methods of mixed research) the reflexion of current political topics in the Civics lessons on a chosen secondary technical school, for example regarding the teaching methods, also the frequency and intensity of including the topics into the lessons, or expression of personal opinions of the teachers on current political topics. Through the realisation and evaluation of a questionnaire survey is at first found out the perception of teaching about current political topics, as the pupils of the chosen secondary technical school perceive it. Then is through the realisation of half-structured interviews with the teachers and the following analysis in the whole context found out also their position towards teaching about these topics. The ending part of the thesis then includes the conclusion of all important and interesting findings the study brought, evaluation of reaching the goals which were set for the research, recommendation for the pedagogical praxis and also a reflexion on the use of the findings on an own future praxis.

李紹宏. / "2006年8月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大学, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 243-262). / "2006 nian 8 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Shaohong. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 243-262). / Chapter 第一章： --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景：香港政治文化與國民教育取向 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- 教師團體 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- 教協簡介 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 教聯簡介 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- 過渡期的政治變化與國民教育的關係 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- 回歸前後的國民教育議題論爭 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- 研究意義 --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6 --- 章節安排 --- p.34 / Chapter 第二章： --- 硏究理論 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1 --- 「民族主義」簡介 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- 「中國」分析-回應西方民族主義理論 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 對「中國」的質疑 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 杜贊奇與葛兆光等理論 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 「文化中國」的認同 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 小結 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3 --- 身份認同 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 有關「身份認同」 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 有關「民族認同」 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- 中國民族主義：對外戰爭與「創傷記憶」的民族意識 --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- 「創傷記憶」與「驕傲盛世」回憶的民族主義--中國人身份的回溯 --- p.58 / Chapter 第三章： --- 研究設計 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1 --- 硏究問題 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2 --- 硏究起點 --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3 --- 硏究對象 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 《教協報》及《香港教育》簡介 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 本硏究的選材及標記 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- 硏究方法 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 質化研究法(Qualitative research) --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 符號學分析方法 --- p.69 / Chapter 第四章、 --- 神話的建立過程-對外仇恨的民族主義與國民教育（一） --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1 --- 引言 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- 教協 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 反日愛國與符號分析 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 反日與國民教育 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3 --- 教聯 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 反日愛國與符號分析 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 反日與國民教育 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.96 / Chapter 第五章、 --- 神話的建立過程-對外仇恨的民族主義與國民教育(二） --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- 引言 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- 教協 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 反日愛國與符號分析 --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 反日與國民教育-理性神話 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3 --- 教聯 --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 反日愛國與符號分析 --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 反曰與國民教育 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 --- p.109 / Chapter 第六章 --- 三個神話的確立 --- p.112 / Chapter 6.1 --- 文字及圖片分析 --- p.112 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 系譜軸(Paradigm) --- p.112 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 毗鄰軸(Syntagm) --- p.113 / Chapter 6.2 --- 歌曲及語言分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 歌曲介紹 --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 符號分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3 --- 三個神話的建立 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 神話的建構過程 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 神話的延伸 --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4 --- 小結 --- p.140 / Chapter 第七章： --- 血緣神話認同-八九民運 --- p.144 / Chapter 7.1 --- 引言 --- p.144 / Chapter 7.2. --- 教協愛國及民主想像 --- p.144 / Chapter 7.3. --- 教聯黨國不分的矛盾 --- p.157 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- 對中共的批評與隱晦 --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- 「自我失語」與「失憶」的教聯六四歷史 --- p.164 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- 教導六四史的方法--客觀理性的歷史教育還是失憶教育？ --- p.166 / Chapter 第八章 --- 回蹄神話(一）教聯 --- p.174 / Chapter 8.1 --- 引言 --- p.174 / Chapter 8.2 --- 民族恥´辱ؤ道德與回歸 --- p.177 / Chapter 8.3 --- 奴化教育-救贖與回歸 --- p.186 / Chapter 第九章 --- 回歸神話（二)教協 --- p.201 / Chapter 9.1 --- 引言 --- p.201 / Chapter 9.2 --- 民族恥辱-道德與回歸 --- p.201 / Chapter 9.3 --- 回歸矛盾-血緣神話 --- p.205 / Chapter 9.4 --- 小結-教聯及教協回歸的取態 --- p.216 / Chapter 第十章 --- 結論 --- p.225 / Chapter 10.1 --- 總結--回應第一個問題 --- p.225 / Chapter 10.2 --- 後現代的質疑 --- p.226 / Chapter 10.3 --- 批判與國民教育-回應問題二 --- p.229 / Chapter 10.4 --- 研究的起點與啓示-民族身份的反思、教師的反省 --- p.233 / Chapter 10.5 --- 硏究的貢獻、限制與啓發 --- p.236 / Chapter 10.5.1 --- 硏究的貢獻及特色 --- p.237 / Chapter 10.5.2 --- 研究限制 --- p.237 / Chapter 10.5.3 --- 未及的討論 --- p.240 / Chapter 10.6 --- 後記 --- p.241 / 參考資料 --- p.243

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

The submitted diploma thesis is focused on the refugee phenomenon and its classification among international migration issues as such, while the interest is focused mainly on immigration from third-world countries into European Union, accenting the Czech Republic. In this context, causes of growing tendency in international protection applicant and economic migrant numbers, but also responses caused by this fact, are being discussed. To enable a closer look at the multi-ethnic co-habitation character, there is secondary empirical data outlining the current situation of the majority´s relationship towards the ethnic and national plurality with regard to migration crisis given on the one hand, and determinants influencing the creation of different citizen attitudes on the other hand. Last but not least, there is some space left for chosen interactive education methods and didactic material based on them, which is useful when teaching about the controversial refugee issue in lessons of Civics.

The aim of the thesis is to explore the current state of using text books of civics and social sciences based on research at selected primary and secondary schools and to assess positive and negative aspects of these textbooks. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part will define textbook concept and describes its basic functions, requirements, structural components and evaluation. Furthermore, it focuses on the description of the text books of Civics and Social Sciences with former and current guidance of the Ministry of Education, which is commonly used in schools from 1989 to the present. The practical part will include research survey (questionnaire) realised on ten selected primary and secondary schools in Pelhřimov and Pacov. The research will be supplemented by interviews with teachers.