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Hybridledarskapets bidrag till medarbetarnas engagemang / Hybrid leadership's contribution to employee engagementJönsson, Carina, Hakopian, Katrin January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund och problem Den pågående globaliseringen och digitaliseringen bidrar till en förändrad kontext för många organisationer och dess arbetsformer. Utvecklingen sker snabbt och utmaningen är för många organisationer de mjuka värdena såsom ledarskap, relationer, kommunikation, kultur och engagemang. Nya tekniska lösningar möjliggör för ständig nåbarhet, vilket öppnar upp för att arbeta var som helst och när som helst. Steget från en traditionell- till en hybrid arbetsplats inbegriper såväl ledarskap som medarbetarskap där organisationens arbetssätt, roller och kommunikationsvägar kan komma att utvecklas beroende på vilken organisationskultur som råder. Hybridarbetsplas och hybridledarskap medför olika utmaningar för medarbetarna, vilka de behöver kunna hantera självständigt utan ledarens ständiga närvaro och vägledning. Utmaningarna består bland annat i att medarbetarna behöver få de kompetenser, ansvar och befogenheter så att de skall kunna utvecklas till självgående och initiativtagande individer. Ett väl utvecklat medarbetarskap innebär att medarbetarna anser att arbetsuppgifterna är meningsfulla, vilket kan leda till medarbetarnas engagemang. Syfte och metod Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera hur hybridledarskap kan bidra till medarbetarnas engagemang, detta för att erhålla fördjupad kunskap. Baserat på studiens syfte används en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Studien är genomförd på en organisation som arbetar med folkbildning inom den ideella sektorn i Sverige. Slutsats Studien visar på att det finns tydliga indikationer på att hybridledarskap kan bidra till medarbetarnas engagemang genom att skapa förutsättningar för ett fungerande medarbetarskap. Föreliggande studie visade på fyra teman med tillhörande faktorer som bidrar till medarbetarnas engagemang; kommunikation och tillgänglighet (digitala verktyg, lyhördhet och närvarande, flexibilitet och transparens), förväntningar på prestation (trygghet i arbetsroller, tydliga förväntningar, kontinuerlig uppföljning), självständighet (tydliga roller och ansvar, kunskap och kompetens, samverkan) och meningsfulla arbetsuppgifter (värderingar, delaktighet och göra skillnad). / Background and problem The ongoing globalization and digitalization contribute to a changed context for many organizations and their working methods. This development changes rapidly and the challenge for many organizations is often the soft values such as leadership, relationships, communication, culture, and commitment. New technical solutions enable constant accessibility, which opens up for working anywhere and anytime. Mowing from a traditional workplace to a hybrid workplace includes both leadership and employees, where the organization's working methods, roles, and communication paths may be developed depending on the organizational culture. Hybrid workplaces and hybrid leadership pose various challenges for employees, which they need to be able to handle independently without the leader's constant presence and guidance. These challenges include the fact that employees need to give the skills, responsibilities, and powers so that they can develop into independent and initiative-taking individuals. A well-developed co-operation means that the employees consider the tasks to be meaningful, which can lead to employee engagement. Purpose and method The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze how hybrid leadership can contribute to 2employee engagement, in order to obtain in-depth knowledge. Based on the purpose of the study, a qualitative method is used with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The study was conducted at an organization that works with public education in the non-profit sector in Sweden. Conclusion The study shows that there are clear indications that hybrid leadership can contribute to employee engagement by creating the conditions for a functioning employeeship. The present study identified four themes and associated factors that contribute to employee engagement; communication and accessibility (digital tools, responsiveness and presence, flexibility and transparency), expectations for performance (confident in job, clear expectations, continuous follow-up), independence (clear roles and responsibilities, knowledge and skills, collaboration) and meaningful tasks (values, participation and make a difference).
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Achieving aid effectiveness through results-based management: : A chimera?Nytting, Erika January 2022 (has links)
New Public Management has been the prevailing governance model in public sector administration since the late 1980s. In 2005, OECD-DAC member states adopted the resultsbased management model ‘Paris Agenda for Aid Effectiveness’, building on new public management theory and values. The aim was to achieve more effective aid by coordinatingand harmonising donor efforts, aligning development interventions and funding, supporting national ownership and propelling a result- and accountability culture by demonstrating achievements.Despite its worthy ambitions the Aid Effectiveness Agenda has paradoxically failed todeliver on its own outcomes. The results-based management framework underpinning theagenda has proven to be highly complex in methodology, interpretation and application. The framework is laborious and burdensome, diverting time from ‘ordinary’ work and risking a bureaucratization of the development aid sector. The ‘measurement fever’ has grippeddonors and agencies alike, and is now mainly driven by donors’ domestic accountability concerns, rather than the real needs of developing countries. More alarmingly, it has not onlyhad numerous unintended consequences but also outright adverse effects. This in turnen dangers long-term human development.This study sets out to explore to what extent the results-based management framework, based on new public management theory, has been a suitable management model to achieve aid effectiveness in the development aid sector. It departs from the governance theories of Denhardt and Denhardt (2000) and assesses whether New Public Service couldbe a fitting alternative governance model. The study utilizes the realist review methodology,specifically the CMO-configuration, in order to explore how context and mechanisms interact and how this affects the outcome. This study has through its aggregative and configurativeambition explored 26 scholarly articles in the time frame of 2011 to 2021 in order to draw conclusions.The review has found that the results-based management framework does not support the underlying theory of change that is imperative to achieve the Aid Effectiveness Agenda.Contextual factors are found to impede implementation, although due to being under research edit is difficult to determine to what extent. Further, none of the five mechanisms ofthe Paris Declaration can neither fully nor partially be said to contribute to ‘aid effectiveness’as defined in the Aid Effectiveness Agenda. Rather, the review has found that the literatureall point to numerous adverse effects of its implementation.This study concludes that the New Public Service governance model, at least intheory, could prove to be a more suitable management model for the development aidsector. Since the sector is neither linear nor predictable as the business sector for whichthe framework was developed, it is not surprising that adverse effects abound. Especiallysince the development aid sector is highly complex with a multitude of actors, politicalincentives and not least challenging implementational environments. In contrast, New Public Service places the citizen at the centre and aspire at buildingdemocratic citizenship and community through citizen participation and dialogue. Such analternative governance model built on democratic theory and participative epistemologyhas the potential to democratize governance practices by replacing the vertical top-downprincipal-agent dynamics of new public management with more horizontal forms of citizeninvolvement, co-determination and mutual accountability. New Public Service stresses the‘serving not steering’ aspect of governance, which would open up for a more authenticdiscourse of recipients owning development in their own society and setting the direction.No systematic review has previously been carried out to assess governance models inrelation to achieving the Aid Effectiveness Agenda. In fact, there is very little research onwhat has worked or not regarding the agenda. This thesis sets out to fill this gap and tocontribute to the discussion of governance models on a theoretical level. It is also anempirical contribution to applied development management regarding insights about whatcontexts and mechanisms affect aid effectiveness.
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Evaluation of the Innopac Library system in selected consortia and libraries in the southern African region : implications for the Lesotho Library consortiumTaole, Nthabiseng 08 April 2009 (has links)
Resource sharing is considered to be one of the most important pillars of library service, because no single library can meet all the needs of its users. Libraries have always cooperated to meet the increasing demands of users by sharing their resources. In the past few decades, the need to establish library consortia emerged more strongly as libraries began to take advantage of technology to improve access to information and service delivery. There has been a notable increase in the formation of library consortia on the African continent. South Africa has taken the lead both in the amount of established consortia and the number of member libraries within them. This development accompanied the implementation of common library systems in consortia, where a single system is adopted by all member libraries. In the Southern African region, the library system called INNOPAC/Millennium Pac has already been adopted by consortia and libraries in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The recently-established Lesotho Library Consortium (LELICO) also recognized the need for a comprehensive investigation to identify a common system that will effectively meet the needs of its member libraries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the successes and limitations of the INNOPAC library system operating in consortia and libraries in the Southern African region, in order to assess its suitability for LELICO. The study focused on two South African consortia (The Gauteng and Environs Library Consortium – GAELIC, and The Free State Library and Information Consortium - FRELICO), two university libraries (Namibia and Zimbabwe) and one agricultural college library (Botswana) in the Southern African region that use the system. A special emphasis was the criteria of assessment that would apply to a small, multi-type consortium in a developing country like Lesotho. Data was collected through a literature search, questionnaires, interviews, site visits, and analysis of policy and institutional documents. The target groups of the study were the library managers, system managers, and library professionals of selected GAELIC and FRELICO libraries, and the system managers of the three selected libraries in the region. The study found that the INNOPAC library system is performing satisfactorily in the chosen consortia and libraries, and that it has a positive impact on them. It performed to a high standard in all the key areas, and this may be attributed to keeping abreast of the latest developments in the library world, and offering a range of services that meet the needs of libraries. The study found further that the INNOPAC library system contributed towards increased productivity, improved customer services, and better decision making in the two consortia. However, direct access to members’ holdings was restricted by a decentralized server model adopted by these consortia. This and other lessons shaped a proposal for the implementation and management of the INNOPAC library system in LELICO. A proposed model recommends a central server as a more cost-effective management solution. The model also explains the mode of operation by member libraries and the coordinated structures that would implement and manage the INNOPAC library system, adapted to the specific requirements of a small, multi-type consortium in a developing country like Lesotho. Given its successful performance in consortia and libraries across Southern African countries, the study recommends further research into the advantages and challenges of INNOPAC for wider regional library cooperation. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Information Science / unrestricted
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Att undvika väpnade konflikter : En kvalitativ studie av EU och OSSE:s konfliktförebyggande åtgärder iUkrainakonfliktenEnglundh, Jessica January 2022 (has links)
Since the second world war multiple organizations have fought for world peace and stability. Regardless of organizations and world leaders attempts to avoid a large-scale armed conflict, in February 2022 the tense situation in Ukraine evolved to an armed conflict, when Russia launched a military offensive. This paper aims to examine two organizations, the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE), conflict preventive actions regarding the conflict in Ukraine. The theory regarding conflict preventive actions takes stand from the organization Carnegie and their report on the subject. Results of the analysis reveal that both organizations use measures from Carnegie’s theory about conflict prevention. The organizations show two different centers of gravity regarding the measures, where none of them uses all the seven measures from the theory. EU´s shows a center of gravity on the preventive diplomacy and economic action. Whereas OSCE’s center of gravity are political-institutional actions, early warning and early actions. Conclusions can be drawn from the different type of organizations and their possibilities to use different measures. This also shows the need for involvement of multiple organizations in conflict prevention, to be able to manage all measures. / <p>2022-05-25</p>
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Assessment Of Corporate Governance Practices In Jordan: An Empirical InvestigationHendawi, Raed Diab Moh’d January 2013 (has links)
Corporate Governance (CG) nowadays is on the agenda of most developed and developing countries, including Jordan, and is receiving considerable attention in the business world as well as in the area of academic research, which is an indication of its importance for business development and society as a whole. The knowledge base about CG in developing countries appears to be limited, but it is growing in size and importance. This study therefore aims to investigate current CG practices and barriers to the development of good CG practices in firms. In order to accomplish the research objectives, a mixed research methodology was adopted. The findings of the study contribute to knowledge by providing empirical data to test and extend the theory of CG. The results suggest that most big and old firms are applying best practice of good CG. Regarding factors inhibiting the practice of effective CG, the results indicate that weakness of the legal environment for firms and lack of knowledge of BODs about CG principles are the most important factors. The empirical results find that constitution, compliance and conscience will affect firm’s performance positively. Separation between the position of CEO and Chairman, the existence of independent NEDs, the use of board subcommittees and a strong disclosure regime also help firms to improve performance. On the basis of the empirical results, the study recommends that the government needs to reform the relevant legislation. These suggestions may strengthen the internal governance of firms, thereby increasing performance and maximise shareholders’ wealth.
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Economic Inequality and Democratic Representative Institutions Across Western Industrialized DemocraciesPlungis, Donald 01 January 2014 (has links)
This study examines the effects of political representation on economic inequality across western industrialized democracies. I explore an explanation of increases in economic inequality as a consequence of less representative democratic institutions. Explaining economic inequality in this manner is a shift from to the Transatlantic Consensus that attributes increased economic inequality to globalization. I expect to find that more representative electoral and governments institutions will be associated with lower levels of economic inequality. The analysis takes place across twenty-three countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the past forty years using a cross-sectional longitudinal model. Variables used to operationalize the level of representation of democratic institutions include a novel variable of the representative ratio, the effective number of parties, an index of institutional constraints, presidential system, single member districts, and judicial review. Voter turnout, the percentage of seats held by women, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, and the size of the industrial sector are used as control variables. The findings support the main hypothesis: as political representation increases, economic inequality decreases.
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An examination of the intellectual property regimes in the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) states and a series of recommendations to develop an integrated approach to intellectual property rightsNaim, Nadia January 2015 (has links)
This thesis aims to examine the intellectual property regimes in the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) states and assess the relationships between legislation, enforcement mechanisms and sharia law. The GCC states, currently Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar, all have varied mechanisms in place for both the implementation and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The thesis pays close attention to the evolution of intellectual property laws and regulations in the GCC states with particular interest directed towards the development of national intellectual property laws within the GCC states from the 1970’s onwards1.
Intellectual property protection in the GCC states is considered from two perspectives. The first perspective addresses the international demand for higher standards of intellectual property protection in the GCC states. The second perspective defines intellectual property within the laws of Islam and explores the relationship between Islam and intellectual property. The latter part analyses religious influence, societal and cultural norms, economic reality and the developmental stage of each GCC state. It is an important area of study as developing Muslim countries are struggling with meeting international standards and a successful integrated framework will impact not only on GCC states but other Islamic states and as a result could potentially lead to more informed negotiation in trade agreements with developed states. The research argues there are systematic flaws in the GCC states adopting intellectual property laws which are in essence a procrustean modification of foreign laws which have developed from colonial occupation or laws taken from donor countries. The GCC legal systems of the states have evolved utilising different sets of legal principles and therefore it could be argued the foreign laws that have been adopted are somewhat unsuitable for the GCC states.
The research has focused on the implications of the national and international legislative regimes on the protection of intellectual property rights on the GCC states. Consideration is given to compliance, mainly how compliant the GCC is to its World Trade Organisation (WTO) membership and Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP’s) Agreement and to what extent the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) influence the intellectual property protection regimes in the GCC. The research has examined the development of the GCC in three distinct stages; pre-TRIPS, TRIPS compliance stage and TRIPS plus.
Furthermore, the thesis argues that the somewhat simplistic formula of the GCC states passing a large number of intellectual property laws to appease the EU and US does not have the significant economic impact on the GCC economy as the international agreements would suggest. Not all trade is intellectual property related and not all foreign direct investment is contingent upon intellectual property protection. However, as the GCC states are largely oil dependent, they do need to diversify their trade and as such an intellectual property protection model that accounts for international intellectual property law and the bespoke cultural and religious views amongst GCC citizens can produce tangible results for both the GCC and its trading partners. What sets the research apart from previous research is two-fold. Firstly, the research is qualitative and has scratched beneath the surface of intellectual property law in the GCC and examined in detail the Islamic law principles that have been used to justify sharia compliance, the western perspective on international intellectual property and the impact of multilateral trade agreements. Secondly, the analysis of Islamic finance and the application of successful sharia compliant models in Islamic finance to intellectual property is innovative as it acts as a springboard to creating a modified sharia compliant intellectual property protection model. Finally, the thesis will conclude by making a series of recommendations to develop an integrated approach to intellectual property rights which takes into account; the structure of the GCC states, international agreements and pressures, the international institutions, Islamic finance and both societal and religious views.
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Putting Children First - Background ReportStohl, R., Powell, S. January 2001 (has links)
yes / The purpose of this paper is to identify how the presence, proliferation, and misuse of small arms
and light weapons (SALW) negatively impact children in conflict and post-conflict societies. It
examines the impact of these weapons on children's well-being, rights and development,
drawing on primary research in Cambodia, Mozambique, and Colombia. It was prepared in the
context of the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its
Aspects in July 2001 and the UN Special Session on Children. Both are key opportunities to
examine fully the impact of SALW on children at the international level and to agree global action
to prevent and reduce the spread and misuse of the weapons that endanger the safety and
undermine the potential of children.
While UN agencies, international governmental organisations, human rights and development
organisations have documented abuses committed against children, to date there has been no
systematic analysis of the numerous ways in which SALW negatively affect the lives of children
in conflict and post-conflict situations, let alone in societies at peace. However, the information
that has been collected paints a terrible picture of devastation wrought by SALW. The use of
small arms by and against children has both direct effects, which include death and injury,
human rights abuses, displacement and psychosocial trauma, and indirect effects, which include
insecurity, loss of health care, education and opportunities. These direct and indirect effects have
both short and long-term impacts on the well-being, rights and development of children. This
paper highlights these direct and indirect costs by drawing on the personal testimonies of youth
affected by small arms in Cambodia, Mozambique, and Colombia - countries that have felt the
devastating impacts of small arms and are currently at different phases of the recovery process. It is often extremely difficult to separate the impact of conflict from the impact of small arms on
children but the human suffering caused by small arms is ultimately immeasurable. Indeed, the
United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, has called small arms 'weapons of mass
destruction' . These weapons often prolong and deepen the consequences of war and also
impede post-conflict resolution and reconstruction. If many small arms remain behind after a
conflict ends, they can promote insecurity, which in the extreme, may result in a return to conflict.
Even in societies at peace, the presence of SALW can fuel crime and violence, and they can
also be used by security forces for the facilitation of human rights violations against the civilian
population. These weapons have several characteristics that make them ideal for contemporary
conflicts and, in particular, the targeting and use of children in war. Many are so lightweight and
simple that a child as young as eight can operate and repair them without difficulty. Equally, they
can last over 40 years, meaning they can be exported from conflict to conflict through porous
borders and lax national, regional, and international controls.
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Putting Children First: Building a Framework for International Action to Address the Impact of Small Arms on ChildrenStohl, R. January 2001 (has links)
Yes / Small arms and light weapons (SALW) are recognised as increasing the lethality, duration and
intensity of conflict with the effects of these weapons lasting for many years. The negative
impacts of SALW are often greatest for the most vulnerable groups, including children. There
is widespread international recognition of the negative effects of small arms on children, but
efforts to control small arms and those to protect children have rarely been linked.
The United Nations 2001 Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in
All Its Aspects and the UN Special Session on Children provide unique opportunities to
examine the complex issues surrounding small arms and their impact on children, in particular,
how the presence, proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons affect the
lives of children.
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Implementing the UN Action Programme for Combating the Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.Clegg, E., Crowley, Michael J.A., Greene, Owen J., Meek, S., Powell, S. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Historically, UN conferences have been criticised for resulting more in compromises than in
commitments to real change, which is also a charge that has been levelled against the UN
Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN Small
Arms Conference). The consensus-based approach adopted throughout the negotiations had
the advantage of binding all participating States to all aspects of the agreed Programme of
Action (PoA), but it also ensured that it would be difficult to achieve a sufficiently rigorous and
comprehensive agreement on all of the measures required to tackle the trafficking,
proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Therefore, in spite of the
efforts of many governments and NGOs, the UN Small Arms Conference did not agree
sufficiently robust agreements in several areas. Nonetheless, it was a valuable and productive
process. The resulting PoA includes a reasonably comprehensive set of key principles and
commitments, which provide a basis for taking forward action at national, regional and global
levels. The PoAwas agreed by all of the participating States, amounting to more than 100,
and each are politically bound to adopt and implement it.
Given that the UN Small Arms Conference was the first of its kind, its achievement in
generating political will and momentum for efforts to control SALW is important. Although
many of the commitments are weaker and less comprehensive than hoped for by many
governments and organisations, it is significant that the PoAcontains at least some important
commitments in all but two of the `core¿ issue areas raised by States. The two exceptions
relate to transfers to non-State actors and to civilian trade, possession and use of SALW,
restrictions which were strongly opposed by the USA. Equally, human rights related issues
were noteworthy by their absence in the PoA.
Whilst the process of reaching agreement began with a far-reaching draft PoA in December
2000 (A/Conf.192/L.4), most of the comments that were tabled on this text during the second
Preparatory Committee in January 2001 came from countries that sought to weaken its
commitments. The subsequent draft (A/Conf.192/L.4/Rev.1) was therefore weaker, with the
result that progressive States faced an uphill task in seeking to strengthen its provisions.
The next draft PoA emerged at the UN Small Arms Conference itself in the form of a third draft
(A/Conf.192/L.5). Although still limited in a number of key areas ¿ such as export criteria and
transparency ¿ this document went further than L.4/Rev.1 in a number of respects and included
specific international commitments, including on brokering and tracing lines of supply. This,
however, proved too ambitious an agenda for a small group of States and in the end the document
that was adopted by consensus (A/Conf.192/L.5/Rev.1) represented a lower-level compromise.
Despite the difficulties of agreeing the consensus-based PoA, the process culminating in the
agreement was perhaps as important as the agreement itself. UN Small Arms Conference
represented the first time that all UN Member States had met to discuss the illicit trade in SALW
in all its aspects with a view to agreeing a comprehensive set of measures to address the
problem. Although many of the commitments contained in the PoAare couched in equivocal
language that will allow States to do as much or as little as they like, it is clear that the UN Small
Arms Conference has contributed to a much better understanding, amongst all stakeholders, of
the nature of the illicit trade in SALW and of the particular concerns and priorities of different
countries and sub-regions. It is also clear that although the Programme of Action provides a set
of minimum standards and commitments which all states should adopt, it also encourages
further action from all States willing to adopt more stringent commitments and stronger
programmes. There is a willingness among a number of States to build upon the PoAand take
more concrete and far-reaching measures at national, sub-regional, regional and international
levels, such as specific arrangements for tracing co-operation, or mechanisms to co-ordinate
e fforts to improve stockpile security or weapons destruction. This briefing provides a critical assessment of key provisions in the UN Small Arms
Conference PoA. Section 1 measures the overall outcomes of the conference against those
that the Biting the Bullet (BtB) project proposed as optimal conclusions, and suggests ways to
put the commitments contained in the PoA into practice. Section 2 assesses the
implementation and follow-up commitments contained in the PoA, and identifies ways of
promoting the implementation of Sections III and IV, as well as options for making the most of
the Biennial Meetings of States and the Review Conference in 2006. Section 3 examines
funding and resourcing possibilities for the PoA including identifying needs, mobilising
resources and matching needs with resources. The final section of the briefing focuses on the
way forward, and in particular on how implementation of the PoA could build on existing
regional initiatives and develop common international approaches to controlling SALW
proliferation, availability and misuse. It also examines how action to prevent and combat the
illicit trade in SALW in all its aspects can be taken forward at sub-regional and regional levels
in conjunction with all major stakeholders, including civil society, in the period leading up to
the first Review Conference.
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