Power sharing regimes in resource management, including co-governance and co-management schemes, are now common across New Zealand. These schemes bring together iwi and the Crown to facilitate various environmental objectives. These arrangements often utilise the tenants of tikanga Māori, in particular the concept of kaitiakitanga, and are generally provided for outside of the Resource Management Act 1991. This thesis shows how two iwi, Ngāi Tahu of the South Island, and Ngāi Tūhoe of Te Urewera in the central North Island, are utilising such schemes to promote the interests of their people. It explains that Ngāi Tahu have built up co-governance in a patchwork manner, utilising the provisions of their settlement to build three distinct co-management arrangements in Canterbury. The thesis shows that Ngāi Tahu have yet to gain full co-governance capacity, but may well have a future role at the table in regional Canterbury governance from 2016 onwards. In comparison, Ngāi Tūhoe have been granted a different kind of governance arrangement that arguably goes beyond co-governance. This governance arrangement is based off the fact that legal personality has been granted to Te Urewera, and will allow Ngāi Tūhoe to promote the interests of their people in a unique way. The thesis will show that the face of co-governance is changing, and the future face of such arrangements may well give iwi more control. However, that there are pitfalls associated with such resource management power sharing schemes that must be taken into account when planning for future arrangements.

Darbe tirta Co6Om (m=0-9) nanodalelių ir PPI dendrimerų optinės savybės, siekiant nustatyti ar PPI dendrimerai galėtų būti naudojami dirbtinių neuroninių tinklų, skirtų aptikti Co nanodaleles, kūrimui. Tyrimo rezultatai yra: 1) Co6Om (m=0-9) nanodalelių absorbcijos spektrų tyrimai parodė, kad absorbcijos intensyvumas 500-700 nm intervale mažėja, kai deguonies atomų skaičius didinamas iki 5. Absorbcijos intensyvumas vėl pradeda didėti, kai deguonies atomų skaičius tampa 6. 2) Teoriškai ir eksperimentiškai ištirta glikodendrimero su triptofano molekulėmis spektro prigimtis 200 - 400 nm intervale. Nustatyta, kad minėtame bangų ilgių diapazone stebimas triptofano molekulės π→π* sužadinimas. 3) Tirti PPI dendrimerai galėtų būti naudojami kaip neuroniniai tinklai, skirti aptikti Co nanodaleles. / In this research our aim was to investigate possibilities to use PPI dendrimers as a neural network for detecting Co nanoparticles. Our investigation results are: 1) Intensity of absorption of the Co6Om (m=0-9) particles should decrease in the 500-700 nm region with increasing of oxygen number till 5, and should increase again when number of oxygen atom is 6; 2) Nature of spectrum of PPI dendrimers with Tryptophan molecule in 200-400 nm range was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is obtained, that in above mentioned wavelength region absorption is due to π→π* excitation of tryptophan units; 3) Investigated PPI dendrimers could be used as an artificial neural network for detecting Co nanoparticles.

Research in team science suggests strategies for addressing difficulties that groups face when working together. This dissertation examines how student teams work in project based learning (PBL) environments, with the goal of creating strategies and technology to improve collaboration. The challenge of working in such a group is that the members frequently come from different backgrounds and thus have different ideas on how to accomplish a project. In these groups, teamwork and production of successful solutions depends on whether members consider each other’s dissimilar perspectives. However, the lack of a shared history means that members may have difficulty in taking the time to share and build knowledge collectively. The ultimate goal of my research is to design strategies and technology to improve the inner workings of PBL groups so that they will learn from each other and produce successful outcomes in collaborative settings. The field of computer supported collaborative learning has made much progress on designing, implementing, and evaluating environments that support project based learning. However, most existing research concerns students rather than instructors. Therefore, in my initial research, I explore the needs of the instructors in conducting student assessments (studies one, two). These studies identify five different group processes that are of importance from the instructors’ perspective. My subsequent research focuses on one of them, namely the process of knowledge co-construction, which is a process that instructors have significant difficulty in assessing. In order to support the assessment of the knowledge co-construction process, my research has progressed along two axes: (a) identifying conditions that support the knowledge co-construction process and its relationship to learning and knowledge transfer (studies three, four, and five), and (b) automatically monitoring the knowledge co-construction process using natural language processing and machine learning (studies six ~ nine). Studies five and eight look at a specific type of knowledge co-construction process called the idea co-construction process (ICC). ICC is the process of taking up, transforming, or otherwise building on an idea expressed earlier in a conversation. I argue that ICC is essential for groups to function well in terms of knowledge sharing and perspective taking.

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys FSMAs have diverse application, especially in the aerospace and bio-medical industries. They are a class of active and smart materials exhibiting strains under the influence of an applied magnetic field. These magnetic properties are mainly attributed to the martensitic structural phase trans- formation these material experience in response to temperature variation. Co-Ni-Al based alloys are one of the most promising ferromagnetic shape memory alloy FSMA that has been put recently under extensive study by researchers. They have shown extensive and promising features specifically those related to self-actuation. The effect of valence electron concentration and magnetic properties of Co-Ni-Al based ferromagnetic shape memory alloys on the martensitic transformations were analyzed utilizing Ab-initio first principle calculations. The variations of martensite start temperatures (Ms) and magnetic properties of a number of stoichiometric and mnon-stoichiometric Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA’s) with B2 austenite structure were studied and analyzed as a function of composition and lattice site ordering and site preference. A major conclusion of this thesis suggests that the magnetic valence number (Zm) should be considered in conjunction to the e/a ratio if the composition profile of the Ms is to be determined. Both Monte-Carlo and Ab-initio simulations were implemented to obtain the magnetic Heisenberg’s exchange coupling parameters (J m) and model the magnetic transformations in stoichiometric Co2NiAl FSMAs. Two different cubic structures, ordered and disordered were compared to their tetragonal distortions martensitic phases and their Curie temperature (TC ) were obtained from the Monte-Carlo magnetic susceptibility temperature profile.

Co-operative education (co-op) is a form of work-integrated-learning that involves university undergraduate students undertaking full-time paid and discipline-related employment as a structured part of their program of study. Co-op programs provide learning opportunities for students that enable them to integrate their work and their academic experiences. Such opportunities, provided that a number of conditions are met, can lead to deep level learning. Deep level learning results when students engage in and interact with the material that they are learning so that the material is integrated into their knowledge and personal understanding. Whether or not deep level learning occurs through co-op, depends on various factors including the learning opportunities provided by co-op employers, the students' own commitment and ability to learn, and the commitment of university staff to support this learning. Insufficient resourcing of co-op programs by universities and ultimately the government places a major constraint on the programs' potential effectiveness in bringing about the desired learning outcomes for students. This is particularly the case in Australia where universities are under enormous pressure of reduced government funding and the long-term sustainability of co-op programs is under threat. In order to justify more funding for co-op programs, it is important to identify and measure the outcomes associated with undertaking co-op. There has been a great deal written about the outcomes of co-op programs and the associated benefits that accrue to the major co-op stakeholders; students, graduates, universities and employers. Most of the measurement of these outcomes has, however, taken place in North America. Furthermore, studies have generally focused on the outcomes for one, or sometimes two, stakeholder groups. The results of many of these studies have been limited by confounding variables and have been very mixed; with some providing evidence that supports co-op and others providing evidence that does not. Little work has been done to estimate the costs associated with running co-op programs. This thesis considered the research question of what is the added value of a cooperative education program. A positivistic paradigm was adopted and empirical measures of learning and employment outcomes were analyzed for co-op compared to non co-op students and graduates. The graduates taking part in the study were matched in an effort to overcome some of the methodological limitations of other studies. The majority of the graduates had completed an Economics, Finance or Commerce degree at one of two major universities located in Melbourne, Australia: one university provides a compulsory co-op program, the other does not. Through the analysis of the learning outcomes of co-op, this study found that co-op led to a reduction in the proportion of students adopting a surface approach to learning. The shift from students adopting a surface approach to students adopting a deep approach to learning as a result of co-op, was not evidenced as strongly as expected. This may have resulted in part, from the lack of funding necessary to provide the level of learning support required to bring about these learning outcomes. There is, however, evidence to suggest that co-op has a significant impact on the academic performance of students and particularly for those whose academic performance pre co-op was low. When employment outcomes for co-op graduates and non co-op graduates were analyzed, it was evident that 90% of co-op graduates, compared to only 19% of non co-op graduates, found discipline-related employment within one month of actively seeking a job. Furthermore, co-op graduates took an average of two weeks to find employment whereas non co-op graduates, with no undergraduate discipline-related work experience, took an average of three-and-a-half months. There is evidence that employers recognized, through increased salaries, the benefit of the co-op year over and above the experience that can be gained from summer placements, traineeships and post co-op discipline-related work. While the starting salary for co-op graduates, was significantly higher than for non co-op graduates, this difference disappeared when both cohorts had the same number of years of industry experience. Even though this result, which is consistent with other studies, appeared not to demonstrate the increased salary advantages associated with co-op, there is another factor that needed to be taken into consideration. The co-op graduates in this study had a range of academic achievements yet their graduate employment outcomes were at least the same as those for the non co-op graduates who were all high academic achievers. The impact that co-op has on the achievement of relevant strategic goals and key performance indicators specified by the co-op university was considered and an estimation was also undertaken of the cost of providing this co-op program over and above the government funding received for its support. It was found that while the co-op program attracted students with the same university entry score as the non co-op program, the non co-op graduates would, with hindsight, have chosen a co-op degree. This suggests that the pool of quality students applying for entry into the university offering co-op programs could be increased with more effective marketing of co-op to secondary school-leavers. Academic progression rates and retention rates, two university key performance indicators, were high for co-op students and co-op was a significant factor in achieving the university objective of graduate employability. While co-op has had a significant impact on the achievement of relevant university goals, it was also found that the university that offers co-op incurs a funding shortfall of approximately $1,300 for every Economics and Finance co-op student. This amounted to a total funding shortfall of $41,600 for the 32 co-op students included in this study. One option that is available to the university to find support for the long-term financial sustainability of co-op programs is to seek a share of the significant cost savings experienced by the two other major stakeholders in a co-op program - the government and the employers of co-op graduates. The estimated savings in graduate recruitment costs as a result of co-op students returning to companies as graduate recruits varied from $1,100 to $3,000 per graduate. This resulted in a total saving of between $19,000 and $51,000 for the 17 Economics and Finance students in this study who returned to their co-op companies as graduate recruits. The impact of co-op on social welfare payments made by the government was also quite significant. It was estimated that co-op led to savings of approximately $15,000 in social welfare payments for every co-op graduate - the total social welfare payments made to all the non co-op graduates being $147,000 higher than the total social welfare payments paid to the co-op graduates included in this study. To achieve these benefits of co-op, the government funds co-op programs at a rate of $1,800 per student. For the 800 RMIT Business students who currently undertake co-op each year, the funding shortfall experienced by RMIT was extrapolated to be $1.04m. The associated saving to graduate employers was estimated to be between $500,000 and $1.37m and the expected saving to the government in social welfare payments was estimated to be over $4m while the total funding of co-op programs for the 800 students by the government was $1.44m. These figures provide a strong case for an increase in the financial support of co-op programs. In conclusion, while there is a need to extend the research into the added benefits of a cooperative education program to a longitudinal study also covering other discipline areas, there is evidence to show that improved academic and employment outcomes occur for co-op graduates compared to non co-op graduates. There is also evidence of significant cost savings that accrue to the Australian Federal Government and to graduate employers as a result of co-op. If these data can be used to transfer resources to the universities that provide these programs then greater efforts can be made to direct the resources in a way that will further enhance the learning and the employment outcomes for co-op graduates.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf [105]).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 limajr_lf_me_bauru.pdf: 7258197 bytes, checksum: 7ee09909389a4e99da47b8de66b8a905 (MD5) / Tungstatos em geral têm despertado um grande interesse tecnológico devido às suas propriedades eletro-ópticas, como material para as mais variadas aplicações dentro de faixa específica do espectro fotoluminescente. Neste trabalho, pós de tungstatos de bário (BaW 'O IND. 4') foram preparados pela síntese química de co-precipitação na presença de hidróxido de amônio e processados nos sistemas de hidrotermal convencional e em hidrotermal assistido por irradiação de microondas. Após síntese por co-precipitação, as amostras foram separadas em três grupos, onde no primeiro o material foi deixado em repouxo ao resguardo da luz na temperatura de 28ºC por 48 horas, para verificar se há formação da fase tetragonal. No segundo e terceiro grupo o material foi encaminhado para processamento em hidrotermal convencional e hidrotermal assistido por microondas na temperatura de 140°C em diferentes tempos. Cada material obtido nos três processos foi lavado com água destilada e seco com acetona. Posteriormente aos tratamentos técnicos os pós foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia Raman com transformadas de Fourier, espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta visível (UV-Vis), Fotoluminescência (FL) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura por canhão de emissão de campo de alta resolução (MEV-FEG). / Tungstates, in a general way, have attracted a great technological interest due to their electro-optical properties, as materials for the most diversified applications within the especific range of the photoluminecent spectra. In this work, powders of barium tungstates were prepared by coprecipitation in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. The materials were processed by conventional hydrothermal and also by microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique. After the synthesis by coprecipitation, the samples were aged in a light sensitive storage device at 28°C and 48°C, in order to investigate the formation of a tetragonal phase. In the second and third groups, the samples were heat-treated in the conventional and the microwave-assisted hydrothermal systems at 140°C for different times. Each sample of the three processes was washed with distilled water and drid with acetone. Subsequently to the heat treatments, the powders were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform Raman Spectrocopy, UV-Visible spectrocopy (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL) and Field Emission Gun Scanning Electronic Microscopy (FEG).

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-16T22:01:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaVarellaDeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 2363944 bytes, checksum: ce5f8d4935956276c566915cf89fb3d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-20T00:32:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaVarellaDeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 2363944 bytes, checksum: ce5f8d4935956276c566915cf89fb3d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-20T00:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaVarellaDeFigueiredo_DISSERT.pdf: 2363944 bytes, checksum: ce5f8d4935956276c566915cf89fb3d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / Nos ?ltimos anos observamos, no Brasil, a amplia??o de espa?os democr?ticos, proporcionando o emprego de estrat?gias de gest?o participativa em ?reas de recursos de uso comum. Entretanto, a exist?ncia de um modelo n?o garante a pr?tica, de fato, que a co-gest?o aconte?a, ou que ela impe?a a exaust?o dos recursos comuns caracterizando a trag?dia preconizada por Hardin. Neste trabalho realizamos uma an?lise da gest?o da RESEX Acau-Goiana localizada nos munic?pios de Aca? (PB) e Goiana (PE), oito anos ap?s a sua cria??o legal. Utilizamos como instrumento interpretativo os princ?pios facilitadores da gest?o de recursos comuns (PGRC) identificados por Elinor Ostrom e o question?rio de valores humanos proposto por Schwartz. A escala de valores foi aplicada com 240 indiv?duos, sendo metade benefici?rio e a outra metade n?o-benefici?rio, somente os 120 pescadores das 4 comunidades da RESEX foram submetidos ao question?rio dos PGRC. As entrevistas foram realizadas no per?odo de Maio a Setembro de 2014. Testamos tr?s hip?teses: 1) quanto maior a depend?ncia de produtos da RESEX maior ser? o conhecimento sobre os PGRC; 2) a inser??o dos indiv?duos em uma ?rea de uso comum (RESEX) aumenta os valores coletivistas; 3) valores mais coletivistas aumentam o conhecimento dos PGRC. Para tanto, definimos ?ndices de depend?ncia s?cio-econ?mica de produtos da RESEX, de conhecimento dos PGRC e de valores individuais. An?lises estat?sticas de compara??o de m?dias e correla??o foram empregadas. Os nossos resultados mostraram que o conhecimento acerca de seis dos sete itens analisados nos princ?pios b?sicos (PGRC) ainda ? baixo, apresentando valores em torno de 0,2 numa escala de zero a um (0 a 1). A extens?o territorial (6.678 hectares) e o elevado n?mero de usu?rios (1440 fam?lias) pode estar exercendo um efeito prejudicial no desenvolvimento da gest?o compartilhada. Ao contr?rio do previsto, benefici?rios que mais dependiam da RESEX n?o apresentaram maior conhecimento dos PGRC, mas os benefici?rios que passavam mais tempo na RESEX que tiveram maiores ?ndices. Isto indica que ? o contato direto com o ambiente, n?o a depend?ncia do mesmo que aumenta o conhecimento dos PGRC. De acordo com nossa hip?tese, indiv?duos com valores coletivistas apresentaram maior conhecimento dos PGRC e menor horas de trabalho dentro da RESEX, indicando maior tend?ncia dos indiv?duos refrearem seu uso do recurso comum. Valores individualistas correlacionaram com menor conhecimento de um PGRC. Entre os benefici?rios, indiv?duos com maiores valores individualistas tinham renda mensal mais elevada, enquanto que entre os n?o benefici?rios n?o houve essa correla??o, demonstrando as vantagens econ?micas do individualismo (free-riding) em situa??es de uso n?o-privativo dos recursos. Nossos dados enfatizam a import?ncia de orientar os principais atores no desenvolvimento de uma gest?o co-participativa na dire??o dos princ?pios b?sicos, e que desenvolver valores coletivistas entre os usu?rios de um bem comum pode aumentar o conhecimento destes princ?pios. / In recent years we have observed, in Brazil, the expansion of democratic spaces, providing the use of participatory management strategies in common-pool areas. However, the existence of a co-management model does not guarantee its practice, neither that it will prevent the depletion of common features characterizing the tragedy proposed by Hardin. In this work we analysed the management of Aca?-Goiana RESEX which is located in the cities of Aca? (PB) and Goiana (PE), eight years after its legal creation. We evaluated how much the users of RESEX possess information (even if non formalized) regarding the common use of area and whether they exhibit collectivist values. We used as an interpretative tool the facilitators principles of common resource management (PGRC) identified by Elinor Ostrom and the questionnaire of human values proposed by Schwartz. The human values questionnaire was applied to 240 individuals, half beneficiary and the other half non-beneficiary, only the beneficiaries were submitted to the questionnaire of PGRC. Interviews were conducted in the period of May to September 2014. We tested three hypotheses: 1) The degree of dependence from RESEX resources will play an important role on indirect knowledge of the PGRC; 2) the inclusion of individuals in a communal area (RESEX) increases collectivists values; 3) higher collectivist value rates increases knowledge of PGRC. To this end, we defined levels of socio-economic dependence of RESEX resources, knowledge of PGRC and individual values. GLM statistic analysis of mean comparison and correlation were employed. Our results showed that the knowledge on six of the seven items analyzed in the basic principles (PGRC) is still low. The extended land area and the high number of users may be exerting a detrimental effect on the development of a co-management. Contrary to expected, it was not the dependency who influenced knowledge on the PGRC, but the time spent in contact with the RESEX. This indicates that direct contact with the environment, not the dependence of it, that raises awareness about PGRC. According to our hypothesis, individuals with collectivist values showed greater knowledge of PGRC and reduced hours of work within the RESEX, indicating a greater tendency of individuals refrain their use of the common resource. Individualistic values correlated with less knowledge of a PGRC. Among the beneficiaries, individuals with higher individualistic values had higher monthly income, while among non-beneficiaries there was no such correlation, demonstrating the economic advantages of individualism (free-riding) in situations of non-private use of resources. Our data emphasize the importance of guiding the main actors in the development of a co-participatory management in the direction of the basic principles, and to develop collectivist values among users of a common good can raise awareness of these principles.

Background: Although leadership is a topic which has been extensively researched, there is limited literature concerning co-leadership, especially in connection to start-ups. Moreover, as those who are co-leaders in start-ups often also are co-founders and co-owners, it is vital that their co-leadership dynamic is functional as a way of staying in business. Co-leadership is described as a leadership form which has become more commonly used, which further adds urgency of exploring the topic of co-leadership dynamics, and how to make it functional. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore how a functional co-leadership dynamic can be created between leaders who are simultaneously founders and owners of a start-up. Method: This is a qualitative study, for which is used semi-structured interviews to collect data from 11 co-leaders in 10 companies. The transcribed interviews have been used together with secondary data to point out specific elements that have shown to be important for a functional co-leadership dynamic. Both the themes of co-leadership dynamics and the context of entrepreneurship, foundership and ownership were used to find and highlight these elements. The elements have been discussed in the Analysis and are thereafter presented in a model. Conclusion: Six elements have been pointed out as important for a functional co-leadership dynamic: Collaborative Attitude, Shared Values & Vision, Open & Continuous Communication, Synergy, Learning & Personal Growth, and Trust. These elements are interrelated, and Collaborative Attitude, Shared Values & Vision, Synergy and Trust are also connected to the contextual factors.

La mobilité est aujourd’hui au cœur des préoccupations citoyennes et gouvernementales. Une explication possible à cette difficulté à résoudre les problèmes de mobilité est que les besoins réels des usagers des transports ne sont pas (ou sont faiblement) pris en compte dans la conception de nouveaux systèmes de transports. C’est pourquoi la participation des usagers dans des projets de conception se développe depuis quelques décennies. Elle est motivée par l’idée que les usagers ont une meilleure connaissance de leurs propres besoins et peuvent donc contribuer à développer des solutions innovantes. Cependant, il est nécessaire de proposer des outils qui optimisent les contributions des usagers au processus de conception créative et donc, en amont, d’identifier la nature ainsi que les leviers et les freins à la participation des usagers dans ce processus. Dans les trois études que nous avons réalisées, nous observons que les usagers contribuent principalement au processus de co-conception créative en fournissant des informations sur leurs besoins réels et leurs attentes. Mais pour que ces besoins et attentes soient réellement pris en compte, il est nécessaire d’outiller la conception créative en proposant une méthode qui permette de mettre à profit les contributions de chacun et de donner aux usagers un poids décisionnel équivalent à celui des concepteurs. Par ailleurs, le développement de logiciels de réalité virtuelle peut constituer un facilitateur de la co-conception créative, dans la mesure où il stimule la génération d’idées. De plus, la réalité virtuelle permet de créer de nouveaux environnements pouvant développer les capacités des usagers à se projeter dans un futur proche et imaginer des solutions plus créatives. / Mobility is nowadays one of the main concerns of citizens and governments. One possible way to explain these difficulties to solve mobility problems would be that real problems of transportation users would be not (or weakly) accounted in the design of new transportation systems. In this perspective, user participation in design projects is increasingly practiced since a few decades. It is motivated by the idea that users have a better knowledge of their own needs and then may contribute to develop innovative solutions. However it is necessary to propose some tools to optimize the users’ contributions to creative design process, and then necessary to identify the nature as well as the levers and barriers to user participation in this process. In the three studies we conducted, we observe that users mainly contribute to creative co-design process by supplying information about their real needs and expectations. However, in order to really account these needs and expectations, it is necessary to tool up creative design with a method which allows to take advantage of the contributions of each participant and to give users a decision-making power equivalent to that of experts. Furthermore, the development of virtual reality software may constitute a lever for creative co-design, in so far as it stimulates the generation of solutions. Moreover, virtual reality allows creating new environments to develop users’ skills to project themselves in a near future and then imagine more creative solutions.