O objetivo deste ensaio clínico foi avaliar a velocidade do movimento dentário durante o fechamento dos espaços das extrações dos pré-molares com a mecânica de deslize e avaliar tridimensionalmente as diferenças entre os grupos que foram submetidos à mecânica tradicional ou às micro-osteoperfurações para aceleração do movimento. Foram selecionados 24 pacientes, com idades entre 18 e 36 anos, portadores de discrepância maxillomandibular indicativa à cirurgia ortognática, que possuíam todos os dentes e apresentavam boa saúde e higiene oral, não fumantes, e que não usavam corticoides ou bifosfonatos. Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente aos grupos controle e experimental. A retração anterior para o fechamento dos espaços foi realizada com a mecânica de deslize ativada sobre dispositivos de ancoragem temporária e a intervenção para aceleração do movimento, as microosteoperfurações, realizada nas sessões de ativação enquanto houvesse espaço disponível e seguro para as mesmas. Moldagens foram realizadas a cada uma das sessões de ativação até o fechamento completo dos espaços. Exames de tomografia computadorizada do feixe cônico foram feitos ao início do tratamento e ao fechamento do espaço das extrações. Para a avaliação da taxa de fechamento dos espaços, os modelos de gesso foram digitalizados e medida linear entre os dentes canino e segundo pré-molar foram feitas no programa de código aberto SlicerCMF. Para a avaliação tridimensional, modelos de superfície foram confeccionadas a partir de reconstruções 3D por meio de mapas coloridos, em seguida foram feitas sobreposições destes modelos entre os tempos, para avaliar os deslocamentos obtidos com o tratamento. Os dados foram analisados usando teste paramétrico t- Student e foi aplicado modelo linear ANCOVA para avaliar a dependência entre as variáveis. Dezoito pacientes completaram o estudo, incluindo 11 do sexo feminino e 7 do sexo masculino, com idade média de 25 anos. Os participantes do grupo experimental eram mais velhos que os do grupo controle (20,4 anos e 27,8 anos, respectivamente). O tempo médio para fechamento dos espaços foi de 247 dias. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p=0,492) na comparação entre as taxas de fechamento dos espaços das extrações (0,614 mm/mês para o grupo controle e 0,672 mm/mês para o experimental). Na análise tridimensional, o grupo controle apresentou maior movimentação coronária para mesial nos segundos pré-molares (direito p=0.024 e esquerdo p=0.018); já o grupo experimental apresentou maior movimentação coronária para o incisivo central direito (p=0,006). Não se observou resultado estatisticamente significante para as outras variáveis analisadas. Neste ensaio clínico a hipótese nula foi aceita, as microosteoperfurações não induziram a aceleração do movimento dentário durante a retração anterior com a mecânica de deslize. Na análise tridimensional, foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos para os segundos pré-molares, que apresentaram maior movimentação coronária para a mesial no grupo controle, e para o incisivo central direito, que teve maior movimentação coronária para o grupo experimental. / The objective of this \"2-arm parallel\" trial was to assess the rate of tooth movement and three-dimensional differences between patients who were designated for premolar extraction and decompensation and sliding mechanics for anterior retraction with conventional procedure or micro-osteoperforations for accelerated orthodontics. Patients assigned for ortho-surgical treatment and pre-molar extraction were randomly allocated to anterior retraction performed with conventional implant-assisted sliding mechanics or with micro-osteoperforations performed previously to the anterior retraction. CBCT was done pre-treatment and after space closure for threedimensional analysis; Dental impressions were performed every activation session and plaster models were digitally converted in three-dimensional models for rate of tooth movement assess. Patients with maxillomandibular discrepancy indicative for orthognathic surgery, no previous dental extractions, good oral and general health, non-smokers, and no use of systemic corticosteroids or bisphosphonates were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was micro-osteoperforations accelerate tooth movement for the experimental group. Randomization was accomplished using Microsoft Excel random numbers function. Blinding was not applicable to outcome assessment. Data were analyzed using t-Student test, and general linear model, ANCOVA was used to evaluate variables dependency. 18 patients were allocated to the orthodontic treatment, including 11 female and 7 male patients with the mean age of 25 years. Subjects from experimental group were older than the control group (20.4 and 27.8). The average follow-up period for this assessment was 247 days. For rate of tooth movement assessment, groups were categorized equally, with 0.614 mm/month for the control group and 0.672 mm/month for the experimental group (EG) with no statistically differences (p=0.492). For three-dimensional analysis, control group showed higher crown movement for the second premolars (right p=0.024 and left p=0.018), and the experimental group presented greater crown movement for the right central incisive (p=0.006). Micro-osteoperforations were inefficient to accelerated tooth movement during anterior retraction for the experimental group. Threedimensional differences were found for the second premolars in the crown movement, showing greater values for the control group, and central incisors which had more lingual movement for the experimental group.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In a category C with a proper (E; M)-factorization system for morphisms, we further investigate categorical topogenous structures and demonstrate their prominent role played in providing a uni ed approach to the theory of closure, interior and neighbourhood operators. We then introduce and study an abstract notion of C asz ar's syntopogenous structure which provides a convenient setting to investigate a quasi-uniformity on a category. We demonstrate that a quasi-uniformity is a family of categorical closure operators. In particular, it is shown that every idempotent closure operator is a base for a quasi-uniformity. This leads us to prove that for any idempotent closure operator c (interior i) on C there is at least a transitive quasi-uniformity U on C compatible with c (i). Various notions of completeness of objects and precompactness with respect to the quasi-uniformity de ned in a natural way are studied. The great relationship between quasi-uniformities and closure operators in a category inspires the investigation of categorical quasi-uniform structures induced by functors. We introduce the continuity of a C-morphism with respect to two syntopogenous structures (in particular with respect to two quasi-uniformities) and utilize it to investigate the quasiuniformities induced by pointed and copointed endofunctors. Amongst other things, it is shown that every quasi-uniformity on a re ective subcategory of C can be lifted to a coarsest quasi-uniformity on C for which every re ection morphism is continuous. The notion of continuity of functors between categories endowed with xed quasi-uniform structures is also introduced and used to describe the quasi-uniform structures induced by an M- bration and a functor having a right adjoint.

To understand the function and origins of sleep, sleep needs to be studied across many different species. Although it is well conserved throughout mammals, 95% of papers are restricted to just three species, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Rattus norvegicus. We aimed to characterize sleep and wake in a Murid rodent Acomys cahirinus in greater detail alongside the well-studied laboratory house mouse (Mus musculus) and wild M. musculus using a well validated, non-invasive, piezoelectric system for sleep and activity monitoring. We confirmed A. cahirinus, M. musculus, and wild M. musculus to be primarily nocturnal, but with clearly distinct behavioral patterns. Specifically, the activity of A. cahirinus sharply increases right at dark onset, which is common in nocturnal species, but surprisingly, decreases sharply just one hour later. Using infra-red camera recordings in single and group cage conditions, we found that A. cahirinus is more active early in the night period than late night period in single and group cages, and this decreased activity in the latter half of the night is much greater compared to M. musculus. In order to better understand these differences in activity, we investigated the sleep architecture of A. cahirinus using electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Our data show that A. cahirinus have a few key differences in sleep from M. musculus. A. cahirinus have significantly longer daily sleep periods and exhibit a much higher amount of REM sleep. A. cahirinus are awake at dark onset, but sleep more than M. musculus after the middle of the night. Most strikingly, A. cahirinus do not close their eyes virtually at all while sleeping, day or night. In order to test whether the sleep patterns of A. cahirinus are affected by or responsive to different light input, we set up a light flashing experiment during the daytime. While sleep amount did not change significantly during light flashing, A. cahirinus spent significantly less time in REM compared to baseline. In contrast, M. musculus had no difference in REM sleep percentage. Histological studies showed A. cahirinus have thinner retinal layers, but much thicker corneas than M. musculus. Electroretinography (ERG) results, specifically b-wave amplitudes, are significantly different between these two species. While eye closure and sleep have not been systematically studied across mammals, our observation is clearly a rare behavior. This raises further questions about A. cahirinus sleep architecture, the adaptive value of eyes open sleep to A. cahirius and whether they may have limited visual processing even during normal sleep.

A series of psychiatric hospital closures has led to a movement of care for individuals with mental illness from state-run facilities to managed care centers. Many of the individuals who no longer reside in psychiatric hospitals have become ensnared in the criminal justice system. Correctional facilities have an increased burden to care for the needs of the mentally ill, but lack the training and facilities to do so adequately. In this study, the lived experiences of correctional staff who have experienced the process of a hospital closure were examined. Psychiatric rehabilitation and gatekeeper theories served as the theoretical framework for the study. Data were collected using focus group interviews with 17 correctional officers and individual interviews with 3 administrative staffers at a jail in a southern U.S. state. Data were recorded and transcribed and then analyzed for themes. Six themes emerged: (a) open the psychiatric hospital back up, (b) training, (c) they don't need to be here, (d) mental health housing/they can't function in general population, (e) public awareness, and (f) they didn't think it through. Analysis of study data resulted in the identification of several gaps in community supports that can improve the lives of mentally ill individuals. These include avoiding future hospital closures, improving correctional mental health bed space, and providing correctional-specific training for staff at the jail. The study has positive social change implications for both correctional staff and mentally ill inmates in that the study can inform the improvement of officer training and the development of new community supports, which can reduce negative outcomes for mentally ill individuals.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate and quantify extraction spaces and their behavior at the end of treatment, short- and long-term stages, in orthodontic patients treated with extractions. Methods: The sample comprised dental casts of 1546 orthodontic patients treated with extractions with several malocclusions. Dental casts were divided into 3 groups, according to the chronological stage: at the end of treatment (T0), 1-year posttreatment (short-term, T1) and 5-year posttreatment (longterm, T2). Extraction spaces were measured in the three stages with a digital caliper. The descriptive analyses of the longitudinal space behavior were performed by amounts of patients, percentage of patients and percentage of quadrants. Intergroups comparison of space dimension in the three stages were performed by Analysis of Variance, followed by Tukey tests when necessary. Results: Class II malocclusion was the most prevalent sagittal discrepancy, followed by Class I and Class III, respectively. More than a half of the patients presented 1-4 quadrants open at the end of treatment. Less than 10% of quadrants persisted open at the three stages. Most of relapse and late closure occurred in the first year after treatment. About 5% of quadrants closed at T0 presented relapse at T1. Less than 3% of quadrants closed at T1 presented relapse at T2. Space dimension decreased significantly in the long-term evaluation. Conclusions: The percentage of patients with open spaces at the end of treatment was substantially large. Despite of the late space closure tendency, several spaces may remain open in the long-term. There was significant reduction in extraction space dimension in the long-term. / Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e quantificar os espaços das extrações e seu comportamento ao final do tratamento, em curto e longo prazos. Materiais e métodos: a amostra consistiu em modelos ortodônticos de 1546 pacientes tratados ortodonticamente com extrações com diversas más oclusões. Os modelos foram divididos em 3 grupos, de acordo com o estágio cronológico: ao final do tratamento (T0), 1 ano pós-tratamento (curto prazo, T1) e 5 anos pós-tratamento (longo prazo, T2). Os espaços das extrações foram mensurados nos três estágios com um paquímetro digital. As análises descritivas do comportamento longitudinal foram realizadas por quantidade de pacientes, porcentagem de pacientes e porcentagem de quadrantes. A comparação intergrupos da dimensão do espaço nos três estágios foi realizada através da Análise de Variância, seguida pelo Teste Tukey quando necessário. Resultados: A má oclusão de Classe II foi a discrepância sagital mais prevalente, seguida pela Classe I e Classe II, respectivamente. Mais da metade dos pacientes apresentaram 1-4 quadrantes abertos ao final do tratamento. Menos de 10% dos quadrantes persistiram abertos nos três estágios. A maioria das reaberturas e fechamentos tardios ocorreu no primeiro ano pós-tratamento. Aproximadamente 5% dos quadrantes fechados em T0 apresentaram reabertura em T1. Menos de 3% dos quadrantes fechados em T1 apresentaram reabertura em T2. A dimensão do espaço diminuiu significativamente na avaliação em longo prazo. Conclusão: A porcentagem de pacientes com espaços abertos ao final do tratamento foi substancialmente grande. Apesar da tendência de fechamento tardio, muitos espaços podem restar abertos em longo prazo. Houve redução significante na dimensão dos espaços das extrações em longo prazo.

La présence de porosités dans les lingots métalliques représente un problème majeur dans l’industrie des matériaux. En effet, ces porosités altèrent significativement les caractéristiques mécaniques du matériau (ductilité notamment), et sont des sources d’apparition de défauts en mise en forme ou en tenue en service. Pour éliminer ces porosités, les industriels utilisent souvent des procédés de mise forme à chaud tels que le forgeage ou le laminage, mais il est souvent difficile de définir le taux de déformation à appliquer pour refermer entièrement ces porosités. La modélisation numérique s’avère donc être un outil particulièrement intéressant afin d’étudier l’impact des paramètres procédé sur le taux de refermeture de porosités. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une méthodologie de calibration basée sur des algorithmes d’optimisation et une base de données de 800 simulations à champ complet sur VER, où les paramètres influents sur la refermeture des porosités sont variés (mécaniques et géométriques). Le premier modèle proposé est un modèle scalaire qui s’affranchit de l’hypothèse de chargement axisymétrique, largement utilisée dans la littérature. Le paramètre de Lode a permis avec l’utilisation de la triaxialité des contraintes de définir l’état de contraintes d’une manière unique. Les comparaisons de ce nouveau modèle à trois autres modèles de refermeture de la littérature montrent le gain de précision de ce nouveau modèle scalaire de refermeture. Le deuxième modèle est un modèle tensoriel adapté aux procédés multipasses grâce à l’analyse de la matrice d’inertie de la porosité. Cette matrice sert pour calculer le volume, la forme et l’orientation de la porosité. Ce modèle a été calibré en utilisant une approche basée sur les réseaux de neurones artificiels. La comparaison avec le modèle scalaire et la modélisation en champ complet a montré un gain en précision jusqu’à 35%. Il s’agit là par ailleurs du premier modèle tensoriel proposé dans la littérature. / The presence of voids in ingots is a major issue in the casting industry. These voids decrease materials properties (in particular ductility) and may induce premature failure during metal forming or service life. Hot metal forming processes are therefore used to close these voids and obtain a sound product. However, the amount of deformation required to close these voids is difficult to estimate.Numerical modeling is an interesting tool to study the influence of process parameters on void closure rate. In this work, an optimization-based strategy has been developed to identify the parameters of a mean-field model based on a database of 800 full-field REV simulations with various loading conditions and voids geometry and orientations. The first void closure model is a scalar model that gets rid of the axisymmetric loading hypothesis considered in most models in the literature. The Lode angle, coupled with the stress triaxiality ratio enables to identify the stress state in a unique way. Comparisons of this new model with three other models fromthe literature show the accuracy increase for general loading conditions. In order to address multistages processes, a second model is defined in a tensor version. The ellipsoid void inertia matrix is used to define void’s morphology, orientation and volume. The tensor model predicts the evolution of the inertia terms and its calibration is based on the full-field REV database and on a new Artificial Neural Networks approach. Comparisons were carried out between this tensor model, the scalar model and full-field simulations for multi-stages configurations. These comparisons showed up to 35% accuracy improvement with the tensor model. It is worth mentioning that this is the first attempt to define a void closure tensor model in the literature.

Abstract Educational leaders must operate in a complex political world that places a premium on skills and strategies involving consensus building, negotiations, and reciprocity. This dissertation is about the leadership struggles and tensions inherent in a school consolidation process. The principals highlighted in this study represent the leader of a metropolitan school which is closed and consolidated with another school in the same school district. The school district employs a defined and planned process to address many issues inherent in a school consolidation like guaranteed placement of displaced teachers in schools of their choice. I examined the experiences of three principals during the course of the school consolidation to determine if there are any advantages in using a pre-planned consolidation to ensure the success of the consolidation process. My experiences as a principal involved in a school consolidation experience without a defined and pre-negotiated consolidation protocols was used to draw contrasts when interview data was analyzed from the three school principals. To guide my data collection and analysis I used a conceptual framework based on the work of Mead (1934), Husserl (1965), Blumer (1969), Stryker (2002) and Merleau-Ponty (2004), Interpretivism with a case study paradigm based on the work of Hancock and Algozzine (2006), Creswell (2003), Yin (2003) and Miles and Huberman (1994) to guide my study which was aimed at understanding the experiences of school principals during a school consolidation. The initial findings of my study indicated that the experiences for most stakeholders impacted by a consolidation were consistent with those found in the literature concerning other consolidation experiences. There was some minimal reduction in the perceived levels of uncertainty and anxiety of staff members concerning their employment status. The principals had certain assignments related to the logistical planning and management of resource security and allocation removed from their agenda, but leadership experiences remained fraught with uncertainty and a sense of trial and error in navigating through the processes required for a successful consolidation experience. This study provided several insights that may be useful to school principals in managing and seeking appropriate assistance from district level leadership to improve the probability that the level of success in a school consolidation may affect various stakeholder groups impacted by the experience. The findings discuss several implications regarding how school principals and school districts may consider the overall impact of a school consolidation on their students and their stance regarding equity and social justice for all the school's communities. Finally, this study provides several recommendations for policy and educational practice.

New Zealand's figures for child maltreatment are consistently amongst the highest in the OECD. The purpose of this thesis is to understand what the legal system can do to protect children in New Zealand from maltreatment and why legal responses to child maltreatment often appear to be ineffectual or of limited effect. This thesis uses the theories of Luhman and Teubner to argue that the law's ability to protect children from maltreatment is limited because the legal system creates and responds to its own abstract world. This process arises from the functional requirements of the law and its operation as an autopoietic system of power that produces its own abstract knowledge about the world. The legal system's function within New Zealand society is to stabilise behavioural expectations and maintain society's coherence and it does so by reducing the complexity of subjective human existence into binary alternatives. However, this process of reducing complexity limits the way in which the law produces its knowledge about the world and controls how power is distributed within the law's abstract world to such an extent that the legal system is closed from the world of subjective experience. This closure from the world outside the legal system limits the law's ability to regulate and reform that outside world and protect the children who live within it. By identifying these limits, this thesis will contribute to an understanding of the limits of the law's ability to protect children from maltreatment and thereby improve the effectiveness of New Zealand society's attempts to protect its children.

Doctor of Education / This case study looks at the impact of closing an urban secondary school. It considers the experiences of the students, the staff and the parents. It does not argue with the decision to close the school but concentrates on the experience for those most closely involved. The thesis is guided by the main research question which is: “What is the impact of school closure on the various elements of a school community and is there a way to close a school and minimise this impact?” Supplementary questions seek to describe how the closure was undertaken and what factors can be identified which helped ease the transition for those involved. While seeking to develop theory grounded in the research the findings have also been informed by theory associated with grief, place attachment, emotion in the workplace and change. Unpublished primary documents such as transcripts of group interviews, responses to written questionnaires and minutes of meetings are the basic sources of data for this thesis. The researcher was an active participant in the closure and well known to all respondents. The thesis concludes that although keeping the school open for the final year was of benefit to the morale and adjustment of staff it was probably less beneficial for the students involved. It suggests that with proper counselling support and identification of the closure as a critical incident, a quick closure would help student learning outcomes and prevent teacher de-skilling. It also confirms the importance of a school, or probably any institution, in the emotional life of those associated with it. Note: The students in this study range in age from 13 to 18 years of age in Years 7 through to 12.

For the next generation of aircraft, the use of fibre-reinforced polymer composites and the design of