Background: Using telemedicine to provide health services for seafarers represents a special case of intersectoral co-operation.Since 2006, several North Sea drilling platforms and internationally operating Norwegian merchant ships have usedonboard telemedicine equipment continuously. Experience gained through this new technology has improvedintersectoral co-operation regarding seafarers’ health care. Aim: This study aimed to analyze the need for intersectoral co-operation and networking in maritime medicine by usingtelemedicine equipment at sea. Various Norwegian maritime organizations and institutions participated in the study. Methods: I conducted a qualitative descriptive survey using a Web-organized interactive interview technique, a new mode ofinteraction based on a semi-structured interview guide for data collection. After conducting exploratory personalinterviews in October 2006, I developed a Web-based questionnaire comprising 53 questions. Participants receivedan e-mail invitation containing an online link to an Internet-based questionnaire. Individuals unable to use the Webbasedlink could return the completed questionnaire as an e-mail attachment. I collected data between April and June2007 and evaluated some questions according to the principles of content analysis and others with simple quantitative analysis, e.g., frequency and distribution. Results: Among 33 persons contacted, 31 (94%) agreed to participate in the study. Respondents represented 11 variousmaritime organizations and companies. Fourteen worked as maritime officers, nine as maritime managers, and eightas medical professionals. Importantly, fourteen respondents (45%) had demonstrated practical working experiencewith telemedicine at sea. According to content analysis, the following categories were developed: communicationandevidence-based telemedicine; maritime e-health standardization and knowledge management; improvingtelemedicine quality management; organizational, technical, and medical competences and intersectoral approach;technical standardization and networking; and communication and information. Four main categories illuminated theparticipants’ demands, i.e., information, communication, standardization, and centralization, and led to thedevelopment of national e-health policy and strategy to support the Norwegian maritime e-health society vianetworking and intersectoral co-operation. Conclusions: Intersectoral co-operation in maritime telemedicine requires interorganizational networking in order to introduceeffective and compatible international maritime e-health standards for seafarers’ healthcare. The Norwegian Centrefor Maritime Medicine (NCMM), a Centre of Excellence in maritime medical research, will participate importantlyin this process. The study also showed that a Web-based survey in maritime research offers an easily managedresearch tool that quickly yields a very good overview of a special situation. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-50-4</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social services and the police co-operate with each other when they come into contact with an individual within their realms of influence. It has been shown in a report by Fridolf (2008) that co-operation is not the aim itself but used as a mean to reach for better processes and better results. We have used qualitative interviews in the study, where three social workers and three policemen have participated from the same municipality to answer our questions. To analyze our result we have used system theory and organization theory. The result of our study shows that within this specific municipality the two agencies co-operate very well. The main reasons why are that co-operation has been going on for a long time and that because of this they have been able to build up a good strategy that works well. Another reason is the fact that this very municipality is relatively small, which in its turn leads to closeness to each other which makes it easy to get in contact and to be aware of who the others involved are. However, this very co-operation can sometimes cause friction, because of the fact that the police and the social services do not always get the same picture of the youth that they are working with. This is because both agencies get to see the youth in different circumstances. The police see the youth from the perspective of being a perpetrator and the social services see the youth from the perspective of needing help. This is something that from both sides can be looked upon as being unfavorable in certain circumstances which could also in other words cause a friction in the co-operation. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur organisationerna socialtjänsten och polisen samarbetar. Det har visat sig, precis som Fridolf (2001) påstår i sin rapport, att samarbete inte är målet i sig utan en resurs för att skapa en bättre process och ett bättre resultat. Vi använde oss av kvalitativ metod för att utföra vår studie. Vi utförde därmed kvalitativa intervjuer där tre socialtjänstarbetare och tre poliser har deltagit från samma kommun för att svara på våra frågor. För att analysera vårt resultat har vi använt oss av systemteori och organisationsteori. Fungerar inte arbetet mellan de båda organisationerna kan detta bli förödande för individen. Resultatet av vår studie visar att inom denna specifika kommun fungerar samarbetet mycket bra. De skäl som nämns är att samarbetet har pågått under en lång tid och att man därför har lyckats bygga upp en god strategi som fungerar väl. Andra skäl som nämns är att just denna kommun är förhållandevis liten, vilket i sin tur leder till att närheten till varandra gör att man lätt kan få kontakt och att man vet vilka alla de som är involverade är. Det som kan ses som negativt i samarbetet och som ibland kan skapa friktion mellan dem, är det faktum att polisen och socialtjänsten inte alltid får samma bild av ungdomen de arbetar gemensamt med. Detta eftersom de båda aktörerna oftast får se ungdomen i olika sammanhang. Polisen ser ungdomen från perspektivet förövare och socialtjänst ser ungdomen från perspektivet hjälpbehövande. I och med detta bemöter de olika aktörerna ungdomen på olika sätt. Detta är något som från båda håll kan ses som ofördelaktigt i vissa tillfällen vilket med andra ord kan skapa friktion i samarbetet.

A rápida mudança do ambiente industrial está forçando as indústrias a aumentarem sua competitividade através do investimento nas tecnologias e inovação. Ao mesmo tempo, o desenvolvimento acelerado da tecnologia de ponta acha-se relacionado fortemente à cooperação universidade-empresa. A transferência de tecnologia tem sido considerada, em vários estudos sobre o assunto, como uma das mais eficazes modalidades para reverter o presente atraso tecnológico da indústria. Entretanto, existem muitos fatores inibindo a transferência de tecnologia. Na verdade, em poucas ocasiões as universidades tem estabelecido mecanismos e instrumentos capazes de gerar na economia os impactos esperados a partir da pesquisa. Este trabalho, tem a intenção de mostrar alguns aspectos sobre a transferência de tecnologia universidade-empresa. Contribuindo, deste modo, para o entendimento das barreiras e dos fatores de sucesso inerentes à transferência de tecnologia e propõe ações e mecanismos para tornar mais eficiente e dinâmica essa relação. / The rapidly changing global industrial environment is forcing companies the improve their competitiveness through investment in technologies and in innovation. On of the ways to accelerate the development of high technologies begins with the cooperations university-industry. The technology transfer, have been considered, in severaI studies on the subject, as one of the most effective modalities to revert the present backward technological state of industry. However, there are many factors inhibiting the technology transfer. In fact, in a few occasions have the universities established mechanisms and instruments to generate the economic impacts expected from the research. This paper intend showing some aspects about the technology transfer university-industry. Thus contributing to the understand of the barriers and of the successful factors inherent in technology transfer and propose actions and mechanisms more dynamic and efficient this relationship.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é descrever e analisar tipos evolucionários de sistemas locais de produção que podem ser levados em conta por atores sociais tanto para a elaboração de estratégias como na execução de práticas socioambientais. As aglomerações produtivas têm sido objeto de análises e de políticas públicas nas últimas décadas graças à ocorrência de diversas experiências de sucesso em termos de desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas participantes de tais formas de interação extramercado. Ao mesmo tempo, restrições socioambientais crescentes fazem com que as empresas busquem resultados em triple bottom line. Nesse sentido, os sistemas locais de produção podem oferecer aos atores sociais estratégias e experiências de ações conjuntas que produzam resultados socioambientais importantes. Considerando isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso da cadeia produtiva petroquímica-plásticos da região do Grande ABC paulista, para explorar e avaliar as práticas socioambientais dos sistemas locais de produção com indicadores que se baseiam nos princípios da Economia Ecológica e Ecologia Industrial. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para o entendimento de um novo conceito de sistema local de produção verde, a partir do qual empresas e os atores locais desenvolvam projetos cooperativos voltados também para as dimensões social e ambiental da sustentabilidade. / The main objective of this research is to describe and analyze evolucionary ways of the clusters that can be take into account by the social actors both in the elaboration of strategies as in the execution of socio-environmental practices. The productive agglomerations have been object of analysis and of public policies in the last decades due the occurrence of diverse experiences of success in terms of performance economic-financial of the participants companies of such forms of interaction extramarket. At the same time, socio-environmental restrictions increasing make that the companies search results on triple bottom line. In this sense, the local production systems can provide to the social actors, strategies and experiences of joint actions that produce socio-environmental important results. Considering this, a case study of a petrochemical-plastics cluster was prepared for exploring and assess the socio-environmental practices of the local production systems with indicators that are based in the principles of the Ecological Economy and Industrial Ecology. Therefore, are expected to contribute for the understanding of a new concept of \"green\" local production system, from which companies and local actors develop cooperative projects focused both on the social dimensions and the sustainability environment.

This diploma thesis addresses globally discussed topic of potential development co-operation effects on conflict prevention in Africa. After theoretical and historical analysis of the roots and development of conflicts in 11 selected Sub-Saharan African states, this thesis points out through several real examples different and often unexpected results of development programs. From partial conclusions, which have clear geographic connection, the thesis uses simple induction method to evaluate and to recommend further proactive changes in development policies.

The European Union (EU) increasingly participates in various arrangements at the international level in order to further the objectives of the Union. Yet, such participation poses challenges in terms of ensuring that the EU has an effective voice, whilst also ensuring certainty and clarity for other participants. This thesis focuses on the EU’s participation in the decision-making processes of multilateral fora in the field of maritime affairs in order to examine how these challenges can be met. The thesis explores the legal mechanisms in both EU law and international law that accommodate the ability of the EU to participate in international arrangements. It will consider whether these mechanisms ensure clarity and certainty to the key actors involved and whether consistency exists between the internal and external mechanisms. Through collecting, examining, and analysing historical and contemporary materials relating to the shaping and operating of the internal and external legal mechanisms, this thesis aims to explain and analyse how the legal mechanisms are established and how they can be adapted to meet the challenges facing the EU, its Member States, third States, and international institutions in a clearer and more consistent manner. The research diagnoses several key factors that have contributed to the possible ambiguity, uncertainty, and inconsistency of these mechanisms, including the evolving nature of shared competence and a heavy reliance on the Court of Justice in ascertaining and safeguarding the contours of the EU legal order and its interface with the international legal order. It then examines how the internal legal mechanisms have been projected externally, by using selected case studies of the participation of the EU in the International Maritime Organisation, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations. This thesis illustrates that although various mechanisms have been adopted internally and externally to tackle the challenges facing the EU’s participation, several sets of asymmetries can be found across different legal mechanisms. The thesis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms and it further suggests that adopting the mixed-participation mode for the EU and its Member States to participate in the multilateral fora may be preferable, or indeed necessary, even in areas where the EU enjoys an exclusive competence.

This thesis explores the functions of laughter in Japanese communication. In orientation it contrasts markedly with previous studies and is the first study to have been based on such a large volume of data. In this paper I have focused on laughter as it serves to maintain a co-operative relationship between the participants in a conversation. I find that in the process of communication, people necessarily have to lay themselves open to others, and in doing so they become conscious of the barrier surrounding and protecting their field, i.e. their �inner world�. I hypothesise that in Japanese at least it is consciousness of this barrier that causes the occurrence of laughter in discourse. In other words, people laugh as part of the process of opening up to others, and also to show their intention to be co-operative. By laughing, people are either confirming that they belong to the same in-group, or they are pretending to belong to the same in-group in order to show co-operation. In my model, laughter is classified: A: Joyful laughter for identifying with the in-group B: Balancing laughter for easing tension C: Laughter as a cover-up. A is also divided into 3 subcategories, B into 3, and C into 2 according to the subject of the utterance and the direction of movement into the protective barrier. Two types of statistical analysis were applied to the data in order to the test the validity of the classification. Keywords: interpersonal communication; laughter; field; barrier; co-operation; joy; balancing; cover-up gender

<p>The purpose of this report was to increase knowledge regarding the co-operation between social services from the perspective of employees at a school. The focus was on the question: “In the schools view, what is the relevance of co-operating with social services?” The problem was divided into three categories; the value of the co-operation, the schools discourse on co-operation and the balance of power in the co-operation. The scientific topic was addressed using a qualitative survey method at a school. Four people were interview; the principal, the welfare officer, and two teachers. Also, in order to further improve the survey, the interviewed subjects were brought together in a focus group. The scientific position taken could be characterized as hermeneutical-phenomenological and was inspired by both the hermeneutic of trust as well as the hermeneutic of suspicion. The results were analyzed from three perspectives; a social constructive perspective, a role theoretic perspective and from a power-balance perspective. The data indicated that all interviewed regarded the co-operation as something of large importance. Further, the most significant problem identified was the lack of feedback from the social services. Regarding the question of power there were contradictions noted between the statements made by the interview subjects, were only one subject recognized an imbalance in power in the co-operation.</p>

<p>The aim of this study is to illustrate, and analyze how social workers are able to more effectively pursue operative possibilities within their own particular organizations. The main question concerning this issue is: How are social workers, working within the same district organization able to realise any potential for co-operation with other social workers, in different locales and units, yet working within the same organization? Following on from this question, further issues arise such as: 1. How do the varying demands of the clients affect the workload of the social worker? 2. How does the organization facilitate or hinder co-operation between social workers? 3. How does the workload, staff turnover and delegation influence on the co-operation between social workers? To attempt to answer to the above set of questions a qualitative method was employed. A group interview was conducted bringing together a group of five social workers working within the same district administration of the city of Stockholm. The outcome of the interview has been examined using a theoretical framework based on organization theory, symbolic interactionism and social constructivism; all applied in accordance with post-modern research principles. The main result shows that the organization both hinders and facilitate co-operation through work load, staff turnover and delegation. The outcome of this particular study is associated to results of previous research within the same research field.</p>

<p>Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka fem nyutexaminerade lärares upplevelser av föräldrakontakt i skolan. Studien baseras på intervjuer med fem nyutexaminerade lärare som arbetar på olika skolor inom samma kommun. Vi har enbart undersökt hur dessa fem lärare upplever föräldrakontakten, skolorna som lärarna arbetar på är inte av intresse för den här studien. </p><p>Vi inleder uppsatsen med att ge en historisk tillbakablick på hur synen på föräldrakontakt mellan skolan och hemmet har utvecklats och förändrats genom tiderna. I litteraturgenomgången tar vi upp synen på samverkan mellan föräldrar och lärare ur olika perspektiv. Vi behandlar bland annat betydelsen av attityder, hos föräldrar och lärare, för barnens skolgång samt kommunikationen mellan föräldrar och lärare genom olika kontaktformer. </p><p>Analysen av intervjuerna med de fem nyutexaminerade lärarna visar att samtliga informanter är av uppfattningen att föräldrakontakt är en viktig del i läraryrket. Det framgår även att flera informanter saknade förberedelser för detta under sin utbildning samt att flera informanter upplevde sig vara osäkra i kontakten med föräldrar i början av sin yrkestid. Utifrån denna studie kan vi dra slutsatsen att föräldrakontakt skulle behövts ha fått ett större utrymme i våra informanters utbildning, eftersom det framgår att det är en viktig och tidskrävande del av lärarprofessionen. </p><p>Vi kommer även fram till att både lärarnas och föräldrarnas attityder påverkar barnens skolgång samt att läraren utifrån sin yrkesroll bör vara professionell i mötet med föräldrar. En svårighet som tydliggörs i uppsatsen av några informanter är att klara av att sätta gränser mellan yrkesroll och privatliv. Utifrån detta har vi, i likhet med några av informanterna, kommit fram till att det är viktigt att markera en tydlig gräns mellan yrkesrollen och privatlivet.</p>