Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-29T14:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Franzon Vargas_.pdf: 1272368 bytes, checksum: e54aba5b5967e66d37d008e93f0387e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T14:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Franzon Vargas_.pdf: 1272368 bytes, checksum: e54aba5b5967e66d37d008e93f0387e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A co-criação envolve diferente usuários na busca por desenvolver algo novo. O processo criativo é composto por diversas etapas, englobando desde a geração de ideais até a elaboração do projeto final. Desta forma, o processo de co-criação exige dos indivíduos diversas habilidades que devem ser desenvolvidas no decorrer das etapas, permitindo que estes possam integrar aos processos conhecimentos, compartilhar experiências e desenvolver novas capacidades. O engajamento destaca-se como uma forma de não apenas envolver os indivíduos neste processo, mas sim de fazer com que estes possuam participação ativa e eficiente, possibilitando agregar valor para a organização, para o projeto e para os participantes. A pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os elementos que promovem o engajamento durante as etapas do processo de co-criação. Para a realização da pesquisa foram utilizados workshops que consistem em processos criativos de curta duração, envolvendo a intensa atuação dos participantes nas atividades. Assim, o estudo foi dividido em duas fases para a sua realização: uma fase exploratória e a outra descritiva. A pesquisa qualitativa consistiu na observação de outros workshops e em entrevistas com professores e participantes, para o reconhecimento e percepção do campo. Já a pesquisa quantitativa utilizou um modelo de questionário baseado no estudo de Vivek (2009), que considera diferentes dimensões do engajamento do consumidor relacionadas a produtos, serviços e atividades. Esta etapa da pesquisa buscou analisar a própria experiência dos participantes, com base no engajamento nos processos de co-criação através dos workshops estudados. Ademais, foram coletados relatos dos participantes que pudessem embasar e justificar as dinâmicas vivenciadas. A partir da pesquisa realizada foi constatado que os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos são importantes para o engajamento, possuindo uma relação direta através da influência deste, no contexto da co-criação. Além disso, a definição das atividades é muito importante em um workshop, auxiliando a atuação dos indivíduos e a forma como estes lidam com o tema. Porém, a condução das dinâmicas em um processo criativo é o que faz a diferença, possibilitando promover o engajamento dos participantes durante suas diferentes etapas. A gestão da co-criação torna-se um fator fundamental a ser explorado para auxiliar o desenvolvimento das inovações nas organizações. / The co-creation involves different users to discover new things. The creative process consists on different phases, encompassing from the generation of ideas to the development of the final project. Thus, the co-creation process requires from the individuals abilities to develop during the phases, allowing them to integrate to the processes knowledge, sharing experiences and new capacities. The engagement is relevant not just to involve the individuals in this process, but to enable them to participate actively and in an efficient way, to aggregate value to the organization, to the project and to the participants. This study aims to identify the different elements that influence the engagement during the phases of co-creation process. For this research to be accomplished it was used workshops consisting of short creative processes, involving the intense performance of the participants in the activities. Then, the study has been divided into two stages for its implementation: an exploratory and a descriptive phase. The qualitative research consists in observing other workshops and interviews with teachers and the participants, for the recognition and perception of the study field. The quantitative research has a questionnaire based on the model study from Vivek (2009), which considers different dimensions of consumer engagement related to products, services and activities. This phase of the research aims to examine the experience of the participants, based on engagement in the co-creation process, through the workshops analyzed. In addition, reports were collected from the participants, so that they could be able to support and justify the dynamics experienced. After this process, the survey found that the intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important for the engagement, having a direct relationship through the its influence, in the context of co-creation. Furthermore, the definition of activities is very important in a workshop, assisting the performance of individuals and the way they deal with the subject. However, driving the dynamics in a creative process is what makes the difference, making it possible to promote the engagement of the participants during its different phases. The co-creation management becomes a fundamental factor to explore and to assist the development of innovation in organizations.

Le but de ce doctorat était de comprendre les bases génétiques de la diversification de la pigmentation extra-oculaire chez les embryons des Gerromorphes. La plupart des punaises semi-aquatiques présentent une variabilité de pattern de couleur jaune ou/et rouge dans les pattes et les antennes au stade embryonnaire. La couleur rouge observée dans les appendices étant similaire à celle présente dans les yeux, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les couleurs extra-oculaires pouvaient être produites par la co-option des voies de synthèse des pigments des yeux. Nous avons d'abord déterminé l'histoire évolutive de ce trait à partir de sa présence ou de son absence dans les embryons de 34 espèces. Grâce à l'analyse génétique par interférence ARN et hybridation in situ, nous avons identifié les voies impliquées dans la pigmentation des yeux et des organes extra-oculaires dans l'espèce Limnogonus franciscanus. Nous avons ensuite testé par interférence ARN et hybridation in situ trois gènes de la voie ptéridine dans cinq autres espèces de Gerromorphes présentant des colorations extra-oculaires différentes. Les résultats suggèrent que la même voie a été recrutée une seule fois pour produire la diversité de pattern. De plus, grâce à une analyse chimique par ultra-chromatographie couplée à de la spectrométrie de masse, nous avons identifié que la xanthopterin et l’erythropterin sont les deux pigments responsables de la couleur chez différentes espèces. Nous nous sommes aussi demandé comment le recrutement d'une seule et même voie conservée pouvait produire une telle diversité de pattern. En utilisant la technologie de transcriptomique du RNA-seq, nous avons identifié 167 facteurs de transcription co-exprimés dans les yeux, les antennes et les pattes des embryons de Limnogonus franciscanus. Ces protéines pourraient intervenir dans la régulation des gènes impliqués dans la formation des patterns de couleur embryonnaire. Nous avons initié un crible ARNi de ces facteurs de transcription. En conclusion, la pigmentation des punaises semi-aquatiques au stade embryonnaire est un bon modèle pour comprendre la co-option des voies génétiques et la question sous-jacente de la façon dont une voie conservée pourrait être réglementée pour produire divers phénotypes. / The principal aim of this doctoral thesis was to understand the genetic basis for the diversification of the extra-ocular pigmentation in Gerromorpha embryos. Most of the semi-aquatic bugs develop a variability of yellow or red colours patterns in legs and antennas during the embryonic stage. Since the red colour in appendages was similar to the one present in eyes, we hypothesized that the extra-ocular colours could be produced by the co-option of the eye pigments biosynthesis pathway. First we inferred the evolutionary history of this trait based on its presence or absence in embryos of 34 species. We found that the ancestral state of the trait in Gerromorpha was yellow and that six independent lineages evolved bright red colour, while two lineages lost the colour. Using RNAi and in situ hybridisation on homologous genes from the pteridine and ommochrome biosynthesis pathways, we described the genetic pathway involved in the production of pigments in eyes and extra-ocular tissues in Limnogonus franciscanus embryos. After that, we performed a screening of three genes from this pathway in five other species with different extra-ocular colours and patterns. We discovered that the same pathway was recruited once to produce the diversity of patterns in Gerromorpha. Furthermore, we identified by UPLC-HRMS that xanthopterin and erythropterin pigments produce the variability of colours and patterns in different species. Our next step aimed to understand how the recruitment of a conserved pathway could produce this striking diversity of colour patterns. Using RNA-Seq technology and bioinformatics tools, we identified 167 transcription factors that are co-expressed in eyes, antennas and legs of embryos in Limnogonus franciscanus. These proteins might be involved in the regulation of genes responsible for the different colour patterns. We have started an RNAi screen of these transcription factors. This project is still ongoing but in this thesis I will present the preliminary results and conclusions.In conclusion, the pigmentation of semi-aquatic bugs during the embryonic stage is a good model to understand the co-option of pre-existing genetic pathways and underlying the question of how a conserved pathway could be regulated to produce diverse morphological phenotypes.

Le bâtiment contribue majoritairement aux enjeux de la transition energétique. Pour mieux réduire ses consommations, assurer un meilleur confort, répondre aux exigences environnementales et règlementaires, tout en minimisant le prix total, nous proposons d’outiller la conception (des phases d’esquisse à la phase de conception plus avancées, …) par des solutions offrant une vision globale du bâtiment et permettant de faire des choix optimaux. La conception en bâtiment est caractérisée par de nombreux modèles et outils de simulation experts complémentaires, mais indépendants et hétérogènes. En réponse à cette problématique d’interopérabilité, nous proposons une approche orientée service, basée sur l’Internet, pour couvrir les aspects de modèlisation globale et d’aide à la décision. Nous abordons plus particulièrement les problématiques liées aux stratégies et algorithmes de co-simulation, d’optimisation multi-objectif hybride discret/continu et l’aide à la décision multicritère. Ce travail est réalisé dans le cadre de l’ANR COSIMPHI en partenariat fort avec le CSTB. / The building contributes mostly to the challenges of energy transition. In order to better reduce consumption, ensure better comfort, answer to the environmental and regulatory requirements while minimizing the total price, we propose to equip the design (from the sketch phase to the more advanced design phases, ...) with solutions offering a global view of the building and making optimal choices. Building design is characterized by many complementary models and simulation tools but they are independent and heterogeneous. In response to this problem of interoperability, we propose a service oriented approach, based on the Internet, to cover the aspects of global modeling and decision support. We address in particular the problems related to co-simulation strategies and algorithms, multi-objective discrete hybrid optimization and multicriteria decision support. This work is carried out within the framework of the ANR COSIMPHI in strong partnership with the CSTB.

Le monoxyde de carbone (CO) est présent à l'état de trace dans l'atmosphère, il participe à de nombreuses réactions chimiques qui affectent la composition atmosphérique et le climat. Dans le cadre de cette étude, une méthode expérimentale a été mise au point pour extraire le gaz piégé dans la glace ancienne et analyser sa concentration en CO. L'extraction du gaz par fusion et regel de l'échantillon de glace apparaît comme étant la méthode la mieux adaptée à l'étude du CO contenu dans la glace. Des tests "blanc" réalisés à partir de glace artificielle montrent que cette méthode est efficace (pas de contamination en CO détectable) à condition de nettoyer préalablement la surface de l'échantillon. Il reste à déterminer dans quelle mesure ces observations faites sur la glace artificielle peuvent être extrapolées à la glace naturelle. Il semble que ce soit le cas pour la glace antarctique dont le comportement au cours d'un cycle de fusion-regel est similaire à celui de la glace artificielle. Par contre, le cas de la glace du Groenland paraît plus complexe, car elle semble induire, dans certaines sections de carotte, une contamination supplémentaire liée vraisemblablement à des processus in situ de production de CO. La méthode d'extraction par fusion-regel a été appliquée à un nombre important d'échantillons provenant de carottes antarctiques et groenlandaises. Pour la première fois, une interprétation en terme de signal atmosphérique a pu être apportée pour des échantillons couvrant les deux derniers siècles. Ainsi, l'analyse des carottes Eurocore (Groenland) et D47 (Antarctique) nous a pennis de retracer l'évolution au cours de la période 1850-1950 de la concentration en CO aux hautes latitudes. Une augmentation d'environ 20% des teneurs en CO apparaît, au cours de cette période, dans l'hémisphère nord, en phase avec l'évolution des sources anthropiques de CO telles que la combustion du charbon et la consommation des carburants liquides. Au cours de la période 1850-1916, l'Antarctique se caractérise, en revanche, par une relative stabilité des teneurs en CO qui suggère que les hautes latitudes sud sont restées influencées, pendant au moins la première partie de l'ère industrielle, par la prédominance de sources naturelles de CO. A partir d'un scénario d'évolution des sources, nous avons montré que ces résultats présentent des implications importantes dans la compréhension du cycle atmosphérique du CO. Ils suggèrent en effet que des sources anthropiques de CO doivent déjà être prises en compte pour la période pré-industrielle, ce qui constitue une contrainte importante pour les modèles. En marge de ces résultats, l'étude de la partie basse de la carotte Eurocore suggère la possiblité d'interactions physico-chimiques au sein de la glace pouvant modifier le signal atmosphérique originel. Le profil de concentration en CO, présente en effet dans cette partie de la carotte, une variabilité importante qui ne peut pas être a priori expliquée par la modification des sources et des puits de CO. L'existence de mécanismes d'oxydation de la matière organique contenue dans la glace pourrait être à l'origine des variations observées sur ces niveaux. La similitude du profil de CO avec celui du CO2 dans cette partie de la carotte semble confirmer cette hypothèse.

Ni-Co-Mn-In system is a new type of magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) where the first order structural and magnetic phase transitions overlap. These materials can generate large reversible shape changes due to magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformation, and exhibit magneto-caloric effect and magnetoresistance. Ni-Co-Mn-Sn alloys are inexpensive alternatives of the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys. In both materials, austenite has higher magnetization levels than martensite. Fe-Mn-Ga is another MSMA system, however, whose magnetization trend is opposite to those of the Ni-Co-Mn-X (In-Sn) systems upon phase transformation. The MSMAs have attracted great interest in recent years, and their magnetic and thermo-mechanical properties need to be further investigated. In the present study, the effects of indium concentration, cooling, and annealing on martensitic transformation and magnetic response of single crystalline Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys were investigated. Increasing indium content reduced the martensitic transformation start (Ms) temperature, while increasing temperature hysteresis and saturation magnetization. Increasing annealing temperature led to an increase in the Ms temperature whereas annealing at 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C led to the kinetic arrest of austenite. Cooling after solution heat treatment also notably affected the transformation temperatures and magnetization response. While the transformation temperatures increased in the oil quenched samples compared to those in the water quenched samples, these temperatures decreased in furnace cooled samples due to the kinetic arrest. The possible reasons for the kinetic arrest are: atomic order changes, or precipitate formation. Shape memory and superelastic response, and magnetic field-induced shape recovery behavior of sintered Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 polycrystalline alloys were also examined. The microstructural analysis showed the existence of small pores, which seem to increase the damage tolerance of the sintered polycrystalline samples. The recoverable transformation strain, irrecoverable strain and transformation temperature hysteresis increased with stress upon cooling under stress. Moreover, magnetic-field-induced strain due to the field-induced phase transformation was confirmed to be 0.6% at 319K. Almost perfect superelastic response was obtained at 343K. A magnetic entropy change of 22 J kg-1 K-1 were determined at 219K from magneto-caloric effect measurements which were conducted on annealed Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 ribbons. Magnetic characteristics and martensitic transformation behavior of polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Ga alloys were also examined. Cast alloys at various compositions were undergone homogenization heat treatments. It was verified by magnetization measurements that the alloys heat treated at 1050 degrees C shows martensitic transformation. The heat treatment time was determined to be 1 day or 1 week depending on the compositions.

The study of retail and consumption geographies has become increasingly popular areas of research in the broader discipline of geography over the last decade. Research has covered many aspects of retailing structure and practice, including retailing formats, shopping patterns and consumer identities. However, consumer co-operatives and their members as of yet have not been studied in geography, which is interesting given their considerable presence in the retailing environment. The success of consumer co-operatives in the retailing landscape hinges on the loyalty and economic participation of their members. Their loyalty in the co-operative may in turn be influenced by their identification with the organization. This can pose both challenges and opportunities for co-operatives to succeed in the face of strong retailing competition. <p>This research is thus an attempt to examine the membership identities of co-operative members, and how this influences their consumer behaviour. To this end, self-administered questionnaires were distributed among members and non-members who patronized the Calgary Co-operative Association. They were asked about aspects of the consumer behaviour, shopping preferences, and identification with the co-operative. It was found that overall, members and non-members did not differ in their consumer behaviour. They traveled the same distances, showed the same levels of shopping loyalty at the Co-op, and had the same preferences for the ideal shopping environment. The greater difference however, lay within the membership. When members were disaggregated based on their levels of identification with the Co-op, it was found that members who more highly identified with the Co-op exhibited more loyal shopping behaviour with the Co-op, and those that had a lesser identification with the Co-op exhibited lower shopping loyalty to the Co-op. This has implications for further research on consumer identities with different retailing formats, co-operatives in other areas, and further adds to the growing body of research in geographies of retailing and consumption and co-operative studies.

MHC genes encode proteins that are responsible for the recognition of foreign antigens and the triggering of a subsequent, adequate immune response of the organism. Thus they hold a key position in the immune system of vertebrates. It is believed that the extraordinary genetic diversity of MHC genes is shaped by adaptive selectional processes in response to the reoccurring adaptations of parasites and pathogens. A large number of MHC studies were performed in a wide range of wildlife species aiming to understand the role of immune gene diversity in parasite resistance under natural selection conditions. Methodically, most of this work with very few exceptions has focussed only upon the structural, i.e. sequence diversity of regions responsible for antigen binding and presentation. Most of these studies found evidence that MHC gene variation did indeed underlie adaptive processes and that an individual’s allelic diversity explains parasite and pathogen resistance to a large extent. Nevertheless, our understanding of the effective mechanisms is incomplete. A neglected, but potentially highly relevant component concerns the transcriptional differences of MHC alleles. Indeed, differences in the expression levels MHC alleles and their potential functional importance have remained unstudied. The idea that also transcriptional differences might play an important role relies on the fact that lower MHC gene expression is tantamount with reduced induction of CD4+ T helper cells and thus with a reduced immune response. Hence, I studied the expression of MHC genes and of immune regulative cytokines as additional factors to reveal the functional importance of MHC diversity in two free-ranging rodent species (Delomys sublineatus, Apodemus flavicollis) in association with their gastrointestinal helminths under natural selection conditions. I established the method of relative quantification of mRNA on liver and spleen samples of both species in our laboratory. As there was no available information on nucleic sequences of potential reference genes in both species, PCR primer systems that were established in laboratory mice have to be tested and adapted for both non-model organisms. In the due course, sets of stable reference genes for both species were found and thus the preconditions for reliable measurements of mRNA levels established. For D. sublineatus it could be demonstrated that helminth infection elicits aspects of a typical Th2 immune response. Whereas mRNA levels of the cytokine interleukin Il4 increased with infection intensity by strongyle nematodes neither MHC nor cytokine expression played a significant role in D. sublineatus. For A. flavicollis I found a negative association between the parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and hepatic MHC mRNA levels. As a lower MHC expression entails a lower immune response, this could be evidence for an immune evasive strategy of the nematode, as it has been suggested for many micro-parasites. This implies that H. polygyrus is capable to interfere actively with the MHC transcription. Indeed, this parasite species has long been suspected to be immunosuppressive, e.g. by induction of regulatory T-helper cells that respond with a higher interleukin Il10 and tumor necrosis factor Tgfb production. Both cytokines in turn cause an abated MHC expression. By disabling recognition by the MHC molecule H. polygyrus might be able to prevent an activation of the immune system. Indeed, I found a strong tendency in animals carrying the allele Apfl-DRB*23 to have an increased infection intensity with H. polygyrus. Furthermore, I found positive and negative associations between specific MHC alleles and other helminth species, as well as typical signs of positive selection acting on the nucleic sequences of the MHC. The latter was evident by an elevated rate of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions in the MHC sequences of exon 2 encoding the functionally important antigen binding sites whereas the first and third exons of the MHC DRB gene were highly conserved. In conclusion, the studies in this thesis demonstrate that valid procedures to quantify expression of immune relevant genes are also feasible in non-model wildlife organisms. In addition to structural MHC diversity, also MHC gene expression should be considered to obtain a more complete picture on host-pathogen coevolutionary selection processes. This is especially true if parasites are able to interfere with systemic MHC expression. In this case advantageous or disadvantageous effects of allelic binding motifs are abated. The studies could not define the role of MHC gene expression in antagonistic coevolution as such but the results suggest that it depends strongly on the specific parasite species that is involved. / Die Hauptaufgabe von MHC-kodierten Proteinen ist die Erkennung von körperfremden Molekülen sowie das Einleiten einer adäquaten Immunantwort, womit sie eine Schlüsselrolle im Immunsystem der Wirbeltiere einnehmen. Man nimmt an, dass ihre außergewöhnliche Vielfalt eine Antwort auf die sich ständig anpassenden Parasiten und Krankheitserreger ist, durch adaptive Selektion erhalten wird und dass die individuelle Allelausstattung einen Großteil der Parasitenbelastung erklärt, wofür bereits zahlreiche MHC-Studien Hinweise gefunden haben. Trotzdem ist unser Verständnis über die wirkenden Mechanismen teilweise noch lückenhaft. Ein stark vernachlässigter Aspekt hierbei sind z.B. eventuelle Unterschiede in der Genexpression der MHC-Allele und eine geringere Expression wäre gleichbedeutend mit einer geringeren Aktivierung des Immunsystems. Ich habe hierzu zwei frei lebende Kleinsäugerarten (Delomys sublineatus, Apodemus flavicollis) unter natürlichen Selektionsbedingungen untersucht. Dabei habe ich neben der genotypischen Diversität von MHC-Genen auch deren Expression, sowie die Genexpression immunregulativer Zytokine mit in Betracht gezogen und in Relation zur individuellen Belastung mit gastrointestinalen Helminthen gesetzt. Anhand von Leber und Milzproben beider Arten habe ich die Methode der ‚real-time PCR‘ zur relativen Quantifizierung von mRNA im Labor etabliert. Bereits für die Labormaus etablierte PCR-Primersysteme wurden an beiden Arten getestet und so konnten stabile Referenzgene gefunden werden, die Grundvoraussetzung für zuverlässige Genexpressionsmessungen. Für D. sublineatus konnte gezeigt werden, dass Helminthenbefall eine typische Th2 Immunantwort induziert, und dass der Zytokin Il4 Gehalt mit Befallsintensität strongyler Nematoden zunimmt. Es wurde für D. sublineatus kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen MHC Expression oder anderen Zytokinen mit Helminthenbefall gefunden. In A. flavicollis wurde ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen haptischer MHC-Expression und dem parasitären Nematoden Heligmosomoides polygyrus festgestellt, was auf eine Immunvermeidungsstrategie des Nematoden hindeutet. Ich fand typische positive und negative Assoziationen zwischen MHC-Allelen und anderen Helminthenarten, sowie Zeichen eines positiven Selektionsdruckes auf den MHC-Sequenzen, was sich durch eine erhöhte Rate aminosäureverändernder Mutationen zeigte. Diese nicht-synonymen Veränderungen waren auf Positionen innerhalb des zweiten Exons des DRB-Genes beschränkt, wohingegen die untersuchten Bereiche des ersten und dritten Exons stark konserviert vorlagen. Diese variablen Positionen kodieren Schlüsselstellen im Bereich der Antigenbindungsstelle im MHC Molekül. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass Genexpressionsstudien auch an Wildtieren durchgeführt und verlässliche Daten erzeugt werden können. Zusätzlich zur strukturellen Vielfalt sollten zukünftig auch mögliche Genexpressionsunterschiede bei MHC-Studien berücksichtigt werden, um ein kompletteres Bild der koevolutiven Wirt-Parasiten-Beziehungen zeichnen zu können. Dies ist vor allem dann von evolutiver Bedeutung, wenn die Parasiten in der Lage sind die MHC Expression aktiv zu beeinflussen. Die Studien konnten nicht die exakte Bedeutung von MHC-Genexpression in der antagonistischen Koevolution definieren, aber sie konnten zeigen dass diese Bedeutung stark von den jeweils beteiligten Partnern abzuhängen vermag.

This dissertation explores the particular evolution of an organization, the Mondragon Co-operative Corporation, to shed light on the co-operative development process, and compares some of its complexities to the Manitoba co-operative sector. This study uses historical, political, and socio-economic research, institutional analysis, policy and legal analysis, and semi-structured interviews to better understand the co-operative development process from a critical and interdisciplinary perspective. This study uncovers the importance of institutional frameworks in understanding the development of the Mondragon group. By analyzing its well-known development story through this critical and interdisciplinary lens, this dissertation helps rethink the assumptions of much of the literature on co-operative and policy development that often overlooks the study of this phenomenon. Co-operative development factors and strategies widely discussed in the literature often fail to analyze the invisible cultural assumptions that underpin and help determine the development process. By studying the extent to which Mondragon's development is deeply embedded in and shaped by its cultural, legal, and institutional contradictions, this dissertation aims to rethink the co-operative development phenomenon. This study finds that institutional frameworks are crucial to understand co-operative development choices and strategies. The contradictions and complexities of institutional frameworks create room to counter the status quo. The study of the Mondragon group tells us that co-operatives can unknowingly reproduce contradictions while challenging the dominant logic to seek change. The influence of institutional contradictions and complexities is highly important to make sense of co-operative development behaviours as well as to understand how institutions change in society. This study concludes with a comparison of the Manitoba co-operative experience in the light of the Mondragon case, and offers concluding thoughts and recommendations for the Manitoba co-operative sector.

The study of retail and consumption geographies has become increasingly popular areas of research in the broader discipline of geography over the last decade. Research has covered many aspects of retailing structure and practice, including retailing formats, shopping patterns and consumer identities. However, consumer co-operatives and their members as of yet have not been studied in geography, which is interesting given their considerable presence in the retailing environment. The success of consumer co-operatives in the retailing landscape hinges on the loyalty and economic participation of their members. Their loyalty in the co-operative may in turn be influenced by their identification with the organization. This can pose both challenges and opportunities for co-operatives to succeed in the face of strong retailing competition. <p>This research is thus an attempt to examine the membership identities of co-operative members, and how this influences their consumer behaviour. To this end, self-administered questionnaires were distributed among members and non-members who patronized the Calgary Co-operative Association. They were asked about aspects of the consumer behaviour, shopping preferences, and identification with the co-operative. It was found that overall, members and non-members did not differ in their consumer behaviour. They traveled the same distances, showed the same levels of shopping loyalty at the Co-op, and had the same preferences for the ideal shopping environment. The greater difference however, lay within the membership. When members were disaggregated based on their levels of identification with the Co-op, it was found that members who more highly identified with the Co-op exhibited more loyal shopping behaviour with the Co-op, and those that had a lesser identification with the Co-op exhibited lower shopping loyalty to the Co-op. This has implications for further research on consumer identities with different retailing formats, co-operatives in other areas, and further adds to the growing body of research in geographies of retailing and consumption and co-operative studies.

Syfte: 1. Att redogöra bakgrunden till varför praktiska utbildningar behövs, och varför det satsas på en sådan utbildningsfilosofi. 2. Att granska två koncept med två tillhörande program för att påvisa viktiga likheter och skillnader, genom utbildningsplaner, intervjuer och enkäter. 3. Att ta reda på vad meningen med de två koncepten är, med hänsyn till vad respondenterna säger och med mina egna tankar och åsikter. Metod: En kvalitativ undersökning bestående av intervjuer och enkätundersökningar kombinerad med vissa kvantitativa delar i enkätundersökningen. Teoretiska perspektiv: Kommunikation, lärande, teoretiskt lärande, praktiskt lärande. Empiri och analys: Meningen med utbildningskoncepten har diskuterats fram med hjälp av egna åsikter och med hjälp av svar från enkäter, personliga intervjuer och ifrån övriga respondenter. Slutsatser: Det finns flera meningar med båda utbildningskoncepten och deras respektive utvalda utbildningar. För en KY-student kan det vara att få en skräddarsydd utbildning, och för en co-op student kan det vara möjligheten till betalda arbetsperioder.