Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of M.A. (Anthropology) at the University of the Witwatersrand March 2016 / The aim of this thesis is to understand the way in which the Indian Ocean is seen to be a key influencer within African trade, and most importantly African coffee trade. The Indian Ocean has long been viewed as a contributor within global trade, but it is through this ethnography that I specifically showcase the impact it has within the continent. This ethnography highlights key routes which are taken for coffee which is produced in East Africa, how it leaves a landlocked country and passes through borders to a port city on the Eastern littoral, its life at the port city until it enters South Africa. It further explores various ways to understand the complex nature of the containerisation of a commodity and how African trade is able to be looked at not only via trade across or through the continent but through the Indian Ocean. This paper therefore aims to create a new narrative of the Indian Ocean. / MT2017

A presente pesquisa refere-se aos armazéns de estocagem do café na cidade de Santos, construídos no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Esses armazéns tiveram grande importância na economia cafeeira de exportação. Instalados próximos ao porto, eles eram usados para armazenar o café vindo do produtor, enquanto aguardavam o carregamento nos navios. Essa tipologia industrial, presente na região central da cidade santista, está integrada à malha urbana, característica que a torna interessante e, concomitantemente, coloca-a em risco constante. O trabalho teve por objetivo produzir material que registre e analise essa arquitetura industrial santista. A ausência de pesquisa sobre essa tipologia e a dinâmica de desenvolvimento da cidade torna vulnerável a preservação dessa memória edificada. Para tanto, os edifícios remanescentes foram inventariados e estudados através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, iconográfica, levantamentos de campo e croquis. O estudo de caso, Armazém Roberto, propiciou a melhor compreensão dessa tipologia e o aprofundamento dos sistemas construtivos e maquinários utilizados à época. / The present research refers to the storage warehouses of coffee in the city of Santos, built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These warehouses were of great importance in the coffee export economy. Installed close to the port, they were used to store the coffee from the producer, while awaiting loading on ships. This industrial typology, present in the central region of the city of Santos, is integrated to the urban network, a characteristic that makes it interesting and, at the same time, puts it at constant risk. The objective of the work was to produce material that registers and analyzes this industrial architecture. The absence of research on this typology and the dynamics of the city\'s development makes the preservation of this built-up memory vulnerable. To that end, the remaining buildings were inventoried and studied through bibliographical, documentary, iconographic, field surveys and sketches. The case study, Roberto Warehouse, provided a better understanding of this typology and the deepening of the construction systems and machinery used at the time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Elena Alegre.pdf: 2519422 bytes, checksum: fbaf1b104e2009f4f6e391bbc421ef2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research deals with the Andalusian immigrants, attracted by the offer of tickets financed by the São Paulo government, aimed at working in the coffee plantations in the countryside of the São Paulo state. Immigration performed by free tickets was highly dependent on the recruitment activity, which was prohibited by the Spanish law. When, in 1910, the Spanish government banned subsidized emigration to Brazil, the boarding of workers continued to be carried out from the English port of Gibraltar, outside its jurisdiction. This paper seeks to show how the São Paulo coffee growers, committed to keeping active flow of labor to the plantations in sufficient quantity to provide a surplus that would allow a favorable negotiation to their interests, were directly involved with the agencies responsible for the attraction and overseas transportation of immigrants even when this activity involved breaking the law. The participation of the coffee growers elite and their representatives in the São Paulo state government in the trafficking of immigrants to the farms reveals the relationship of the Brazilian ruling classes with the law, a relationship marked by arbitrariness and wide maneuvering margin. The analysis of the case here presented, researched from crossing the Spanish and Brazilian documentation, is an attempt to understand the paradoxical aspects of the modernization of Brazil ingrained with remains from the colonial past / Esta pesquisa trata dos imigrantes andaluzes, atraídos pelo oferecimento de passagens custeadas pelo governo de São Paulo, destinados ao trabalho nas fazendas de café do interior paulista. A imigração realizada por meio de passagens gratuitas foi altamente dependente da atividade de recrutamento, que era proibida pela legislação espanhola. Quando, em 1910, a emigração subsidiada para o Brasil foi proibida pelo governo espanhol, o embarque dos trabalhadores continuou a ser realizado a partir do porto inglês de Gibraltar, fora de sua jurisdição. Este trabalho procura mostrar como os cafeicultores paulistas, empenhados em manter ativo o fluxo de braços para a lavoura em quantidade suficiente para garantir um excedente que permitisse uma negociação favorável aos seus interesses, estiveram diretamente envolvidos com as agências encarregadas da atração e transporte oceânico de imigrantes mesmo quando a realização desta atividade implicou na transgressão das leis que a proibiam. A participação das elites cafeicultoras, e de seus representantes no governo do Estado de São Paulo, no tráfico de imigrantes para as fazendas, é reveladora da relação das classes dominantes brasileiras com a lei, relação marcada pela arbitrariedade e pela grande margem de manobra. A análise do caso que apresentamos, pesquisado a partir do cruzamento da documentação espanhola e brasileira, constitui uma tentativa de entender aspectos da paradoxal modernização do Brasil impregnada de permanências do passado colonial

Este estudo analisa a relação entre o capital gerado pela cafeicultura e a indústria na região do Norte Novo do Paraná, entre 1940 e 1970. Com o propósito de compreender a contribuição desta atividade primária para o desenvolvimento econômico do estado, analisa-se por meio dos municípios da região de Londrina, no Norte Novo do Paraná, a influência do capital cafeeiro no desenvolvimento das atividades industriais observadas na região. Primeiramente, reconstitui-se as principais atividades econômicas exercidas no Paraná desde a sua ocupação. Posteriormente, identificam-se os fatores que determinaram a expansão da cafeicultura para a região norte do Paraná a partir de São Paulo. A cultura cafeeira permitiu, desde a década de 1930, um rápido crescimento do número de municípios e de atividades urbanas e, em fins da década de 1960, com o seu declínio, provocou também diversas alterações econômicas na região. Compreende-se ainda, a influência do pensamento econômico presente à época no Paraná para o desenvolvimento de políticas em favor da industrialização, que contribuíram para o declínio da atividade cafeeira. Em seguida, analisa-se o desenvolvimento do setor bancário e a importância do capital cafeeiro diante da estrutura de financiamento para a industrialização promovida pelo governo estadual. Por fim, identificam-se as atividades industriais existentes na região de Londrina e a sua relação com o café. / This study analyses the association between the capital generated by coffee production and industry in northern Paraná between 1940 and 1970. With the proposal of understand the contribution of this primary activity to the state economic development, it analyses the influence of coffee capital for industrial activities development in municipalities of Londrina region, in Norte Novo of Paraná. First, it reconstitutes the main economic activities introduced in Paraná since its occupation. Subsequently, the factors that determine the expansion of coffee production in northern Paraná from São Paulo are identified. Since the 1930s, coffee cultivation has alowed fast growth of municipalities and urban activities and, in the late 1960s, with its decline, many economic changes in the region has occured too. It is also possible understand the influence of economic ideas present in the state for the development of industrial policies that contributed to decline the coffee culture. Next, the development of banking sector and the importance of coffee capital to finance the governamental industrialization program are analysed. Finally, the industrial activities in Londrina region are identified and also it relation with coffee culture.

Este estudo analisa a relação entre o capital gerado pela cafeicultura e a indústria na região do Norte Novo do Paraná, entre 1940 e 1970. Com o propósito de compreender a contribuição desta atividade primária para o desenvolvimento econômico do estado, analisa-se por meio dos municípios da região de Londrina, no Norte Novo do Paraná, a influência do capital cafeeiro no desenvolvimento das atividades industriais observadas na região. Primeiramente, reconstitui-se as principais atividades econômicas exercidas no Paraná desde a sua ocupação. Posteriormente, identificam-se os fatores que determinaram a expansão da cafeicultura para a região norte do Paraná a partir de São Paulo. A cultura cafeeira permitiu, desde a década de 1930, um rápido crescimento do número de municípios e de atividades urbanas e, em fins da década de 1960, com o seu declínio, provocou também diversas alterações econômicas na região. Compreende-se ainda, a influência do pensamento econômico presente à época no Paraná para o desenvolvimento de políticas em favor da industrialização, que contribuíram para o declínio da atividade cafeeira. Em seguida, analisa-se o desenvolvimento do setor bancário e a importância do capital cafeeiro diante da estrutura de financiamento para a industrialização promovida pelo governo estadual. Por fim, identificam-se as atividades industriais existentes na região de Londrina e a sua relação com o café. / This study analyses the association between the capital generated by coffee production and industry in northern Paraná between 1940 and 1970. With the proposal of understand the contribution of this primary activity to the state economic development, it analyses the influence of coffee capital for industrial activities development in municipalities of Londrina region, in Norte Novo of Paraná. First, it reconstitutes the main economic activities introduced in Paraná since its occupation. Subsequently, the factors that determine the expansion of coffee production in northern Paraná from São Paulo are identified. Since the 1930s, coffee cultivation has alowed fast growth of municipalities and urban activities and, in the late 1960s, with its decline, many economic changes in the region has occured too. It is also possible understand the influence of economic ideas present in the state for the development of industrial policies that contributed to decline the coffee culture. Next, the development of banking sector and the importance of coffee capital to finance the governamental industrialization program are analysed. Finally, the industrial activities in Londrina region are identified and also it relation with coffee culture.

A presente pesquisa refere-se aos armazéns de estocagem do café na cidade de Santos, construídos no final do século XIX e início do século XX. Esses armazéns tiveram grande importância na economia cafeeira de exportação. Instalados próximos ao porto, eles eram usados para armazenar o café vindo do produtor, enquanto aguardavam o carregamento nos navios. Essa tipologia industrial, presente na região central da cidade santista, está integrada à malha urbana, característica que a torna interessante e, concomitantemente, coloca-a em risco constante. O trabalho teve por objetivo produzir material que registre e analise essa arquitetura industrial santista. A ausência de pesquisa sobre essa tipologia e a dinâmica de desenvolvimento da cidade torna vulnerável a preservação dessa memória edificada. Para tanto, os edifícios remanescentes foram inventariados e estudados através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, iconográfica, levantamentos de campo e croquis. O estudo de caso, Armazém Roberto, propiciou a melhor compreensão dessa tipologia e o aprofundamento dos sistemas construtivos e maquinários utilizados à época. / The present research refers to the storage warehouses of coffee in the city of Santos, built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These warehouses were of great importance in the coffee export economy. Installed close to the port, they were used to store the coffee from the producer, while awaiting loading on ships. This industrial typology, present in the central region of the city of Santos, is integrated to the urban network, a characteristic that makes it interesting and, at the same time, puts it at constant risk. The objective of the work was to produce material that registers and analyzes this industrial architecture. The absence of research on this typology and the dynamics of the city\'s development makes the preservation of this built-up memory vulnerable. To that end, the remaining buildings were inventoried and studied through bibliographical, documentary, iconographic, field surveys and sketches. The case study, Roberto Warehouse, provided a better understanding of this typology and the deepening of the construction systems and machinery used at the time.

In the Central Valley of Costa Rica in the Department of Heredia, I investigated the soil chemical properties and microbial communities under four native shade tree species in a coffee agroforestry system. In the second year of the study, Effective Microorganisms, a microbial inoculant, was applied to examine its effect on soil chemistry. The shade tree species included in this study were Anonna muricata L., Diphysa americana Mill., Persea americana Mill., and Quercus spp. L. Plots measured 20 by 30 meters and were replicated three times for each shade tree species except for Quercus spp., which only had two replications. Twelve composite soil samples were collected from each plot in 2008 and again in 2009, and twelve composite foliar samples were taken from the coffee plants in each plot in 2008. The results of this study indicated that the species of native shade tree had a significant effect on soil ammonium-N, nitrate-N, total dissolved nitrogen and magnesium. Sun or shade position had a significant effect on dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. The species of native shade tree also had a significant effect on the composition of soil microbial communities. PLFA analysis revealed a significant difference in soil fungi abundance in soil samples from Annona plots relative to those from Persea plots. Effective microorganisms in combination with the tree species, as well as in combination with species and sun or shade position, had a significant interaction effect on soil ammonium-N, with the EM-treated plots showing higher concentrations of soil ammonium-N. There was a significant positive correlation between soil pH and foliar calcium, as well as soil dissolved organic nitrogen and foliar %N, at p< 0.01. This study suggests that Quercus spp. is a tree species that may help to regulate the cycling of nitrogen in the coffee agroecosystem. Annona muricata appears to inhibit the action of some fungal species and may reduce the occurrence of fungal pathogens in the soil, although the present study did not explore this issue. Although Diphysa americana is a legume, it does not appear to increase the amount of soil nitrogen in the vicinity of the coffee plants themselves. All four tree species in this study improve coffee soils by increasing soil concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. Coffee yield data and long term observations on the health of the coffee plants would clarify whether one of these species is particularly beneficial, from an agronomic perspective, for the productivity of this coffee agroecosystem.

Coffee production in Costa Rica has brought prosperity to many small farmers, but conflicts of interest with the companies which process and market coffee are still a problem. In addition, producers and processors are plagued by the periodic market cycles of agricultural commodities. Various agencies have promoted cooperatives to help small farmers deal with these problems, but they often fail due to poor management and lack of participation. / This thesis, a multi-layered study of coffee production, processing, and marketing, examines how household producers manage the constraints and opportunities posed by the international market, the Costa Rican state, and the coffee tree itself. A comparative analysis between cooperative and private coffee processors; between two rural communities; and among households in these communities provides the ethnographic context in which the effectiveness of cooperatives as mediating institutions between producers and the world market is analyzed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Project (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005. / Includes abstract and vita. "April, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-218).