This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (2002) HCI and the technologies of information. In: J. Carroll (ed.) HCI and the Millennium: New York: ACM Press/Addison Wesley, 457-474. Abstract Digital libraries represent the latest and perhaps the most important stage in the transformation of our relationship to information and its supporting technologies. While the World Wide Web has raised to broad consciousness the ideas of rapid, remote access to vast collections of distributed, hyperlinked documents, users are as often confused and disoriented by such resources as they are empowered. As we enter the new millennium the possibilities for new forms of information seem boundless. Meeting the design challenges requires HCI to offer valid, reliable and timely guidance. At the same time, the creation of digital libraries provides a research forum for HCI that is rich, relevant and receptive to our inputs. The present chapter will briefly examine the initiation of the digital library concept, the early HCI involvement in this domain and present a vision of the future of HCI research and design for new information technologies.

This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (1996) TIMS: A framework for the design of usable electronic text. In: H. van Oostendorp and S. de Mul (eds.) Cognitive Aspects of Electronic Text Processing. Norwood NJ: Ablex, 99-120. Introduction: Despite the claims and the promises, the hype and the visions, the reality of electronic text is far less impressive than the rhetoric that surrounds it. Internet, World Wide Webs, MOSAIC, e-journals, word processors, and of course, hypertext are all pushed forward as examples of this triumph of technology, this liberation of the human reader and writer, this future of unlimited information for everyone. Yet, for all this, as has been outlined in detail elsewhere (see e.g., Dillon 1994), the typical reader of an electronic information source will likely suffer loss of orientation, lower reading speeds, and possibly greater fatigue than the typical reader of a paper document for few demonstrable benefits.

For decades, scholars have denied the crucial roles played by mother figures in Early Modern Peninsular theatre. The erroneous assertion that mothers are dead, absent, or unimportant in the comedia of the Spanish Golden Age is so deep-seated, that it has relegated them to near academic oblivion. This dissertation explores the dynamic interplay between gender and genre through the analysis of the mother figure in the comedias of the Golden Age. It shows the presence of the mother in the comedia of the Golden Age and offers an explanation for the critics’ insistence on her absence. Using a representative sample of canonical and non-canonical works, I show how the negation of the mother’s presence exemplifies the marginalization of feminine themes and characters. The field of cognitive science, specifically attention blindness, the perceptual cycle and schemata provide the theoretical framework for my research, particularly in exploring what this critical blinding reveals about our discipline and its traditionally accepted practices. The character of the mother offers a multitude of possibilities within the comedia, which makes her a potential source for future critical studies.

Cognitive abilities have been invoked to do much work in externalist epistemology. An ability condition (sometimes in conjunction with a separate, anti-luck condition) is seen to be key in satisfying direction-of-fit and modal stability intuitions which attach to the accrual of positive epistemic status to doxastic attitudes. While the notion of ability has been given some extensive treatment in the literature (especially John Greco, Alan Millar and Ernest Sosa), the implications for these abilities being particularly cognitive ones has been given less attention. To rectify this oversight, I examine the debate over the nature of cognition from philosophy of cognitive science, paying particular attention to the debate between defenders of internalist theories (Fred Adams, Kenneth Aizawa and Rob Rupert) and externalist theories (so-called “extended mind” positions). Armed with substantive accounts of cognition, I argue that the epistemological externalist’s obligation to repudiate epistemological internalism forces her to adopt some sort of externalist account of cognition.

This thesis presents research focused on developing statistical methods with emphasis on tools that can be used for the analysis of data in neuroimaging studies and cognitive science. The first contribution addresses the problem of determining the location and dynamics of brain activity when electromagnetic signals are collected using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG). We formulate a new spatiotemporal model that jointly models MEG and EEG data as a function of unobserved neuronal activation. To fit this model we derive an efficient procedure for simultaneous point estimation and model selection based on the iterated conditional modes algorithm combined with local polynomial smoothing. The methodology is evaluated through extensive simulation studies and an application examining the visual response to scrambled faces. In the second contribution we develop a Bayesian spatial model for imaging genetics developed for analyses examining the influence of genetics on brain structure as measured by MRI. We extend the recently developed regression model of Greenlaw et al. (\textit{Bioinformatics}, 2017) to accommodate more realistic correlation structures typically seen in structural brain imaging data. We allow for spatial correlation in the imaging phenotypes obtained from neighbouring regions in the same hemisphere of the brain and we also allow for correlation in the same phenotypes obtained from different hemispheres (left/right) of the brain. This correlation structure is incorporated through the use of a bivariate conditional autoregressive spatial model. Both Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and variational Bayes approaches are developed to approximate the posterior distribution and Bayesian false discovery rate (FDR) procedures are developed to select SNPs using the posterior distribution while accounting for multiplicity. The methodology is evaluated through an analysis of MRI and genetic data obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and we show that the new spatial model exhibits improved performance on real data when compared to the non-spatial model of Greenlaw et al. (2017). In the third and final contribution we develop and investigate tools for the analysis of binary data arising from repeated measures designs. We propose a Bayesian approach for the mixed-effects analysis of accuracy studies using mixed binomial regression models and we investigate techniques for model selection. / Graduate

Bibliography: p. 185-196. Electronic publication; Full text available in PDF format; abstract in HTML format. Electronic reproduction.[Australia] :Australian Digital Theses Program,2001.

Two studies were undertaken in order to investigate the effect of different forms of error feedback and error framing in learning a complex novel task. The experimental task in both studies was a computer-based simulation of a group management situation. After each of the 12 trials, all participants received feedback about their performance on that trial. Participants receiving signal error feedback were also advised as to where they had made errors. Participants receiving diagnostic feedback were told how they could have achieved optimum performance on the previous trial. Learning, performance, strategy, exploration and depth of processing were measured during the task. Self-report measures of self-efficacy, self-set goals, satisfaction and intrinsic motivation were taken after the first six trials and again after all 12 trials were completed. In study 1, detailed diagnostic feedback was associated with better performance than feedback which simply signaled where an error had been made, or feedback that did not identify errors. Diagnostic feedback facilitated the development and use of effective problem-solving strategies and discouraged trial-and-error exploration of the problem space. In this research, exploration was found to be negatively associated with learning and performance. Learners??? self-efficacy moderated the effects of error feedback: learners with high self-efficacy showed high levels of performance regardless of the level of information that the feedback provided but for those with low self-efficacy, detailed diagnostic feedback was essential for the learning process. In the second study, positive error framing (error management) was investigated as a possible means of making signal error feedback more valuable in learning. However while positive error framing was associated with more exploration as expected, it also produced poorer strategies and worse performance than negative error framing (error avoidance instructions). Participants who used good learning strategies instead of exploration performed well despite impoverished feedback. Self-efficacy moderated the impact of error framing: positive error framing helped those with low self-efficacy, but for those with higher self-efficacy it was of more value to encourage error avoidance than error tolerance. The findings show important interactions between error framing, error feedback and learner characteristics.

<p>Forskning visar att budskap uppfattas olika beroende på perifera egenskaper. Syftet var att undersöka om man uppfattar personer från olika yrkesgrupper olika kopplade till samma budskap. En enkät inleddes med ett citat från en tidningsartikel. Deltagarna (<em>N </em>= 84) bedömde personen bakom uttalandet i fråga om grad av främlingsfientlighet respektive omsorg; i hälften angavs att en åklagare uttalat sig, i andra hälften en familjepedagog. Resultatet visade att det fanns en tendens till huvudeffekt att åklagaren skattades som fientligare än familjepedagogen samt en tendens att de med annan etnicitet skattade budskapet mer fientligt än etniskt svenska. Studien stödjer delvis antagandet att yrkesgrupp har betydelse för hur budskap uppfattas.</p>

<p>Enaktonism erbjuder ett alternativ till den klassiska kognitionsvetenskapens informationsbehandlingsmodell. Istället för att se kognition som representation av en värld "där ute" ses det som frambringandet av en värld genom livsprocessen själv, oskiljaktigt från en biologisk och social historia. I denna uppsats har, i enlighet med enaktionismen, data från en uppgiftsbaserad samtalsstudie analyserats utan att åberopa någon form av representationism.</p><p>Försöksdeltagare har parvis utfört en uppgift tillsammans. Vid varje försök har ena deltagaren blivit instruerad att beskriva en väg denne fått utmarkerad på en karta. Den andra deltagaren har i sin tur blivit instruerad att rita in nämnda väg på en egen karta. Då deltagarna inte har kunnat se varandras kartor har de behövt utföra uppgiften genom att samtala. Alla försök har videofilmats och det är huvudsakligen dessa inspelningar som har varit föremål för analys.</p><p>Frågan för analysen har varit hur likheter och skillnader mellan den beskrivna vägen och den inritade vägen kan förklaras. Inspirerad av etnometodologi och samtalsanalys har materialet angripits med ett handlingsorienterat deltagarperspektiv, utan att teoretiska förklaringar i förväg antagits. Förklaringar har istället sökts hos deltagares observerbara handlingar sedda i förhållande till sina särskilda omständigheter. Vägarnas förhållanden till varandra har kunnat förklaras som hur de har delats upp i kortare delvägar. Deltagare har tillsammans byggt upp delvägar och instruerandet av deras inritning genom sekventiellt organiserade talsträckor i samtalet. Dessa instruerande sekvenser har också ofta varit uppbyggda med hjälp av riktmärken på kartorna som i sin tur har varit ämnen för särskilda sekvenser av refererande.</p><p>Avslutningsvis har dessa sekvenser sets i ljuset av enaktionismens tyngdpunkt på organismers historia av interaktioner. Analysen har också visat att både den situerade och distribuerade kognitionsvetenskapens fokus på kontextbunden kognition "i det vilda" även är en relevant poäng för laborationsstudier likt denna då deltagares egna och särskilda förståelse av försöksuppgiftens utformning och syfte varit avgörande för hur deras inritade vägar tagit form.</p>

<p>På det svenska kraftverket används ett avvikelse- och ärendehanteringssystem vid namnAvÄrS, som syftar till att man på ett enkelt och strukturerat sätt ska kunna ta tillvara på ochha kontroll över alla ärenden, erfarenheter och avvikelser. Detta för att få igång den så viktigaerfarenhetsåterföringen som syftar till att lära av gamla erfarenheter och på så sätt spararesurser och öka säkerheten. Dock fungerar detta inte i den mån det var tänkt utan AvÄrS harstött på motstånd i organisationen. För att identifiera varför denna situation uppstått utfördesförst en förstudie med syfte att försöka lokalisera problemområden och skapa enkunskapsgrund inför de kommande intervjuerna. Därefter utfördes 18 st. semi-struktureradeintervjuer. Genom analysmetoden Grounded theory genererades därefter nio begrepp;Utbildningsmöjligheter, Ledningens påverkan, Arbetsbelastning, Ansvarsfördelning,Gränssnitt, Funktionernas användbarhet, Sökfunktionen, Dokumentation och Övrigt. Dessabegrepp delades sedan in i två överordnade kategorier, organisationsbrister ochfunktionsproblematik, vilka beskriver olika problemområden som av användarna upplevdesligga bakom problematiken med AvÄrS.</p>