Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcante_Savio_D.pdf: 2831568 bytes, checksum: ce929ef6372834848260d8d38bc0bea3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta tese é uma incursão crítica no debate marxista acerca das classes sociais, em geral, e das classes médias, em particular. O objetivo foi o de indicar, contextualizar e problematizar as questões teóricas subjacentes ao relativo incômodo de trabalhos marxistas com o tema das classes médias. Nossa tese é a de que a forma pouco consensual do marxismo em trabalhar com o conceito (geralmente, recusando-o) não se deve apenas ao fato de o termo ter sido mais desenvolvido pela ótica da estratificação social. As inúmeras controvérsias a esse respeito devemse principalmente a formas distintas de análise da própria obra de Marx, no tocante a temas como trabalho produtivo/improdutivo, trabalho manual/intelectual e a divisão capitalista do trabalho. Ao contrário de inúmeros trabalhos críticos produzidos a partir da metade do século XX, que alegavam ser o crescimento das classes médias uma prova do equívoco de Marx, seguimos a hipótese segundo a qual o problema das classes médias é compatível com a teoria marxista, que apresenta teses importantes para sua explicação na sociedade contemporânea. Usamos, para tanto, um conjunto variado de argumentos e propostas, em especial a partir das contribuições de G. Carchedi, N. Poulantzas e D. Saes. A intenção foi evidenciar a possibilidade e importância da análise marxista não apenas em relação à classe média tradicional - referente à pequena propriedade e vista como resquício de modos de produção anteriores e "em transição" - mas também no tocante à classe média assalariada (não proprietária) que surge como resultado do próprio desenvolvimento do capitalismo / Abstract: This thesis is a critical study of Marxist debate on social classes, with especial focus on the concept of middle classes. The aim is to indicate, contextualize and discuss theoretical issues underlying the discomfort that exists in Marxist works in relation to the subject of middle classes. Our argument is that the lack of consensus in Marxism about this concept (generally, it is refused) not only is due to the fact that concept has been further developed from the perspective of social stratification. From our point of view, several controversies are mainly explained by different accounts of Marx's work itself, especially with regard to issues such as productive and unproductive labour, manual and intellectual labour and the capitalist division of work. Unlike many critical studies made since the mid-twentieth century, which have claimed that the growth of the middle class was an evidence of misunderstanding of Marx, we follow the assumption that the problem of the middle classes is compatible with Marxist theory, which can offer important theses for its explanation in contemporary society. In order to discuss middles classes in Marxist theory, we follow a number of arguments especially from the contributions of G. Carchedi, N. Poulantzas and D. Saes. The aim is to demonstrate the feasibility and importance of Marxist analysis not only with regard to the traditional middle class - that is, the small property which is viewed as residue of earlier modes of production and then as "in transition" - but also to wageearners middle class (nonproprietary) that arises as a result of the development of capitalism itself / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-31T17:05:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaVieira.pdf: 4920021 bytes, checksum: d9379904c7bf0181990712677dc370b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-31T17:05:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndressaVieira.pdf: 4920021 bytes, checksum: d9379904c7bf0181990712677dc370b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The research analyzes the political aspects of the June 2013 manifestations in São Luís city, from the recent economic crisis of 2008 context and in relation to the social classes political action and the state's role as the ruling classes interest cohesive factor. Noteworthy is the organization process, the various groups / social movements participating in the June 2013 manifestations actions and reactions, and the State's responses to these manifestations claims. This research used several research techniques, such as documentary research in original sources or "first hand" (Laws, Bills, Decrees, pronouncements of managers, parliamentarians and activist, newspapers and police reports), militants interviews and content analysis from websites that summoned the protests. The theoretical analysis was based on the categories of social movements, social struggles, state, social classes and economic crisis. I believe that economic crises are inherent to the capitalist system, therefore, the social struggles intensify, demanding the working class organize itself into groups or social movements to perform resistance protests to this adverse scenario. Thus, the recent global events and the June 2013 manifestations should be understood as social struggles expressions that are constantly updated and redefined, so that, in the analyzed events case, due to the correlation of forces, the results walked towards an ideological polarization. In São Luis city, for example, the political actions that fallowed the June Manifestations which tried to ensure a more progressive agenda, were gradually ceasing. Equally problematic was the fact that some militants from that period turned into support for conservative or reactionary social movements ideological perspective, promoted by the media propaganda, intensely active throughout the process. Thus, it is clear that this politic scenario is not purely local or national, but a process developed internationally which demonstrates that recent global and Brazilian manifestations are structural social struggles updated constantly. / A pesquisa analisa os aspectos políticos das Manifestações de Junho de 2013 na cidade de São Luís, a partir do contexto da recente crise econômica de 2008 e na relação com a ação política das classes sociais e com o papel do Estado enquanto fator de coesão dos interesses das classes dominantes. Destaca-se o processo de organização, as ações e reações dos diversos grupos/movimentos sociais participantes das Manifestações de Junho de 2013 e as respostas do Estado às reivindicações presentes nessas manifestações. Nessa pesquisa foram utilizadas diversas técnicas de investigação como pesquisa documental em fontes originais ou de “primeira mão” (Leis, Projetos de Lei, Decretos, pronunciamentos de gestores, parlamentares e ativista, jornais e registros policiais), entrevistas com militantes e análise do conteúdo dos sites que convocavam os protestos. A fundamentação teórica teve como eixo de análise as categorias de movimentos sociais, lutas sociais, Estado, classes sociais e crise econômica. Considero que as crises econômicas são inerentes ao sistema capitalista e, diante delas, as lutas sociais acirram-se, exigindo que a classe trabalhadora se organize em grupos ou movimentos sociais para realizar protestos de resistência a esse cenário adverso. Desse modo, as recentes manifestações globais e as Manifestações de Junho de 2013 devem ser compreendidas como expressões das lutas sociais que se atualizam e se redefinem constantemente, tanto que no caso das manifestações analisadas devido à correlação de forças seus resultados caminharam para uma polarização ideológica. Em São Luís, por exemplo, as ações políticas que deram continuidade às Manifestações de Junho e tentaram garantir uma pauta mais progressista, aos poucos foram cessando. Igualmente problemático foi o fato de alguns militantes desse período se transformarem em sustentação para movimentos sociais de perspectiva ideológica conservadora ou reacionária, promovidos pela força da propaganda dos meios de comunicação, intensamente ativos em todo o processo. Assim, percebe-se que não se trata de um panorama político exclusivamente local ou nacional, mas de um processo que se desenvolve internacionalmente evidenciando que as recentes manifestações globais e brasileiras são lutas sociais estruturais que se atualizam constantemente.

"One thing cannot be disputed: immigrants from all backgrounds and levels of cultural capital are drawn to noncredit ESL programs with high hopes of a brighter future and the attainment of the American dream" (Becker 2011). Adult ESL community learners are a fast-growing and diverse group of individuals. Previous studies demonstrate the many challenges this group faces in attending English classes (Tan, Nabb, Aagard, and Kim 2010; Tucker 2007) and the need for more online learning to better meet their needs (Eyring 2014; Reynard 2003). A survey was administered to 136 adult community ESL learners enrolled at the Provo, Utah Adult English Language Acquisition Program. Results of the survey detail their challenges, perceptions of online learning and whether they have the resources and skills needed to be successful in an online English class. Based on results from the survey, challenges to attending English classes still exist among adult community ESL learners. Although many of the participants had taken an online English class in the past, results indicate an overwhelming number of learners who want face-to-face instruction. There is also a need for hybrid and synchronous learning among primary care givers of children, participants with a bachelor's degree or higher, and participants 40 years old or younger. Many participants perceived themselves as having the skills needed to take an online class, yet participants still reported that online learning was difficult, and a computer class would be helpful. Further results indicate that many participants do not have all the resources needed to take an online class and some lack a quiet space to learn online.

The Conservative government applied restrictive immigration policies on people from the Indian sub-continent (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) on a large scale during the 1980s for reasons which have been depicted as economic, political, and nationalistic. The Conservative party under Thatcher made immigration control one of its main themes in the 1979 Conservative Manifesto. This thesis looks at the repercussions of Thatcher's immigration policy for people from the Indian sub-continent living in Glasgow. Drawing on a wealth of primary sources, the thesis will argue that Thatcher's immigration policy amounted to discrimination as Indian sub-continent nationals, especially males, suffered unfairly when the policy was implemented. Evidence of this unfairness was implicit in: the various rules and laws which contained elements of discrimination; and evidence from the organisation network in Glasgow which revealed that they had to deal with extra work and with more contentious cases during the 1980s. The impact on individuals was most strongly exemplified by a survey and by individual case studies which revealed problems such as provocative questioning, application of stringent criteria to satisfy the authorities, and the break-up and separation of families who were prevented from being reunited, in some cases even temporarily, by the actions of the authorities. The fact is that no account was taken of the clinical characteristics of the Indian sub-continent which clashed in particular with the primary purpose rule which the authorities applied rigorously. While it is acknowledged that other groups of blacks and coloured immigrants also suffered from the Conservative immigration regime, it will be noted that the impact was most severe on immigrants from the Indian sub-continent. The tough policy on immigration only served to encourage more clandestine means of entry into the United Kingdom, and this gave the government a further pretext to impose more controls on immigration from the Indian sub continent. It has to be emphasised that the extent of the restrictive immigration control regime will be measured not simply in terms of numbers allowed entry but also the procedures used such as the type of questions asked, interviewing techniques and manners, and various provisions made in legislative acts which served against potential immigrants from the Indian sub-continent.

The motivation for this research is based on the very serious problem – local identity loss of village extensions in the Chinese ordinary villages. During the new development of Chinese ordinary villages, international concrete blocks and multi-storey apartments, which have been mass-produced in urban areas, are simply copied into rural areas replacing the local distinctive built environment. The author of this thesis set out to rethink the design principles of new urbanism in a way which can help create an urban/village extension of a town or a village to respect local identity or local context. Therefore, the research question is that ‘Can the design principles of new urbanism promote local identity or harmony with local context for urban/village extension? By reviewing the primary theories and ideas, the literature review draws upon primary sources of new urbanism including introduction and design principles which underlies a fundamental theoretical framework of design principles of new urbanism, and the overall view of the practice. Once the framework of design principles of new urbanism have been established in this research, it is essential to test it through case studies. The purpose of case studies is to identify if the design principles of new urbanism can promote local identity or harmony with local context in practice. Two UK cases, Poundbury and Upton were selected and analysed. During case studies, the interview plays an important role in modifying the design principles of new urbanism which direct the analysis of the physical environments of Poundbury and Upton. The initial outcomes are expected to confirm that the design principles of new urbanism could promote local identity or harmony with local context based on the case study findings. In order to further investigate these outcomes, factual information was collected through questionnaires administered face-to-face and on-the-spot to the residents of Poundbury and Upton. The findings of the questionnaire provided strong investigated evidence along with the initial outcomes addressed by literature review and the case studies. Finally, it can be concluded that the design principles of new urbanism are appropriate to promote local identity or harmony with local context for creating an urban/village extension. Keywords: urban/village extension, design principles of new urbanism, local identity, harmony with local context.

This thesis examines the extent to which equal opportunity legislation has enabled employment policies that aid the development, progression and promotion among public sector employees, specifically those of Afro Caribbean origin, employed during the period between 1988 and 2004. As context, the first part of the thesis presents an historical background of the black presence in the UK and the hostility they experienced through racial discrimination. It considers how governments, politicians and social scientists viewed the social exclusion and disadvantage of ethnic minorities generally and their treatment in the labour market in particular. It also discusses relevant legislation, policies and practices that were developed to address racial discrimination. Drawing on methodologies used in research of similar nature and reviewing literature and research studies, a methodology was chosen that was appropriate for the study and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used. The quantitative data presented in Chapters 7-8 is derived from responses to a questionnaire survey, supplemented by more detailed qualitative responses derived from face to face interviews with employees from participating organisations. Other methods are used only to a very limited extent to supplement the data derived from the questionnaires and interviews. Chapter 9 contains data collected from a separate exercise of a shortened questionnaire on diversity only, consisting of staff from one government department and focus groups from two business streams. The second part of the thesis presents the chosen methodology and analyses evidence collected between 1999 and 2004. Survey data, in depth one-to-one interviews and group interviews show that although progress has been made in combating racial discrimination, the policy of positive action is not a routine tool of organisational policy. An examination of employment practices and processes in the relevant organisations indicates that there exists a combination of organisational, group (subculture) and individual constraints on ethrýc minorities to rise to their full potential. The theoretical view argues that there has been a retreat from progressive equal opportunity policies in employment and this owes much to the policies of the government of the day and organisational procedures. These assumptions have been borne out empirically.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

This thesis explores competing meanings of being a woman in Dakar, Senegal. Above all, it is concerned with the relationship between livelihoods – how ordinary Dakarois make ends meet – and women’s gendered identities. It explores the full spectrum of Dakar women’s economic activities, all the while keeping the definition of what, precisely, qualifies as ‘economic’ or as ‘work’ as open as possible. Distancing itself from approaches that privilege the sexual aspects of gender, this thesis asks what kinds of gendered economic identities emerge in the context of the various roles and relationships that constitute women’s everyday lives. What do women do that enables people in this society to get by and to secure their day-­‐to-­‐day needs? How are these activities experienced, and what kind of values are they imbued with? Based on three years’ fieldwork in low-­‐income neighbourhoods across the Dakar region, the thesis advances an ethnographic analysis of women’s roles as wives and girlfriends, sisters and sisters-­‐in-­‐law, daughters, mothers and grandmothers, and members of extended family and community networks. It explores women’s activities as dependents, consumers, providers and informal-­‐sector workers. Together, the chapters shed light on the complexities and contradictions involved in being a woman in this particular part of the world. Building on the ethnographic findings, this thesis argues that it is possible to identify two distinct, even competing conceptions of being a woman in Dakar. One of these can be framed in terms of ‘materialism’, the other around the emic concept of ‘mothering work’. Dakar women, this thesis suggests, draw on both in order to create, defend and challenge the meaning and the value of their everyday experiences.

This thesis reports on a research study aimed at examining the impact of informal and formal assessment on the self-esteem of pupils with borderline difficulties and language deficiencies learning in mixed ability English language classes. The thesis adopted a qualitative ethnographic methodology with triangulated methods to enquire into macro and micro views of the main concepts in this study. Thus, data were collected by participant observation within English classes, informal and formal interviews with pupils and teachers at the research site and semi-structured interviews at home with parents and pupils. Questionnaires for 6 teachers, pupils and parents [total n=31] were administered 22 pupils were observed over a period of nine months, spanning 5th September 2005 to May 2006 and 3 parents interviewed due to availability of willing pupils and their parents. This was followed by structured and semi-structured questionnaire administration and interviews with six teachers and pupils [n=22]. The experiences of pupils deemed to be struggling with learning, yet not certificated as having learning difficulties were analyzed utilizing the methodology outlined by [Lincoln and Guba 1985; Creswell 1998; Richards 2005; and Bryman 2004] among others, and the data provided rich ground for a potential development of a substantive theory of learning and self-esteem. The questions focused on the evidence of classroom, and on verbal and non-verbal teacher treatment of the focus group. It also focused on the perceptions and expectations of teachers and students regarding assessment [formal and informal] and how it impacts on pupils’ self esteem. Some themes that emerged in the study included the following: resistance to learning and to authority, ridicule and racism, treats and intimidations, student-teacher infatuation, racial and bullying, counter- school culture, and unfair teaching practices. Findings from this research study are a mixed bag. The evidence suggests that, self-esteem is dynamic and has an inherent executive capacity based particularly on individual competence, beliefs, thinking and feeling components. Furthermore, there was no evidence to suggest that pupils performing poorly suffered low self-esteem.

No description available.