This diploma thesis was focused on the preparation and characterization of biodegradable composites based on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and spent coffee grounds (SCG). The aim was to prepare biocomposites based on PHB and coffee grounds. Biocomposites were prepared by solution casting in chloroform. Films with a thickness of about 150-200 µm were prepared with the addition of 20% unmodified and modified coffee grounds. The PHB/SCG films were modified by an addition of a plasticizer and a crosslinking agent or by blending with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). The thermal properties of the films were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The compatibility filler/polymer matrix compatibility was assessed morphologically with the naked eye. It has been found that the direct addition of spent coffee grounds to the PHB is not suitable due to the deterioration of the morphology of the film surfaces and the formation of aggregates. The compatibility between the spent coffee grounds and the PHB was improved after the addition of the plasticizer and the crosslinking agent. However, the highest compatibility between SCG and PHB was achieved in the case of esterified coffee grounds. Another way to improve the resulting morphological properties of the films thus prepared was to use coffee grounds fractions.

Kaffesump ingår i kategorin matavfall- och svinn och varje år konsumerar hela Sverige cirka 79,7 tusen ton kaffe per år. Det innebär att enormt mycket kaffesump slängs och betraktas som avfall. Kaffesumpens innehåll är en resurs och kan utnyttjas inom flera olika områden. Kaffebranschen behöver ställa om från en linjär- till en cirkulär modell.  Syftet med denna studie är att, ur ett cirkulärt designperspektiv, undersöka huruvida avfall i form av kaffesump kan vara en resurs i en hållbar utveckling på svensk marknad.  Den här studien avser bidra till ökad kunskap om kaffesump som resurs, samt skapa en efterfrågan på produkter av kaffesump av konsumenter såväl som producenter. Detta för att bidra till en hållbar konsumtion i form av kunskap om- och utförande av en cirkulär kaffebransch med koppling till de globala målen 12 Hållbar konsumtion och produktion och 13 Bekämpa klimatförändringarna.  Huvudresultatet i denna studie är att kaffesump har stor potential för att vara en del i cirkulära processer, som bidrar till hållbarhet på den svenska marknaden.

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This study investigated a new approach to achieving high energy density supercapacitors (SCs) by using high surface area self-activated carbon from waste coffee grounds (WCGs) and modifying 3D printed electrodes' porous structure by varying infill density. The derived activated carbons' surface area, pore size, and pore volume were controlled by thermally treating the WCGs at different temperatures (1000˚C, 1100˚C, and 1200˚C) and post-treating with HCL to remove water-soluble ashes and contaminants that block activated carbon pores. Surface area characterization revealed that the carbon activated at 1000˚C had the highest surface of 1173.48 m2 g-1, and with the addition of HCL, the surface area increased to 1209.35 m2 g-1. This activated carbon was used for fabricating the electrodes based on the surface area and having both micropores and macropores, which are beneficial for charge storage. Direct ink writing (DIW) method was utilized for 3D printing SC electrodes and changing the electrode structure by increasing the infill densities at 30%, 50%, and 100%. Upon increasing the infill densities, the electrodes' mass increased linearly, porosity decreased, and the total surface area increased for the 30% and 50% infill electrodes but decreased for the 100% infill electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) test on the assembled SC showed the highest specific capacitance and energy density of 5.81 F g-1 and 806.93 mWh kg-1 at 10 mV s-1, respectively, for the electrode printed at 50% infill density.

A borra é um resíduo do processamento de café solúvel e representa, em média, 48% da quantidade de café verde utilizado no processo. Os altos volumes deste resíduo refletem em problemas ambientais para as indústrias. Muitos estudos estão sendo realizados a fim de se obter um destino nobre para o mesmo, porém poucos são aplicados pelas indústrias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir carvão ativado a partir da borra de café solúvel, testar diferentes agentes ativantes (KOH, K2CO3, mistura de FeCl3 e ZnCl2), avaliar a influência do tratamento térmico, realizar a caracterização dos carvões obtidos, além de realizar teste de adsorção utilizando azul de metileno e verificar o ajuste aos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. A borra de café foi submetida à análise termogravimétrica, determinação de umidade e cinzas. Para a caracterização dos carvões ativados realizou-se análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), adsorção de azul de metileno, índice de iodo, caracterização textural. Realizou-se ensaios de adsorção para o carvão de maior área superficial a fim de verificar o ajuste às isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. A borra apresentou umidade de 59,17% ± 0,20, 0,32% ± 0,05 de cinzas e estabilidade térmica após 550ºC (sob atmosfera inerte). A avaliação através de FTIR mostrou que após a ativação os carvões apresentaram sítios oxidados, pela observação dos sinais em 3400 cm-1 (estiramento OH) e 1050 a 1200 cm-1(estiramento C-O). Verificou-se que o carvão ativado com KOH apresentou também vibração em 1743 cm-1 propondo a formação de grupamentos éster. O carvão ativado com KOH apresentou melhor desempenho nos ensaios de adsorção de azul de metileno e índice de iodo, enquanto aquele ativado com mistura de FeCl3 e ZnCl2 teve menor desempenho. O carvão ativado com K2CO3 apresentou resultados similares ao carvão comercial. Após o tratamento térmico, observou-se aumento na adsorção de azul de metileno e índice de iodo; exceto para aquele ativado com K2CO3. O agente ativante influenciou mais a adsorção de azul de metileno e índice de iodo que o tratamento térmico. A ativação química promoveu alteração nas propriedades texturais dos carvões obtidos, sendo que a área superficial aumentou 3,16 a 30,23 vezes em função do agente ativante utilizado; observou-se também aumento no volume total de poros. O carvão ativado com KOH apesentou maior área superficial e volume total de poros, seguido por aquele ativado com K2CO3, enquanto aquele ativado com mistura de FeCl3 e ZnCl2 apresentou os menores valores. Todos os carvões, entretanto, apresentaram predominância de microproros, antes e após o tratamento térmico. O tratamento térmico gerou aumento no volume de mesoporos nos carvões ativados com KOH e K2CO3, 2,64 e 5,30 vezes, respectivamente. O carvão ativado com KOH e tratado termicamente apresentou melhor ajuste ao modelo de isoterma de Langmuir, sendo que a constante qm, que representa a capacidade máxima de adsorção foi de 833,33 mg g-1 . / Coffee ground waste is a residue from soluble coffee production, representing about 48% of raw material quantity used in the process. The high quantities cause environmental problems in the industries. A lot of studies have being conducted to aggregate value to this residue, but they are not applied from industries. The objective of this work was produce activated carbon using coffee ground waste, test different activating agents (KOH, K2CO3, mix of FeCl3 e ZnCl2), evaluate the influence of heat treatment, characterize of the activated carbons, realize adsorption test using methylene blue and verify which isotherm model best fits. The precursor material was submitted to thermogravimetric analysis, moisture and ash. Activated carbons were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, methylene blue adsorption, iodine value, textural characterization. Perform adsorption test with higher surface area carbon and verify which isotherm model best fits. The coffee ground waste had 59,17% ± 0,20 moisture, 0,32% ± 0,05 ash and thermal stability after 550ºC (inert atmosphere). FTIR evaluation showed that after chemical activation, carbons had oxidized sites, vibrations could be observed in 3400 cm-1 (stretching OH) e 1050 a 1200 cm-1 (stretching C-O). A peak in 1743 cm-1 suggested ester groups formation in carbon activated with KOH. Carbon activated with KOH exhibit the best performance on tests of iodine value and methylene blue adsorption, while that activated with mix of FeCl3 e ZnCl2 exhibit the worst performance. Carbon activated with K2CO3 showed similar adsorption capacity (iodine value and methylene blue) than commercial one. Methylene blue and iodine value increased after heat treatment; except for that carbon activated with K2CO3. Activating agents had more influence than heat treatment evaluating iodine value and methylene blue adsorption. Chemical activation promoted changes in the textural properties of the obtained carbons, and increased surface area from 3,16 to 30,23 times depending on the activating agent used; it is also noted increase in total pore volume. The activated carbon with KOH showed a higher surface area and total pore volume, followed by that activated with K2CO3, while that activated with mix of FeCl3 and ZnCl2 had the lowest values. All carbons, however, showed a predominance of microproros before and after heat treatment. The thermal treatment caused an increase in the volume of mesopores in the activated carbon with KOH and K2CO3, 2,64 and 5,30 times, respectively. The carbon activated with KOH and heat-treated showed a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the constant qm, that is the maximum adsorption capacity, was 833,33 mg g-1.

Na produção industrial de café solúvel, grandes quantidades de resíduo de borra de café são geradas. Em média, para cada tonelada de café verde, 480kg de borra é produzida. Este um resíduo sólido, usado atualmente para gerar energia nas caldeiras da indústria de café solúvel, ou também como adubo na agricultura. Buscando um melhor aproveitamento, este trabalho objetivou estudar a viabilidade de hidrolisar a borra de café para a produção de carboidratos. A hidrólise foi promovida com ácido clorídrico em diferentes temperaturas e pressões, usando banho-maria ou autoclave. Uma hidrólise enzimática com Viscozyme L foi desenvolvida utilizando-se papel Whatman no1 e as condições ótimas foram determinadas usando-se, delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR). As melhores condições para hidrolisar a celulose do papel de filtro foram 50 FBG (Fungal β-glucanase) da enzima Viscozyme L em pH 4,0, por uma hora de reação à 45ºC. A borra de café foi hidrolisada sob as mesmas condições acima descritas para o papel de filtro, entretanto esta hidrólise não foi eficiente. A combinação da hidrolise enzimática como um pré-tratamento da borra de café, seguida da hidrólise ácida usando ácido clorídrico conduzida, em autoclave,(120 ºC por 2 h) resultou em uma maior produção de glucose analisada por HPLC. Uma outra forma de aproveitamento da borra foi avaliada utilizando-a como fonte de substrato no meio de cultura para o crescimento do Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 e concomitante produção das enzimas lacase e celulase. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram em empregando-se 8% de borra de café com adição do meio mínimo de Vogel, sob agitação(180 rpm) a 28ºC. Os compostos fenólicos presentes na borra de café parece ter induzido lacase para o Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05. / In the industrial production of soluble coffee, huge amounts of extracted coffee residues are generated; onaverage, for eachtonne of green coffee extracted, 480 kg of coffee ground waste is produced. This is a solid residue currently used to generate energy at the steam boilers from the soluble coffee industry. Some is also used or as fertilizer on agriculture fields. Seeking a better end use, the work reported here aimed to study the viability of hydrolyzing the coffee ground residue for the production of carbohydrates. Hydrolysis was undertaken with hydrochloric acid at different temperatures and pressures, using a water bath or autoclave.An enzymatic hydrolysis with Viscozyme Lwas developed using Whatman filter paper No1 and the optimal conditions were determined using a rotational central composite experimental design (DCCR).The best conditions to hydrolyze filter paper cellulose were 50 FBG (Fungal β-glucanase) of Viscozyme L at pH 4.0 for 1.0 h and 45 ºC. The ground coffee was hydrolyzed under the same conditions as described above for filter paper, however this enzymatic hydrolysis was not efficient. A combination of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pre-treatment for the ground coffee followed by acid hydrolysis using HCl conducted in an autoclave (120 C for 2.0 h) resulted in higher production of glucose as analyzed by HPLC. Another end use of the ground coffee evaluated was as source of substrate in the culture medium to grow Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 to produce the enzymes laccase and cellulase. Highest enzyme titres obtained were with 8% (w/v) coffee grounds to which was added a minimum salts medium(Vogel), under agitation conditions (180 rpm) at 28ºC. The phenolic compounds present in the coffee grounds appear to have induced laccase by Botryosphaeria rhodina.

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Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The constant growth experienced by the coffee industry has led to the high-volume production of coffee waste worldwide. One of the main coffee wastes is spent coffee ground (SCG), a residue obtained after the ground coffee beans are treated under pressure. The present study was aimed to investigate the utilization of SCG to amend soil physicochemical properties. This study was conducted at Greenhouse Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa, where the effect of various rates of SCG concentration in volume percentage (vol%) was tested for a period of nine months. The spent coffee ground residue was collected from four restaurants at Haenertsburg, and the application rates were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 vol%. To evaluate the change in soil physicochemical properties overtime, the incubation period was divided into four test periods namely T1 was after a month, T3 after 3 months, T6 after 6 months, and T9 after 9 months. Physicochemical properties including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), total organic carbon (TOC), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C:N ratio, large macroaggregates (LM), small macroaggregates (sM), microaggregates (m), unaggregated silt and clay (s+c), mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil moisture content (SMC) were quantified at the end of each test period. Results revealed that the interaction between incubation periods and various SCG application rates significantly (p<0.05) increased pHw, EC, MWD, LM, base cations and significantly decreased TOC, heavy metals, SMC, m, and sM. Spent coffee ground increased pHw and EC of the soil at all application rates and reached a maximum of 7.8 units at T6 in treatment SCG-5 and 202.30 S/cm at T9 in treatment SCG-50 above the control respectively. Total organic carbon increased by 548% above control in the highest treatment (SCG-50) at T1, but, however, started declining from T3 in all treatments across the incubation period. SCG’s highest application rates (SCG-20 to SCG-50) reduced the soil Cd toxicity (threshold of >2 mg/kg), but however, also reduced the availability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) during the incubation period. At T9, Mg, Ca, K, and P increased from mean values of 55.9 to 77.9, 40.9 to 62.2, 77.4 to 112, and 22.0 to 30.0 mg/Kg above control in treatments with high application rates. LM increased whilst sM, and m decreased across the incubation period in all treatments. MWD increased by 46% at T1 and reached its maximum of 56% at T6 in treatment SCG-50 above control. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between LM and MWD. Soil moisture content however increased to 60.26% at T1 in treatment SCG-50 and decreased from T3 across the incubation period. Spent coffee ground has the potential to be used as a liming material, a chelating agent, and for water management in semi-arid areas. It retains and cycles nutrients and improves soil structure through aggregation. However, research should be done in field conditions to access the effectiveness of this residue. / NRF